Forest Ecology and Management最新文献

{"title":"First-year tree seedling dynamics in floodplain forests of the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley","authors":"Whitney A. Kroschel ,&nbsp;Sammy L. King ,&nbsp;Loretta L. Battaglia","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Complex dynamics within the regeneration process limits floodplain forest tree species composition. These complexities include how the stages of regeneration (i.e., seed production, dispersal, germination, establishment, and survival) interact with components of the floodplain hydroperiod (e.g., flood duration, water level, timing, frequency), which historically created both regeneration opportunities and limitations through time and space, resulting in a wide array of species composition patterns in early regeneration stages. We examined the relationship between first-year tree seedling emergence and flood patterns across four floodplain sites within the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV). We established eight water-level monitoring stations to measure flood depth and duration at each site, and surveyed seedlings every two weeks across 21 plots (20 m x 20 m). We documented a total of 15,832 first-year seedlings, representing 17 species and two genera across the three growing seasons. We found that both the time of year and the timing of flood recession were important predictors of species-specific emergence. Lighter-seeded species’ (e.g<em>., Ulmus</em>) probability of emergence was higher immediately following a flood event (0–50 d) as compared to later dates (&gt;50 d). Only one of the three heavier-seeded <em>Quercus spp</em>. showed a significant positive response to flood recession. Water level also affected emergence probability with lighter-seeded species, such as <em>Ulmus spp.</em> and <em>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</em>, showing a more immediate positive response to water at or near the soil’s surface. Overall, this study demonstrates that flooding can obstruct the germination window of a given species by reducing or eliminating its emergence probability, or it can improve emergence probability through properly timed flood recessions. Dynamic flood conditions across space and time likely contribute to increased diversity of first-year seedling composition in the LMAV. However, disruption of historic flood patterns and drying of floodplains may trigger significant changes in the seedling layer that have long-lasting effects on the floodplain forest species composition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 122716"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term effects of tree spacing during reforestation on survival and growth of three important tree species in the Pacific Northwest, USA","authors":"Robert A. Slesak ,&nbsp;Michelle C. Agne ,&nbsp;Constance A. Harrington ,&nbsp;Matthew D. Powers","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tree spacing during reforestation is a critical decision that influences the trajectory and rate of stand development over time, but there is limited quantification of responses at meaningful time scales for management. Here we report on ∼40 year response of coast Douglas-fir (DF, <em>Pseudotsuga menziesii</em> var. <em>menziesii</em>), noble fir (NF, <em>Abies procera</em>) and western white pine (WWP, <em>Pinus monticola</em>) to five or six spacing treatments that ranged from 1 to 6 m in the western Cascades of Washington, USA. Spacing effects were tested separately for each species in completely randomized designs applied to 0.4 ha plots with 4–6 replications per treatment. There was no effect of spacing on relative survival in WWP and NF; for DF, relative survival decreased with decreasing spacing, with the effect becoming more pronounced with time. Quadratic mean diameter generally increased with increasing spacing for WWP and DF, but the effect attenuated at 4-m spacing and higher. Total stand volume was inversely related to spacing for all species for much of the study period, but there was no difference in volume among spacings for DF in the most recent measurement because of the density-dependent mortality in narrow spacings as Stand Density Index increased above 55 % of maximum. Our findings indicate that wider spacings (5–6-m) promote the development of larger trees with more complex stand structure (including that arising from ingrowth), while spacings of 3–4-m will maximize wood production. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of management objectives, silvicultural resource constraints, and species-specific considerations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 122724"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of bark beetle outbreak and salvage logging on tree-related microhabitats in Białowieża Forest","authors":"Flora van Eupen ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Kamionka-Kanclerska ,&nbsp;Michał Żmihorski ,&nbsp;Jente Ottenburghs ,&nbsp;Michał Walesiak","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tree related microhabitats (TreMs) are key resources for forest biodiversity. Natural disturbances, such as bark beetle outbreaks, can influence forest structure and stand properties, potentially altering the composition of TreM communities. The removal of dead and damaged trees, often conducted after forest disturbances (salvage logging), further modifies the forest structure with potential consequences for TreMs. However, the effect of both disturbance and post-disturbance management on TreM communities in temperate lowland forests remains poorly understood. We assessed TreMs in 44 plots across three habitat types in a bark beetle-disturbed landscape of Białowieża Forest, NE Poland: unaffected areas, disturbed areas left unmanaged, and disturbed areas subjected to salvage logging with partial tree retention. Bark beetle disturbance increased the richness of three TreM groups (i.e., cavities, tree injuries, and fungi/slime moulds) as well as the abundance of seven individual TreMs, most of which were associated with tree injuries. Despite the significant retention (i.e., all living trees and 10 % of dead trees), salvage logging led to a decline in TreMs at the stand level compared to both unsalvaged disturbed and unaffected stands. In summary, the bark beetle outbreak positively impacted TreM communities at the stand level, while salvage logging reversed this effect. Based on our findings, we recommend limiting (excluding, if possible) salvage logging operations in forests managed primarily for biodiversity to enhance their provision of tree-related microhabitats for a diverse range of species. We also recommend including TreM surveys in the tree selection process during salvage logging operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 122711"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest loss and isolation effects on mutualistic plant-bat interactions in a Neotropical savanna","authors":"Priscila P. Carlos ,&nbsp;Bo Dalsgaard ,&nbsp;Fernando Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Maurício Silveira ,&nbsp;Adriana C. Acero-Murcia ,&nbsp;Alan Eriksson ,&nbsp;Carolina F. Santos ,&nbsp;Erich Fischer","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human-induced habitat loss and isolation have severe impacts on biodiversity, with indirect effects on plant-animal interactions. We investigate how forest loss and isolation (distance) from a large continuous forest affect mutualistic plant-bat interaction networks based on a seven-years survey across 20 sites surrounding the Serra da Bodoquena National Park, Brazil. Our results showed that landscapes with 30–70 % forest cover at 1 km-radius buffer had more species (9 bat species: <em>r²</em> = 0.50, <em>p</em> = 0.01; 24 plant species: <em>r²</em> = 0.54, <em>p</em> = 0.001) and interactions than those at the extremes, either heavily deforested or fully forested landscapes. Plant-bat networks were also larger and more modular (0.60), with lower connectivity (0.18), in landscapes with intermediate than in extremes forest cover values (<em>r² =</em> 0.51, <em>p</em> = 0.03; <em>r² =</em> 0.73, <em>p</em> = 0.002; respectively). Richness of interacting bats (9 species) and network modularity (0.60) were higher at 10 km from the park’s continuous forest than in sites closer or further away (<em>r² =</em> 0.39, <em>p</em> = 0.05; <em>r² =</em> 0.54, <em>p</em> = 0.002; respectively). Overall results indicate that forest loss and isolation from the park nonlinearly affect the size and structure of plant-bat networks, with intermediate levels of forest cover and isolation supporting larger and more modular networks. These outcomes highlight the importance of keeping a considerable area of forest remnants in human-modified landscapes, and the crucial role of large protected forests to maintain pollination and seed-dispersal plant-bat interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 122710"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased light intensity cannot offset negative legacy effects of cotyledon removal on survival, growth, and storage building in Quercus variabilis seedlings","authors":"Kaifen Zhao ,&nbsp;Pedro Villar-Salvador ,&nbsp;Guolei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Post-emergence cotyledon predation can hinder oak seedling establishment and consequently affect forest regeneration. Environmental variations among forest microsites, particularly in light intensity, can also influence seedling establishment. However, there is limited research on the interactive effects of cotyledon removal and light intensity on the storage and remobilization of cotyledon minerals in oak seedlings. We conducted an experiment to investigate the effect of cotyledon removal time and two levels of light intensity (moderate and low), mimicking understory conditions in deciduous and evergreen forests on cotyledon resource remobilization, as well as seedling survival, growth, and storage in <em>Quercus variabilis</em> seedlings. Light intensity did not affect cotyledon mineral remobilization but enhanced the reduction of cotyledon nonstructural carbohydrates during the first 8 days after emergence. Early cotyledon removal (up to day 4 after emergence) together with decreased light intensity reduced survival. Low light intensity reduced seedling mass and non-structural carbohydrate content only when cotyledons were removed within the first 8 days after emergence. This interactive negative effect also influenced seedling phosphorous content within the first 4 days after emergence. Cotyledon removal, not light intensity, decreased seedling nitrogen (N) content. Seedlings with cotyledons removed after day 12 of emergence showed N content similar to that of seedlings with intact cotyledons. Moderate light intensity in the forest understory can partially alleviate the negative legacy effects of early cotyledon removal on seedling performance. However, early cotyledon removal under deep shade hinders overall seedling performance, suggesting that early cotyledon predation can potentially reduce recruitment more in evergreen forests than deciduous ones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 122720"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of stand structural attributes on oak recruitment in mixed temperate forests","authors":"Nora S. Pohl ,&nbsp;Per-Ola Hedwall ,&nbsp;Jorge Aldea ,&nbsp;Annika M. Felton ,&nbsp;Emile S. Gardiner ,&nbsp;Luca Muraro ,&nbsp;Björn Nordén ,&nbsp;Magnus Löf","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oak-dominated forests worldwide support high levels of biodiversity and provide many important ecosystem services. However, oak forest sustainability is challenged by unsuccessful recruitment of oaks into the overstory. It is debated whether relatively shade-intolerant oaks can maintain dominance under continuous cover forestry and examples of successful recruitment of oak into the overstory in mixed, uneven-aged forests are rare. This study, set in southern Sweden, investigated the effects of selective cutting on stand structure and oak recruits and how stand density, canopy openness, and a tree species-specific shade casting index relates to the density of oak recruits. We focused on oak recruitment from the lower and middle canopy (dbh 5–10, 10–20 cm), i.e. trees that were beyond browsing height. Our findings indicate that a lower stand density was positively related to recruitment density of the smaller diameter size class, and as an indirect effect that a higher canopy openness with a lower shade-casting index was positively (but not significantly) associated with oak recruitment. Selective cutting decreased stand basal area and stand density while it increased canopy openness, but it did not have a direct short term effect on oak recruitment. These results indicate that stand structures obtained through continuous cover forestry may benefit recruiting oaks and that stand density, canopy openness and a canopy composition with high light transmission may need to be considered when ensuring the continuity of mixed, uneven-aged oak forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 122721"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilience and alternative successional trajectories in temperate forests exposed to two large herbivores","authors":"Edward K. Faison ,&nbsp;Stephen DeStefano ,&nbsp;Kiana Koenen","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ungulate browsing is a key disturbance process influencing forest structure and composition, with the potential to alter forest resilience following canopy disturbance. We examined the effects of l5 years of white-tailed deer (<em>Odocoileus virginianus</em>) and moose (<em>Alces alces americana</em>) browsing in regenerating temperate forests of the northeastern U.S. We tested the alternative hypotheses that woody vegetation is (1) <em>resilient</em> to browsing, with structure and composition similar after stems have grown above the browser trap or (2) <em>altered</em> by browsing, resulting in long-term legacy effects. Three browser treatments—ungulate exclusion, deer, and deer + moose—were established in seven clear-cut stands. Basal area and species diversity did not differ significantly among treatments after 15 years, indicating resilience, whereas the abundance of two tree species was altered: pin cherry (<em>Prunus pensylvanica</em>) was lower by 3-fold in deer + moose plots, while white pine (<em>Pinus strobus</em>) was greater by over 5-fold. Forb cover was half as abundant in deer + moose plots compared to ungulate exclusion, while forb richness remained unaffected. Our results suggest that ungulate browsing during stand initiation can alter successional trajectories while still being compatible with long-term forest resilience; however, there are potential trade-offs between woody plant resilience and the vigor of the herbaceous layer when large herbivores are present. With relatively small long-term effects on structure and diversity and by accelerating succession towards longer-lived tree species, deer + moose browsing in northern temperate forests may be less of a management concern than is generally assumed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 122729"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the growth and yield of natural hardwood stands in the southern United States using the Forest Inventory and Analysis data","authors":"Friday N. Ogana,&nbsp;P. Corey Green,&nbsp;Phil Radtke","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Growth and yield models (GYMs) are essential for sustainable forest management and silvicultural decisions. However, most stand-level models rely on age and related variables like site index, which are often unavailable for natural hardwood stands. To address this, we developed GYMs for natural hardwood stands independent of age, using differential equations that relate the rate of change in ingrowth, mortality, and survivor growth to the initial stand conditions. Data from 1540 permanent plots in the Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) program across the southern United States were used to develop the systems of differential equations (SDE) for some important forest types. The numerical solution of these SDEs provided predictions of stand attributes over time, which were used to obtain diameter distributions. We evaluated the SDE using an independent FIA dataset from Tennessee, and the results showed strong consistency, with predicted stand attributes such as basal area, density, sum of diameters, and volume aligning closely with observed values. Stand development after two prescribed cuttings produced patterns expected of a natural stand. Further application of the SDE to even-aged thinned stands produced reliable estimates comparable to those from an existing simulator. The SDE can be implemented in both mixed-age and even-aged stands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 122722"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing tree migration potential: Growth deviations and range dynamics in eastern U.S. forests","authors":"Youngsang Kwon ,&nbsp;Junwon Choi ,&nbsp;Michelle Patton","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding how tree species respond to climate change is essential for predicting future forest composition and ecosystem dynamics. This study evaluates the migration potential of tree species in the eastern United States by integrating growth residuals, absolute growth rate, and Importance Value (IV) as complementary indicators of species’ responses to environmental change. Growth residuals, which measure deviations from expected growth after accounting for tree size and environmental factors, provide insight into species’ recent responses to climate variability. Absolute growth rate reflects species productivity trends across latitudinal gradients, while IV serves as a historical baseline of species abundance and demographic stability. Using Random Forest modeling, we identified basal area, mean temperature, and mean precipitation as the most influential predictors of tree growth. We then applied Huisman-Olff-Fresco (HOF) models to assess latitudinal patterns in growth residuals, absolute growth rate, and IV. Our results revealed three major patterns: (1) species exhibiting northward growth residual peaks, suggesting poleward expansion potential; (2) species with southward growth residual peaks, indicating possible range contraction or climate limitations at northern edges; and (3) species with stable growth residuals, implying demographic inertia or localized climatic stability. Additionally, frequent mismatches between growth residuals and IV suggest that many species remain abundant in historical ranges despite shifting climatic suitability. While regeneration strategy is a key factor influencing species distributions, our findings suggest that it primarily affects IV rather than short-term growth responses. Wind-dispersed species, such as red maple and sugar maple, exhibited strong northward trends across all three metrics, whereas heavy-seeded species like sweetbay and slash pine had IV peaks farther south than their growth residuals, suggesting that past recruitment dynamics may lag behind recent growth patterns. These results highlight the need to consider both historical abundance and recent growth responses when evaluating migration potential. Our study provides empirical evidence that climate-driven range shifts in eastern U.S. tree species are highly species-specific, shaped by growth performance, demographic history, and recruitment dynamics. These findings underscore the complexity of tree migration and emphasize the importance of integrating multiple metrics to better assess species’ responses to climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 122718"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of variable retention on the interaction between tree regeneration and understory plants at different regeneration heights over 15 years in Nothofagus pumilio forests","authors":"Lucia Bottan ,&nbsp;Julián Rodríguez-Souilla ,&nbsp;Julieta Benitez ,&nbsp;Marcelo D. Barrera ,&nbsp;Juan Manuel Cellini ,&nbsp;Guillermo J. Martínez Pastur ,&nbsp;María Vanessa Lencinas","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tree regeneration grows in forests mixed with understory plants, leading to complex interactions that can positively, neutrally, or negatively affect regeneration. This study analyzed the effect of variable retention harvesting on the interaction between understory plants and the tree regeneration at different regeneration heights over 15 years in harvested <em>N. pumilio</em> forests of Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). We evaluated accompanying species, co-occurrence frequency, interaction indices (intensity-INT and importance-IMP) and assemblage patterns of accompanying species in aggregated retention-AR, dispersed retention (influenced-DRI and not influenced-DR by aggregates) and unmanaged primary forest-PF, across 72 permanent plots over 2–18 years after harvesting. Eleven understory species were the most frequent interacting plants, including natives (<em>Osmorhiza depauperata</em>, <em>Galium aparine</em>) and exotics (<em>Poa pratensis</em>, <em>Taraxacum officinale</em>). Co-occurrence was observed in 73 % of samples, varying among treatments (DRI&gt;AR≈DR&gt;PF), with higher frequencies in harvested forests for 0–20 cm height category. INT differed significantly at the community level only for 0–20 cm height category (F=9.78; p &lt; 0.001), with positive values in harvested forests (DRI&gt;DR&gt;AR) and negative in PF. Erect herbs and exotic species had the most negative INT in PF (-0.97, −0.84), while DRI showed positive INT for grasses and erect herbs (INT&gt;0.24). IMP was mostly neutral across treatments. Our results suggested that interaction indices change with regeneration height from positive to negative in harvested areas. Additionally, the assemblage of accompanying species differed even among harvested treatments (PF≠AR≠DRI≈DR). Although light availability and seed production play dominant roles, interactions could be relevant for early regeneration establishment, in harvested forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 122725"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}