Forensic science international最新文献

{"title":"Accuracy and reproducibility of latent print decisions on comparisons from searches of an automated fingerprint identification system","authors":"R. Austin Hicklin ,&nbsp;Nicole Richetelli ,&nbsp;AshLee Taylor ,&nbsp;JoAnn Buscaglia","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of decisions made by practicing latent print examiners (LPEs) when comparing latent fingerprints to exemplars that were acquired by searches of the FBI Next Generation Identification system (NGI). This study builds on the 2009 FBI-Noblis latent print examiner black box study (1, 2), incorporating lessons learned from conducting multiple additional forensic examiner studies. Analyses are based on 14,224 responses from 156 LPEs. Each participant was assigned 100 latent-exemplar image pairs (IPs, 80 nonmated and 20 mated) out of a total of 300 IPs. On mated comparisons, 62.6 % of responses were IDs (true positives), 4.2 % were erroneous exclusions (false negatives), 17.5 % were inconclusive, and 15.8 % were no value. On nonmated comparisons, 0.2 % of responses were erroneous IDs (false positives), 69.8 % were exclusions (true negatives), 12.9 % were inconclusive, and 17.2 % were no value. One participant made the majority of the erroneous IDs in the study, which underscores how decision rates can be highly sensitive to the individual participants in a study. No erroneous IDs were reproduced by different LPEs, but 15 % of erroneous exclusions were reproduced. There is a potential concern that NGI’s size and ability to yield much more similar nonmates (as compared to IAFIS used in (1, 2)) poses an increased risk of false IDs; however, we do not find evidence of an increase in the observed false ID rate. These results suggest that risk mitigation strategies for NGI searches may be working for those agencies that have implemented such strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112457"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latent DNA detection on items of forensic relevance","authors":"Adrian Linacre ,&nbsp;Piyamas Petcharoen","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review focusses on the use of DNA binding dyes to detect and record the presence of latent DNA on items of forensic relevance. Latent DNA can be crucial in forensic investigations and remains invisible unless an enhancement method is applied. Latent DNA is deposited on items of forensic relevance through various modes of transfer, with direct contact between skin and the item being the most common. Skin cells, otherwise called dead keratinocytes or corneocytes, have been shown to contain highly variable amounts of DNA. There is no standardised presumptive test for skin cells, but the advent of DNA-binding dyes allowed for the first time, the presence and number of stained corneocytes to be recorded. A commonly used DNA binding dye is Diamond™ Nucleic Acid Dye (DD). The dye has been used to detect the presence of latent DNA within biological deposits on a range of substrates and has been used to assess shedder status. This review discusses the many potential benefits of staining a substrate with a dye to detect latent DNA and then being able to target collection of a sample only where there is cellular material present. Despite advantages, the use of dyes to detect cellular material has not transitioned into forensic science practice; the reasons for this are discussed including some of the problems of dye staining of substrates. The review concludes by highlighting opportunities for conducting research to monitor cell deposition, persistence and transfer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STEFA G03 – Joint collaborative exercise for document examination, DNA, fingerprints and handwriting","authors":"Jonathan Morris ,&nbsp;Maria João Branco ,&nbsp;Juergen Buegler ,&nbsp;Alexander Li Kneppers ,&nbsp;Kairi Kriiska-Maivali ,&nbsp;Aldo Mattei ,&nbsp;Francesco Zampa ,&nbsp;Livia Zatkalikova","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article will describe the processes involved in developing the first pan-European multi-disciplinary forensic Collaborative Exercise (CE), focusing on the concepts, planning, design, preparation, implementation, co-ordination and evaluation of the CE. The results of this project demonstrate that it is feasible to develop and run a multi-discipline forensic Collaborative Exercise with results that can help to develop best practice and procedures for examining threatening letters in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112459"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinctiveness of the sphenoid sinuses for human identification: A cone beam computed tomography study","authors":"Michel Lopes da Silva ,&nbsp;Lívia Graziele Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Kris Fellipe do Nascimento Santos ,&nbsp;Mayara Barbosa Viandelli Mundim ,&nbsp;Ana Bheatriz Souza Oliveira ,&nbsp;Rhonan Ferreira Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human identification in complex cases, such as charred skeletal remains and advanced decomposition, requires reliable methods to associate the identity of a missing person with an unidentified body. Among the different types of human identification, radiological methods are effective as they generally allow qualitative and quantitative analysis of anatomical, pathological, and therapeutic peculiarities, whose combination of information forms a unique set of characteristics that can lead to a positive identification. In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the distinctiveness of the sphenoid sinuses, and to classify and identify their morphological patterns in the studied population, with potential application for human identification. This retrospective observational study analyzed 91 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of Brazilian individuals (34 males; 57 females) over the age of 25 years. A qualitative analysis was performed focusing on the sphenoid sinuses' morphological pattern, as well as their presence, number, and position in sagittal and axial CBCT slices. The sphenoid sinuses were present in 100 % of cases, 48.3 % had one septum, 30.7 % had two septa, and 20.8 % had three intersphenoidal septa. Septa type 3 (in the midline) were the most common (42.9 %; n = 39), while type 4 (slightly left to the midline) were the least frequent (3.3 %; n = 3). In the sagittal section analysis, post-sellar type (IVa) septa were the most frequent (50.5 %; n = 46), while the pre-sellar type septa were the least frequent (14.3 %; n = 13). The turbinate pattern (type I) was not detected in this study. From an anatomical point of view, great morphological and dimensional variability were found between the sinuses. It was possible to observe qualitative and quantitative morphological differences that allow the individualization of the sphenoid sinus, which can support human identification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112456"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of environmental variability and clothing type on the transfer of marine diatoms as trace evidence indicators in coastal locations","authors":"Alice Stevens ,&nbsp;Kirstie R. Scott","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diatoms are a species-rich group of microalgae, abundant in freshwater, marine, and soil environments. Subsequently, they may be used as a form of trace evidence, reconstructing links between persons and places involved in crime. Despite previous studies demonstrating the forensic value of diatoms in freshwater and soil habitats, no previous research has explored their transfer and persistence dynamics in marine environments. This study therefore aimed to assess diatom transfer to clothing following immersion in five coastal and one freshwater location, offering a novel contribution to the rapidly expanding empirical research base within forensic ecology. Experiments were designed to consider the impact of recipient surface characteristics, environmental variability, and diatom valve characteristics (morphology and species-specific features) on the abundance, species richness, and whole assemblage composition of marine diatoms recovered from clothing. Three common materials – cotton, polyester, and acrylic – were submerged in two marine lakes, two tidal beaches, and one estuary along the Merseyside coast (NW England), and one inland pond to provide a freshwater comparison. Diatoms were recovered from all environmental and clothing transfer samples using a H₂O₂ extraction protocol before microscopic analysis including species identification. The results demonstrate significant differences in the diatom communities present within the six environmental samples, with multiple site-specific marker taxa and a variable species assemblage between coastal sites. Clothing type and environmental variability significantly influenced the abundance, species richness, morphology, and species composition of marine diatoms transferred to clothing. Notably, the whole species assemblage retrieved from each subset of transfer samples demonstrated relative similarity to the corresponding environmental control sample, supporting forensic comparisons and exclusions with questioned sites. These findings highlight that marine diatoms offer useful circumstantial trace evidence indicators during crime reconstructions involving coastal environments. Furthermore, and similarly to the findings of freshwater research, care must be taken when interpreting marine diatoms as trace evidence indicators in forensic investigations. The complexity of variables influencing the abundance and representativeness of a diatom sample transferred to clothing necessitates exclusionary interpretations to ensure robust and reliable conclusions of evidential significance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112461"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143806881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhalation and oral administration of HHC products – Quantification of (9R)-, (9S)-Hexahydrocannabinol and metabolites in plasma and detectability in on-site drug tests for urine and oral fluid","authors":"L. Lucuta ,&nbsp;L. Schwarz ,&nbsp;J. Liut ,&nbsp;J. Hose ,&nbsp;L. Nauroth ,&nbsp;M. Juebner ,&nbsp;H. Andresen-Streichert","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The semisynthetic cannabinoid Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) has gained recognition among drug users. A GC-MS/MS method for the detection of (9R)- and (9S)-HHC and their respective carboxy- and hydroxy-metabolites in plasma has been developed and validated. The method was applied to authentic plasma samples obtained from a self-administration experiment. HHC was either inhaled (Vapes, 95 % HHC) or ingested (Jellys, 25 mg HHC). Maximum plasma (9R)-HHC and (9S)-HHC concentrations of 3.8 ng/mL and 2.5 ng/mL were detected 1.16 h after ingestion and approx. 65 ng/mL (9R)-HHC and 21 ng/mL (9S)-HHC were measured 0.08 h after inhalation. (9 R)-OH-HHC concentrations ranged from approx. 0.3–1.4 ng/mL after ingestion, and approx. 0.2–1.8 ng/mL after inhalation. (9R)-COOH-HHC was detectable in concentrations of 0.8–17 ng/mL (ingestion) and 0.6–8.7 ng/mL (inhalation). Corresponding S-Hydroxy- and Carboxy-metabolites were detectable after ingestion ((9S)-OH-HHC: approx. 0.1–0.7 ng/mL, (9S)-COOH-HHC: approx. 0.2–0.4 ng/mL), but mainly not after inhalation. Cannabimimetic effects and respective psychomotor impairments such as (slight) vertigo as well as slight headache and dizziness, and mouth dryness could be observed after ingestion. After inhalation, one participant showed distinct impairments. On-site drug tests for cannabinoids in urine (DrugScreen®) and oral fluid (DrugWipe® 5S) were performed. DrugScreen® (cut-off: 25 ng/mL THC-COOH) gave positive results up to 10 h after ingestion and inhalation. Cross-reactivity with DrugWipe® 5S (cut-off: 5 ng/mL THC) was not observed. An immunological CEDIA™ cannabinoid assay showed good cross-reactivity with the plasma samples and gave positive results up to 6.16 h after ingestion and 4.16 h after inhalation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112437"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the influence of various factors on the recovery efficiency and individual identification capability of exfoliated cells on chopsticks","authors":"Fenglong Yang ,&nbsp;Junli Li ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Wang ,&nbsp;Zhimin Ji ,&nbsp;Xudong Zhao ,&nbsp;Gengqian Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiangwei Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In practical investigations, many biological samples containing exfoliated cells turn up at crime scenes, e.g., cigarette butts, glasses of water, clothing, chopsticks, etc. Improving the detection rate of exfoliated cells at crime scenes to obtain effective information is the focus of investigation work, but studies on chopsticks are relatively limited. This study investigated the influence of capture methods, chopstick textures, detergent treatment, exposure time and type of food on the recovery efficiency and individual identification capability of DNA from exfoliated cells of chopsticks. A cotton swab showed better DNA recovery efficiency than a flocked nylon swab and a exfoliated cells collector for four chopstick textures. The variation in DNA recovery efficiency shows a discrepancy between the different chopstick textures leading to bamboo &gt; wood &gt; plastic &gt; stainless steel. After detergent treatment, relatively complete profiles (95.39–97.42 %) of the exfoliated cells DNA on bamboo and wooden chopsticks were still obtained. The recovery efficiency and persistence of DNA on bamboo and wooden chopsticks are higher and less affected by external factors. The effect of food types on the exfoliated cells on chopsticks showed that the quality of DNA profiles obtained after eating noodles and rice compared to hot pot can be used for downstream individual identification. This work has shown that the different porosity of chopstick textures leads to a different ability of chopsticks to absorb DNA. The exfoliated cells on bamboo and wooden chopsticks after treatment with detergents, a 30-day exposure or the consumption of noodles and rice are also a valuable tool to identify the perpetrator and/or the victim. These results could be useful in police investigations and in court to assess the chances of successful DNA genotyping and to facilitate decisions on the usability of DNA recovered from crime scenes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112455"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential human bone remodeling rates and implications for the temporal resolution of geoprofiling isotopes","authors":"Rhonda L. Quinn ,&nbsp;Melanie M. Beasley ,&nbsp;Timothy P. Gocha ,&nbsp;Sophia R. Mavroudas","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Isotopic analysis of human skeletal remains helps individuate decedents in forensic contexts by providing diet and residence information during life. The time represented (adolescence, middle adulthood) and the amount of time averaged (years, decades) depends on a bone’s remodeling rate (RMR). Measuring isotopic values of multiple bones with different RMRs has been used to detect an individual’s residential mobility and major changes in dietary practices. However, RMRs for the majority of human bones have not been adequately quantified, so the temporal resolution of bone isotopes is not well known. Here we utilized reported fraction modern radiocarbon (F¹⁴C) values of known decedents to estimate RMRs for the following elements, structures, and phases: cortical and trabecular femoral collagen, cortical tibial collagen and bioapatite, cortical and trabecular rib collagen, cortical occipital and parietal collagen, and trabecular vertebral collagen. Non-parametric comparisons yielded several significant RMR differences; the largest between the collagen phase of femoral cortex (3.3 %/year) and vertebral trabeculae (14.3 %/year). Tibial collagen and bioapatite also yielded different RMRs, 3.7 %/year and 5.0 %/year, respectively. As a result, dietary models that combine bioapatite and collagen phases may mix temporal scales. Turnover intervals exceeded 20 years for all cortical structures, potentially indicating that isotopic values represent much younger periods in an individual’s life than previously thought. Additional studies are warranted that integrate histomorphometry and bomb pulse ¹⁴C dating of multiple elements, structures, and phases from known decedents to improve the temporal resolution of bone isotopes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112454"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of non-thermal plasma for DNA decontamination in a forensic vacuum metal deposition chamber: A proof of concept study","authors":"Katie Hussain ,&nbsp;Roberto S.P. King ,&nbsp;Raymond N. Allan ,&nbsp;Kevin Farrugia ,&nbsp;Urszula Krzeminska-Ahmadzai","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vacuum Metal Deposition (VMD) is routinely deployed for fingermark development on various types of evidence. In efforts to implement a sequential forensic workflow where fingermarks are processed before DNA collection to maximise evidential value, it is essential to prevent cross-contamination between analysed items. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) presents a potential advantage in DNA decontamination as it can reach areas that are inaccessible to conventional UV-C light and eliminates the need for solvents that might interfere with the vacuum-based systems. In this study, different NTP conditions generated within a VMD chamber were tested on human cells with known DNA concentrations, and cell-free DNA. This included variations in power (maximum and medium), exposure times (0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h), and pressures (1.68, 2, 4.27 ×10⁻¹ mbar). Overall, a reduction of approximately 100-fold in DNA concentration was observed after plasma treatment. Out of the tested conditions 1 h, 2 × 10⁻¹ mbar and maximum power proved to be the most stable plasma for the DNA removal. While UV-C light was more efficient at degrading cell-free DNA in direct line of sight by reducing DNA levels below the limit of detection and showing significant degradation, NTP was more effective at eliminating DNA out of the line of sight. These findings suggest that NTP could be a promising tool for DNA decontamination of forensic instruments like VMD. Future research should focus on optimizing NTP settings, including power output and vacuum conditions, to ensure complete DNA removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular identification of fungi associated with advanced decomposition at a human taphonomy facility in Canada","authors":"Steven Richard Beaulieu ,&nbsp;Agathe Ribéreau-Gayon ,&nbsp;Theo Devèze ,&nbsp;Shari L. Forbes ,&nbsp;Hugo Germain","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forensic taphonomy investigates the postmortem processes of human remains, focusing on the environmental factors that influence decomposition. Recent studies have highlighted the potential forensic relevance of fungi in this context, but the knowledge base remains limited. This study explored fungal communities associated with outdoor human decomposition at the REST[ES] facility in Quebec. Nested PCR amplification and Illumina MiSeq sequencing were used to identify fungal species on discolored patches of twelve samples of desiccated soft tissues from three donors. Twelve fungal species were putatively identified, some of which were previously unknown on human remains, including <em>Leucosporidium yakuticum</em>, <em>Tausania pullulans</em>, and Fusicolla species. These fungi may contribute to tissue discoloration and following longitudinal investigation, could serve as biomarkers for forensic reconstructions, including place and time of death. This study emphasizes the need for further research into the role of fungi in human decomposition processes and their applications in forensic science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112451"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}