Forest Ecology and Management最新文献

{"title":"Wild bee community responses to forest herbicide treatments in planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Production loblolly pine (<em>Pinus taeda</em> L.) forests rely on herbicides to remove understory plants and promote forest productivity, yet there has been limited research on the indirect effects of herbicides on wild bees. The objectives of our study were to: 1) evaluate the indirect effects of herbicide treatments on wild bee populations and communities over a two-year period; and 2) determine linkages between stand attributes, including changes in understory plant communities, and wild bee responses. In 2022–2023, we sampled early post-establishment and midrotation loblolly pine stands in the Piedmont region of Georgia. Early post-establishment stands underwent broad-spectrum herbicide application through either: 1) broadcast chemical site preparation; 2) broadcast chemical site preparation + banded herbaceous weed control; or 3) control with no herbicide. Midrotation stands received either: 1) broadcast woody release treatment; or 2) control with no herbicide. We sampled bees with pan and blue vane traps and recorded stand attributes such as canopy openness, herbaceous plant species richness, and cover of bare ground, litter, and downed woody debris. We captured 7969 bees from 111 species, which constitutes ∼20 % of all bee species found in Georgia. Wild bee communities in herbicide treated stands had similar or greater total captures, species richness, and functional diversity as those in untreated controls. Bare ground cover was a significant driver of bee species composition in early post-establishment stands and indicator species analyses identified six soil-nesting species associated with early post-establishment treatments. Midrotation control stands were dominated by understory vegetation, while broadcast woody release treatments were associated with greater snags, coarse woody debris, and bare ground cover. Bee captures exhibited a slight negative response to increased tree density in midrotation stands. Our overall results indicated minimal negative impacts of broad-spectrum forest herbicide applications on wild bees in planted loblolly pine stands. Further, herbicide treatments may benefit some ground-nesting bee species by removing understory plant cover and improving nesting habitat conditions through increases in bare soil exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142446145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest restoration benefits common and rare wood-decomposing fungi with a delay","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decline in the amount of dead wood deteriorates habitats for saproxylic organisms globally. This could be compensated by restoration, but it is poorly understood how created dead wood corresponds to the habitat requirements of saproxylic species. Using a large-scale field experiment of 30 restoration sites across Finland, we studied the long-term (5–15 years) effects of dead wood creation on wood-decomposing fungi (polypores) in Norway spruce and Scots pine dominated forests. All studied conservation areas had been used for timber production prior to conservation. The average amount and diversity of woody debris was higher on the restoration treatments than on the non-restored controls. Altogether, 56 polypore species were recorded. Restoration treatments had 1.4 and 8 times more species and observations than controls. Eight red-listed polypore species were observed, six on the restored plots (four only from the created dead wood) and two on the controls. Species composition of polypore assemblages differed between the restoration and control treatments, as well as between the spruce- and pine-dominated forests. Following restoration, temporal changes in the polypore assemblages were clear but only partly related to dead wood creation. Unlike previous short-term studies, our results show that dead wood creation by felling and ring-barking trees benefits not only common but also indicator and red-listed polypore species; indeed, 15 years after restoration all red-listed species occurred on created dead wood. As some red-listed species occurred solely on naturally fallen trees five to ten years after restoration, created dead wood alone cannot substitute for natural dead wood.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142446156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the recovery of Pinus canariensis stands after wildfires and volcanic eruption on La Palma, Canary Islands","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The exposure of insular species to local disturbances can influence their evolutionary trajectory resulting in specific adaptations. On the island La Palma, Canary Islands, the archipelago-endemic tree species <em>Pinus canariensis</em> forms forest ecosystems and has been described to be adapted to wildfires. The frequency of these in the recent past, however, is higher due to anthropogenic activities. Recent studies suggest that the species traits might also be an evolutionary response to volcanic outbreaks, consisting of massive sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions and ash fall. Several stands of <em>P. canariensis</em> have been exposed to both disturbances, wildfires and volcanic outbreaks, in the recent past. We assess the recovery of <em>P. canariensis</em> after double exposure to these disturbances. <em>P. canariensis</em> recovery was assessed based on Sentintel-2 NDVI images within a 7 km radius of the craters of the Tajogaite volcano that erupted in 2021. Within the same area, wildfires occurred in 2009, 2012 and 2016. We used a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) to assess the recovery of <em>P. canariensis</em> after volcanic and wildfire disturbances. The model shows the <em>P. canariensis</em> forest recovers after the volcanic outbreak with a peak at a distance of 1000–1200 m to the eruption crater, which is in line with our first hypothesis. Our second hypothesis was met with unexpected results, forests exposed to the recent wildfire in 2016 showed an increased recovery, which underlines that <em>P. canariensis</em> exhibits traits related to fire adaptation or might also be the result of stand-specific characteristics such as forest height or local topography. The double pressure of volcanic and forest fire disturbances did not lead to suppressed recovery of the Canary-endemic tree species and highlights the resilience of <em>P. canariensis</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beta diversity and species turnover in communities of newly recruited seedlings following forest management","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Second-growth forests tend to have less native diversity compared to their older-growth counterparts. Forest management can be used to encourage diversity in young forests, enhancing resilience of these forests to various threats including pests and pathogens, as well as climate change. Understanding the impacts of forest management on spatial and temporal variability in newly establishing plant communities is key to predicting resultant patterns of biodiversity across the forest landscape. Two critical measures of the spatial and temporal aspects of biodiversity are beta diversity and species turnover. Beta diversity quantifies variability in species composition across space, while species turnover quantifies temporal changes in species composition. We monitored the impacts of two common forest management techniques (selective overstory thinning done alone and selective overstory thinning done in tandem with removal of nonnative shrubs, paired with unmanaged controls) on composition, beta diversity, and species turnover in communities of newly recruited woody seedlings within a second-growth forest in Northeast Ohio, United States of America. Management impacted the composition of newly recruiting woody seedlings in the first two years of study (2020 and 2021), though there was no signal of management treatment on community composition in the third (2022). We found that beta diversity was lower in areas with overstory thinning done in tandem with nonnative shrub removal, compared to forests with no management or managed with overstory thinning alone, indicating that variability in community composition across space was lower within these managed areas. Community composition of newly recruited woody seedlings varied across years (from 2020 to 2022) in plots managed with overstory thinning paired with nonnative shrub removal, as well as unmanaged plots. Interestingly, composition across these three years was relatively consistent in plots managed with overstory thinning alone. Species turnover from 2020 to 2022 did not differ across management treatments. Our findings indicate that management interventions - particularly the combination of overstory thinning and understory removal of nonnative shrubs - can significantly influence the composition and diversity of newly recruiting woody plant communities. Overstory thinning, on its own, proved to have little impact on the forest understory, instead requiring nonnative shrub removal as a critical component of forest management. However, due to high turnover of new recruits within the community, results can be variable from year to year. These shifts in composition suggest that management has the potential to alter the balance of species within the community and may ultimately drive biodiversity in managed forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bertholletia excelsa saplings respond to seasonal precipitation variations by changing metabolism when fertilized with NPK in different planting systems","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fertilization with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) can increase plant growth. How seasonal variations in water availability can affect species interactions and fertilization effectiveness is still uncertain. We investigated the effects of liming and nutrient fertilization and planting systems (monospecific and mixed planting), during low levels of precipitation on the synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars, starch, proline, total phenols, amino acids and proteins in young Brazil nut tree (<em>B. excelsa</em>) plants cultivated in degraded areas in Central Amazon. The pure planting + NPK treatment significantly increase in fructose leaf contents in 2021, while in 2022, the mixed planting + NPK treatment were greater leaf glucose and fructose contents. In addition, over two years, significant differences in sucrose and starch contents were observed between treatments. Concerning the seasons, sugars, glucose, fructose, and amino acids showed higher contents in the dry period during the two years of study. PCA revealed was a clear distinction between plants in the rainy and dry periods, which evidences the remarkable plasticity of the metabolism of <em>B. excelsa</em>. Our findings suggest that high levels of soluble sugars, mainly glucose, and amino acids would improve its ability to osmoregulate and osmoprotect against water changes allowing greater adaptability. It was also observed that pure planting, with the addition of NPK, increased the height and diameter of the plants. Our research contributes to understanding carbon and nitrogen metabolism in support of the growth of <em>B. excelsa</em> planted in different planting systems during the low precipitation period in the Amazon, aiming at improving sustainable forestry plantations for Brazil's nut trees.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculum from degraded forest soils promotes seedling growth of a keystone mountain tree used for restoration","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Polylepis</em> forests represent one of the most endangered high mountain ecosystems in South America. Therefore, it is necessary to inform local nurseries of the best soil inoculum to grow healthy and strong <em>P. australis</em> seedlings for forest restoration purposes. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) affect plant performance and plants respond differently to them. Previous studies show that the best AMF source is from non-degraded <em>P. australis</em> forests. However, inoculum from degraded areas has never been tested. The response of <em>P. australis</em> seedlings to inoculation with soils from four sites differing in livestock-associated forest degradation and the identification of root-colonizing of AMF species were evaluated. Natural soils inoculum was collected within the Sierras Grandes Mountain range in central Argentina and belongs to degraded grassland, degraded <em>P. australis</em> forest, intermediate degraded and non-degraded <em>P. australis</em> forests. The samples were described with regard to AMF diversity, soil characteristics, and mycorrhizal inoculum potential. The AMF species diversity and the soil infectivity were high in the degraded forest. Contrary to our expectations, the most advantageous AMF inoculum for promoting the shoot growth of <em>P. australis</em> seedlings in production facilities was sourced from degraded soils (forest and grassland). Seven AMF species were trapped by <em>P. australis</em> root plants and six of them were found in degraded forest soils. Only two AMF species, <em>Septoglomus constrictum</em> and <em>Gigaspora</em> sp., were found to be restricted to degraded forest. These data suggest that degraded forest soils provide the most effective inoculum for promoting sapling growth in a greenhouse setting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does climate drive the defoliation of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)?","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stress on tree vitality is expected to increase due to climatic extremes in European forests. The decline in vitality of European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L.) that has been reported recently, makes it necessary to rethink its future adaptive potential under ongoing climate change. Here we performed a pan European assessment of defoliation chronologies on 414 ICP Forests Level I beech plots, between 1995 and 2022. We investigated the temporal trends, spatial variation, tree-specific patterns as well as climate sensitivity of defoliation at plot level. Various trends emerged and we delineated the plots accordingly: 1) increasing defoliation trends indicating declining vitality (categorized as t1 plots); 2) no trends indicating stable crown condition (t2 plots); 3) decreasing defoliation trends indicating increase in vitality (t3 plots). Spatial variation was found among these plots but no regional grouping or clustering. Tree-specific patterns on 14 % plots were observed, characterized by an expressed population signal of &lt; 0.85, indicating high inter-tree variability. Defoliation was found to be sensitive to climatic variables, mainly to temperature but also precipitation, albeit only for a small percentage of plots. Sensitivity was indicated by statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Moreover, this response depended on month of the year. Climate sensitivity of defoliation also varied across space and plots of different trend categories. It also differed along monthly water balance gradient, further indicating the role of site-specific water availability in mediating the responses to climatic variables. Our study provided basis for long-term defoliation studies, and is a crucial building block to assess beech vitality under potentially changing future climate. Furthermore, such studies will provide more insights into changes in sensitivity and adequate future sites for beech.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microclimate drives growth of hair lichens in boreal forest canopies after partial cutting","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hair lichens in the genera <em>Alectoria</em> and <em>Bryoria</em> dominate old-growth circumboreal coniferous forests and have important ecosystem functions, particularly for reindeer and caribou. These lichens are sensitive to changes in climate and are unable to maintain a high standing crop in industrial forestry based on clear-cutting, highlighting the need of management models based on continuous cover forestry. We examined how dry mass (DM) growth and CO₂ exchange in hair lichens depended on the balance between growth (carbon gain from photosynthesis) and losses (both carbon loss from respiration and mass loss from fragmentation). Partial cutting trials were conducted in a <em>Picea abies</em>-dominated forest by three levels of basal area (BA) removal (0 %; 33 %; 67 %), with five 80 m × 80 m plots per level. We compared two species with similar functional traits but with different cortical pigments, the pale <em>Alectoria sarmentosa</em> and the dark <em>Bryoria fremontii</em>. Lichens were transplanted within the lower canopy using net cages over a 1-year period to evaluate net growth, loss by thallus fragmentation and gross growth. Canopy openness and transmitted radiation during the growing season were estimated from hemispherical photographs. Canopy temperature, relative humidity, and photosynthetic photon flux density were monitored, with microclimate data subsequently used to model net CO₂ exchange using previously published response matrices describing net photosynthetic and respiratory activity. Net DM growth of <em>A. sarmentosa</em> was higher than in <em>B. fremontii</em>, and increased with level of BA removal, being twice as high in the 67 % BA removal as in the control. In contrast, <em>B. fremontii</em> responded weakly to partial cutting due to high rates of thallus fragmentation. However, gross growth of both species increased with canopy openness and transmitted radiation. The modelled net assimilation showed large seasonal variation, with the largest difference among levels of BA removal in autumn. The estimated DM growth agreed well with observed gross growth in <em>A. sarmentosa</em> but was underestimated in <em>B. fremontii</em>. Modelling of CO₂ exchange can provide a mechanistic understanding of how hair lichens respond to partial cutting and climate change. The response of hair lichens to microclimate in partial cuts depends on the trade-off between growth and losses. Results suggest that the faster lichen growth on residual trees in the one-third removal partial cuts compensated to a significant degree for the loss of lichen mass by the removal of host trees.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long term effects of forest management on forest structure and dead wood in mature boreal forests","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The history of forestry in Fennoscandia spans five centuries, with clear-cutting being the dominant practice since the mid-20th century. This has led to a significant transformation of the forest landscape. In this study we investigated long-term effects of clear-cutting on forest structure and dead wood volumes. We established twelve pairs of spruce forest sites in southeastern Norway, each pair constituting of a mature, previously clear-cut stand and its near-natural counterpart with similar edaphic factors. The near-natural stands had 2.8 times higher volumes of dead wood and a larger proportion of dead wood in late stages of decay. The near-natural stands had on average 36.8 ± 9.1 m³ ha⁻¹ of downed dead wood and 24.1 ± 6.2 m³ ha⁻¹ of standing dead wood. Corresponding numbers for the previously clear-cut stands were 10.2 ± 2.8 m³ ha⁻¹ and 11.9 ± 3.7 m³ ha⁻¹. Forests with lower volumes of dead wood often also had lower connectivity of old spruce forests, which potentially have further negative effects on biodiversity. Furthermore, near-natural stands displayed greater tree size heterogeneity, resulting in a wider variation in light conditions. While no difference was observed in living tree volume, we found only weak evidence for higher basal area in the previously clear-cut stands, which had a higher stem density with more slender stems and shorter crowns. Our findings suggest that managed forests do not develop structures typical of near-natural forests before they become mature for logging. We stress the importance of a thorough site selection for studies of management effects, as forest management history may be confounded with productivity and other edaphic factors. Experimental designs like ours are vital for testing how differences in structure and deadwood volumes, driven by forest management, translate into variations in biodiversity, carbon sequestration and ecosystem functioning in future studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vehicular traffic frequency and environmental factors affect forest road use by ground-dwelling mammals in northeastern Japan: Management intensity matters","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest roads have both negative and positive effects on ground-dwelling mammals, and several mammalian species use forest roads as foraging sites or preferred movement routes. Despite the effect of forest road management on forest road use by ground-dwelling mammals, limited studies have been conducted on the effects of varying levels of forest road management and the subsequent changes in the anthropogenic and environmental characteristics of forest roads on the mammalian use of forest roads. In this study, we investigated the effects of variations in environmental factors resulting from different levels of forest road management on the use of forest roads by ground-dwelling mammalian species. We conducted a field study from June to November 2022 in Tsuruoka City, northeastern Japan. We surveyed 106 sites encompassing managed forest roads (forest road sites), decommissioned roads (decommissioned road sites), and forest interiors (forest interior sites). We determined the frequency of visits by each mammalian species and the traffic frequency at these sites through camera trapping, and assessed environmental factors such as understory visibility, slope angle, and canopy openness at these sites. These data were used to analyze the association between each site type and environmental factors, including traffic frequency. We investigated the effects of environmental factors on the frequency of visits to each mammalian species. Our results revealed that the extent to which human activity and environmental factors affect the use of forest roads by ground-dwelling mammalian species depends on the level of forest road management. Ground-dwelling mammals use forest roads based on these factors. As the management intensity decreased, the forest road environment changed from a setting with poor understory vegetation, gentle slopes, and high traffic frequency to a setting with thriving understory vegetation, steep slopes, and low traffic frequency. The level of management intensity of forest roads selected by ground-dwelling mammals varied among the species. For example, raccoon dogs, red foxes, and masked palm civets used moderately managed forest roads, Japanese badgers and hares used managed forest roads regardless of their management intensity, and wild boars used decommissioned roads after their management was discontinued. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the prediction of future impacts of human activities on forest ecosystems based on the intensity of management applied to these ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}