Forest Ecology and Management最新文献

{"title":"Climate-driven increase in mistletoe infestation in Iberian pine forests","authors":"Sira Suárez-Herrera ,&nbsp;Daniel Moreno-Fernández ,&nbsp;Isabel Cañellas ,&nbsp;Iciar Alberdi ,&nbsp;Laura Hernández Mateo ,&nbsp;Nerea Oliveira ,&nbsp;Fernando Montes ,&nbsp;Patricia Adame","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mistletoe is a common hemiparasitic plant in forest in Spain. However, more studies on mistletoe infestations are needed to determine the spatial and temporal patterns and to develop control and monitoring programmes for forest health. For this purpose, we used harmonised data from three existing forest damage networks in Spain, including ICP-Forest, from which only national data was taken, including climatic variables to model the distribution and to predict the degree of mistletoe infection using geostatistical techniques. Having selected the variables, the spatial models were evaluated using the area under the curve statistic to predict the distribution area (AUC=0.99) and one-out cross-validation to predict the degree of infection in areas with mistletoe presence. Overall, 87 % of the pine forest area is free of mistletoe. Within the affected distribution area, the Alpine region (23 %) has the highest percentage of area affected, followed by the Mediterranean region (14 %), with no records available in the Atlantic region. Regarding mistletoe abundance, the variation throughout the study period according to damage-degree class reveals a decrease of 18.2 % in “slight” class, a decrease of 2 % in “moderate” class, an increase of 15 % in “moderate-high” class and an increase of 5.2 % in “severe” class. Our results indicate that the incidence and severity of mistletoe infection are highly spatially concentrated and strongly related to climatic conditions, especially temperature and precipitation in previous years. Prediction maps showing the spatial patterns of mistletoe distribution can be useful for damage prevention and risk control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"582 ","pages":"Article 122566"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decadal decline in herbaceous species richness in wetland forests: Effects of an introduced pathogen and environmental change","authors":"Alena Havrdová ,&nbsp;Jan Douda ,&nbsp;Karel Boublík ,&nbsp;Jana Doudová ,&nbsp;Přemysl Král ,&nbsp;Karel Černý ,&nbsp;Štěpán Pecka ,&nbsp;Daniel Zahradník ,&nbsp;Veronika Strnadová ,&nbsp;Julie Sucharová ,&nbsp;Jaroslav Vojta","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent decades, temperate forests have been significantly disturbed by introduced pests and pathogens, which are likely to trigger cascading environmental changes. This study investigated the interactive effects of the pathogen <em>Phytophthora alni</em> and different environmental variables on understorey vegetation changes in wetland forests. We expected differential effects of <em>P. alni</em> based on moisture regimes and spatial isolation of forest sites, taking into account changes in climate, soil and canopy structure. After almost two decades, we re-surveyed vegetation on 214 forest sites and monitored <em>P. alni</em> that has spread rapidly and is now present in almost half of the sites. We observed a general decline in herb diversity, particularly in streamside forests, where it decreased by 23 %. These changes were largely explained by other environmental factors and to a lesser extent by the invasion of <em>Phytophthora alni</em>. The greatest decline in understorey diversity was observed in streamside forests, likely due to successional changes and their location as fragments in an agricultural landscape more vulnerable to drought. In contrast, the decline in species richness was less pronounced in alder carrs and spring forests, possibly because these habitats are located within larger forested areas and are less exposed to drought. The effect of the pathogen was strongest in alder carrs, suggesting that waterlogged sites with stagnant water are more vulnerable to the spread of <em>P. alni</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"583 ","pages":"Article 122569"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest age strongly influences the functional trajectories of reintroduced vascular epiphytes over time","authors":"José Luiz Alves Silva ,&nbsp;Jonatha de Sousa Reis ,&nbsp;Laila Santim Mureb ,&nbsp;Angela Pierre Vitória","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Active restoration has helped vascular epiphytes colonize forests where they are absent or insufficiently abundant. This study was the first attempt to assess how reintroduced epiphytes adjust and acclimate over time through changes in leaf traits in restored forests. Four epiphyte species were monitored over a year in one forest aged six years and one forest aged over 20 years in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. The younger forest has a more heterogeneous canopy structure. Eight leaf traits were analyzed individually or in a multivariate manner. The effects of within- and between-forest heterogeneity and time on trait variation were assessed by PCA, GLMM, and variance partitioning analyses. Our findings supported half of the four hypotheses. First, the hypothesis that individuals would show more variation in trait values and trait spaces in the younger forest was supported, as in this forest, trait hypervolumes became larger and showed greater overlaps with the initial hypervolumes. Second, the hypothesis that trait variation would be more pronounced in the rainy season was not supported; however, time significantly influenced the trajectory of trait variation. Third, the hypothesis that within-forest heterogeneity would drive most of the trait variance was supported, as this factor contributed 71 %, on average, to the variance across traits and species. Fourth, the hypothesis that the timing and magnitude of changes would depend on the species’ ecological strategy was not confirmed, as all species showed similar patterns. Our findings suggest that deciding where epiphytes should be reintroduced will strongly influence their functional trajectories over time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"582 ","pages":"Article 122552"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of solar radiation and thermography data using tree crowns parameters for Norway spruce","authors":"Aleksandr Karpov ,&nbsp;Nana Pirtskhalava-Karpova ,&nbsp;Aleksei Trubin ,&nbsp;Peter Surovy ,&nbsp;Rastislav Jakuš","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates how tree crown and forest canopy characteristics affect crown temperature and solar radiation in Norway spruce (<em>Picea abie</em>s) stands, providing insights into forest health and the potential impacts of climate change. The research was conducted at the School Forest Enterprise near Kostelec nad Černými Lesy in the Czech Republic. Using a dataset from LiDAR and thermographic surveys, our research utilises the Point Cloud Solar Radiation Tool to model solar radiation. The voxel method was applied to the LiDAR data to calculate solar radiation. In addition, LiDAR data were used for crown segmentation and to assess individual tree parameters such as height, variability in crown height, crown area, canopy density index, the openness of the crown to gaps from south direction, area of forest gaps surrounding the tree. The findings indicate that the average crown temperature is significantly influenced by gaps area, the crown density, tree height, crown area, and crown openness to the south. For solar radiation, factors such as height of trees, crown density, and gaps area were found to be important. This research provides valuable insights for the development of effective forest management strategies, particularly for adapting to and mitigating the effects of climate change under the threat of bark beetle outbreaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"582 ","pages":"Article 122557"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the performance of mainstream Swedish growth models in uneven-aged forestry systems","authors":"Mateusz Grzeszkiewicz ,&nbsp;Alex Appiah Mensah ,&nbsp;Martin Goude ,&nbsp;Jeannette Eggers ,&nbsp;Renats Trubins ,&nbsp;Göran Ståhl","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF) practices are increasingly recognized for their potential in climate change adaptation and biodiversity conservation. Selection cutting, a key method within CCF, presents unique challenges for forest growth modelling due to its complex structure and distinct growth dynamics. Current models, largely developed from data obtained from even-aged stands, may exhibit lower accuracy when applied to uneven-aged stands. This study assessed the short-term (i.e., up to 15 years) predictive accuracy of the Swedish Heureka Decision Support System for stands managed with selection cutting. It assessed growth models for tree recruitment, growth, and mortality using data from 27 CCF field experiments covering a broad latitudinal and environmental range across Sweden. A linear mixed-effects modelling approach was used to analyse differences between observations and model predictions. Findings revealed potential species-specific biases, with an average underestimation of volume growth by 2 m³ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ after ten years of simulation, driven predominantly by underestimations in Norway spruce growth. While mortality predictions were generally accurate, they exhibited slight underestimation after recent cutting and overestimation otherwise. Ingrowth density predictions demonstrated minor biases, with spruce being underestimated and birch overestimated, but displayed high residual variability. Sensitivity analysis revealed correlations of residuals with stand variables, including site index, proportion of spruce, and stand basal area. The study faced limitations due to data scarcity and the short observation periods. Although most observed biases were not statistically significant, the findings underscore potential discrepancies when applying current Swedish models to selection cutting stands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"582 ","pages":"Article 122560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Density-dependent selection effect of dominant species rather than species diversity increased aboveground biomass accumulation in a temperate oak forest","authors":"Guanjie Wang ,&nbsp;Liu Yang ,&nbsp;Xiuchen Wu ,&nbsp;Ting Wang ,&nbsp;Hongyan Liu ,&nbsp;Zhicheng Chen ,&nbsp;Chenyi Yu ,&nbsp;Shengyun Liu ,&nbsp;Zhenjiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest aboveground biomass (AGB) exerts a critical role in mediating the global carbon cycle. The impacts of multiple abiotic and biotic factors on AGB have been extensively discussed, research on artificially assembled ecosystems has consistently shown that AGB is predominantly influenced by the prevalence of dominant species. However, it is unclear whether forest AGB is also regulated by the varying proportions of dominant species within a community. Based on nine relative density gradients (10 % - 90 %) of <em>Quercus aliena</em> var. <em>acutiserrata</em> populations, this study explored the spatial pattern in forest AGB and the underpinning drivers using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) and structural equation modeling (SEM). Our results showed that as relative density of the dominant oak species increases, the community AGB, soil nutrients, intraspecific competition intensity and evolution diversity significantly increased, whereas tree species diversity, intraspecific and interspecific diameter at breast height (DBH) variation and interspecific competition intensity all significantly decreased. Soil nutrients could exert an important positive effect on forest AGB accumulation by mediating tree species diversity (Simpson index) and interspecific exclusion stress (interspecific DBH variation and competition intensity). Species diversity and interspecific DBH variation had negative impact whereas the interspecific competition intensity exerted positive contribution on forest AGB. We found that the density-dependent selection effect may be the fundamental cause of biodiversity loss and aboveground biomass accumulation, which highlights the significant influence of dominant species density on community development. Our study provides a valuable insight into the crucial role of dominant species populations in regional forest carbon sinks predication and forest ecosystem management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"582 ","pages":"Article 122563"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143436619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spruce hybrids show superior lifespan growth but intermediate response to climate stress compared to their ecologically divergent parental species","authors":"Edouard Reed-Métayer ,&nbsp;Claire Depardieu ,&nbsp;Patrick Lenz ,&nbsp;Jean Bousquet ,&nbsp;Martin Perron","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change brings new constraints to which trees will have to adapt, including more frequent severe weather events due to climate anomalies. Black spruce and red spruce are phylogenetically close but adapted to different ecological conditions, and they form a natural hybrid zone where their natural distributions come into contact. Thus, they represent an interesting model to study the effect of introgressive hybridization in the context of climate change, given that interspecific gene flow could eventually affect their capacity to adapt where their natural distributions overlap. Using a common garden field test gathering 20-year-old progeny trees resulting from rigorous controlled crosses including previously verified genetic identity of the parents, growth patterns and wood density differences could be observed between species and between them and their F₁ hybrids. A dendroecological analytical approach relying on wood cores was used and revealed similar wood responses to climatic variations between species, both through lifespan climate sensitivity and through episodic stress response indexes. They were however differentially expressed in early- and latewood between black spruce and red spruce, differences likely driven by diverging cambial phenology adaptations to different growing season lengths. F₁ hybrids exhibited hybrid vigor for lifespan cumulative growth under the test site conditions but showed intermediate values for traits related to climate response. These results may assist the management of forest genetic resources and contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of adaptation to climate in hybrid zones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"581 ","pages":"Article 122550"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143436712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Litter context shapes seed persistence of an invasive pine in Patagonia","authors":"Jorgelina Franzese,&nbsp;Ramiro Rubén Ripa,&nbsp;Estela Raffaele","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural plant communities are highly vulnerable to invasion by neighboring invasive species. Understanding how litter influences invasive species establishment is essential for assessing its impact on invasion. We conducted a field experiment to investigate how litter context, related to disturbance and habitat type, affects the seed longevity of <em>Pinus radiata</em>, an invasive, fire-adapted species in Patagonia, Argentina. We simulated litter conditions that pine seeds may encounter along the edges of invasive pine-dominated areas, including post-fire scenarios. We examined the response of <em>Pinus radiata</em> seed viability to the combined effects of litter origin (native forest <em>vs</em>. pine-invaded forest), litter burn status (burned litter residue <em>vs</em>. unburned litter), and time since deposition in the field (4 months, 1 year, and 2 years). Burned litter generally reduced viability, though the effect was less pronounced in native litter than in pine forest litter. <em>Pinus radiata</em> seeds remained viable for at least one year in burned forest substrates, indicating that forests affected by fires are highly vulnerable to pine invasion. Burned litter residue, particularly from pine, promoted germination shortly after seeds were left in the field (pine litter: 30 % ± 1.4 <em>vs</em>. native litter: 17 % ± 1.1), compared to no germination in unburned litter, suggesting that burning accelerates pine colonization. The differing impacts of burned litter from different habitats on seed viability and germination emphasize that microcontext influences on regeneration are specific to each reproductive process. Prolonged seed deposition in the field reduced seed viability, yet some seeds remained viable after 2 years. Overall, these results highlight the role of disturbances in determining seed persistence and the potential for <em>P. radiata</em> to spread over time through the establishment of persistent soil seed banks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"581 ","pages":"Article 122565"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The importance of the volatile carbon fraction in estimating deadwood carbon concentrations","authors":"Mahendra Doraisami ,&nbsp;Sean.C. Thomas ,&nbsp;Adam S. Gorgolewski ,&nbsp;Adam R. Martin","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The volatile carbon concentration or fraction (VCF) of wood—i.e., the proportion of woody tissue which is composed of heat-sensitive volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are lost during sample preparation—is an important contributor to wood C concentrations. Studies of live wood have shown that failure to account for the VCF of wood may result in significant errors in forest C stock estimates. However, while studies have shown that deadwood C concentrations differ from those in live wood, no study has explicitly quantified the VCF in deadwood. Here, we quantify the VCF in deadwood for the first time, using <em>n</em> = 400 individual deadwood samples obtained from 13 species, multiple decay classes (DC), and two primary woody tissue types (i.e., stem wood and bark), in a temperate forest. The VCF in deadwood is non-trivial, averaging ∼0.9 % and ranging widely across species and decay classes. Across both taxonomic divisions (gymnosperms vs. angiosperms) VCF is largest (1.73 %) in DC 1 but declines to 0 % in DC 5. Overall, stem wood exhibits higher VCF (1.06 %) than bark (0.64 %). Lastly, deadwood VCF appears systematically lower than that in live wood, indicating that live wood VCFs may not be good approximators of the VCF in deadwood. Our results suggest that failing to account for the VCF of deadwood in forest C estimation studies, especially in the early stages of decay, results in errors in deadwood C stock estimates of ∼0.9 % on average. Future studies focused on tree- and forest-scale C estimation should therefore account for the VCF in their analyses, in order to improve the accuracy of C stock estimates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"581 ","pages":"Article 122555"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conifer epiphytic phyllosphere bacterial communities respond more strongly to rain exclusion and host species identity than to soil water content","authors":"Rim Khlifa ,&nbsp;Marie Renaudin ,&nbsp;Daniel Houle ,&nbsp;Loïc D’Orangeville ,&nbsp;Louis Duchesne ,&nbsp;Steven W. Kembel","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With global warming, the frequency and intensity of drought episodes are projected to increase worldwide, especially in the boreal forest. This represents a serious threat to the boreal forest ecosystem’s productivity and environmental services. It is thus crucial to better understand how drought or water limitation could affect boreal forest ecosystems functioning, and to be prepared to overcome damage caused by drought events. Studies suggest that microbes may mitigate the negative effects of drought or water shortage on plants. However, most of these studies focused on soil microbes and on agricultural ecosystems. Here, we used a rainout shelters and soil irrigation experimental design to study the response to rain exclusion and soil water content of epiphytic phyllosphere bacterial communities associated with four boreal conifer tree species. Our results showed only a weak response of phyllosphere bacterial communities to variation in soil water content. On the other hand, host tree species identity and rain exclusion were the main drivers of epiphytic phyllosphere bacterial communities’ structure and diversity. This suggests that fewer rain events, in the context of climate change, would impact boreal trees phyllosphere microbiome composition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"581 ","pages":"Article 122554"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}