Forensic science international最新文献

{"title":"Distribution of gunshot residue particles of a submachine gun fired at cotton fabric from the nearest vicinity – A study by means of SEM-EDX technique","authors":"Zuzanna Brożek-Mucha ,&nbsp;Iga Klag ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Ankus","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Studies into shooting patterns and distribution of gunshot residue originating from a submachine gun were carried out. Multiple shootings at targets covered with cotton woven fabric using a 9 mm PM-06 submachine gun in the range of shooting distance 0 – 150 cm were performed. Optical examinations of the patterns revealed a cross-like tear of the fabric for the contact shot and for distances 1 cm and 2 cm, whereas for semi-automatic pistols of the same calibre cross-like openings were observed only for contact and 1 cm shots. Samples of inorganic residue collected from shooting patterns were examined with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX) in the automatic manner. Results of the measurements provided information on the abundance, chemical composition and distribution of sizes of the populations of the revealed particles in relation to the shooting distance. The data reflected a greater dynamics of the spread and deposition of particles comparing to results of studies for particles obtained using a semiautomatic pistol of the same or similar calibres. The average values of the total numbers of GSR particles in relation to the shooting distance were detected in the range of distances between 5 cm and 50 cm, whereas, in the case of data obtained using a semiautomatic pistols rather narrow peak of numbers of particles was observed in the range of distances about 10 – 20 cm. The information on the distribution of particles originating from the use of a submachine pistol can be supportive in forensic casework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 112715"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145502935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metformin-related fatalities − The importance of combining forensic toxicology and postmortem biochemistry analyses in death involving antidiabetics","authors":"Guillaume Drevin ,&nbsp;Laurent Leuger ,&nbsp;Laura Renard ,&nbsp;Nathalie Jousset ,&nbsp;Stéphane Malbranque ,&nbsp;Xavier Dieu ,&nbsp;Séverine Férec ,&nbsp;Antoine Baudriller ,&nbsp;Marie Briet ,&nbsp;Chadi Abbara","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metformin is the most commonly used drug in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and appears as a promising drug for several other conditions. While generally well-tolerated and relatively safe, metformin can cause serious side effects, and intoxication cases have been reported. Classically, the severity of metformin intoxications is better assessed by measuring lactate blood concentration and/or blood pH than by directly determining blood drug concentration. However, such an approach is more complicated in postmortem investigation. Indeed, biochemistry changes occur after death, affecting both lactate concentration and pH. In this context, the authors report a case of a metformin-related fatality for which toxicological and biochemical analyses have been integrated in order to better understand pathophysiological mechanisms and/or circumstances surrounding such fatalities. Metformin was quantified in femoral blood (FB) (45 mg/L), heart blood (HB) (39 mg/L), urine (464 mg/L), vitreous (18 mg/L) and gastric content (202 mg/L) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) was also quantified in FB (491 mg/L) and vitreous (473 mg/L) using LC-MS/MS. Vitreous sodium (122 mmol/L), chloride (102 mmol/L), glucose (&lt;0.10 mmol/L), creatinine (277 µmol/L) and lactate (13 mmol/L) concentrations were determined in vitreous on an Atellica® CH 930 analyzer. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) was assessed in FB (7.7 %) using a Tosoh® G8 HPLC analyser. Overall, only few cases of metformin-related fatalities have been described. Here, the metformin FB concentration appeared particularly high, in agreement with other reported cases. Similarly, the results of the postmortem biochemistry analysis were also consistent with those reported in other metformin-related fatalities. Interestingly, BHB concentrations were notably elevated in both FB and vitreous humor. Furthermore, creatinine was determined in vitreous humor at a particularly high concentration. This case highlights the importance of combining postmortem toxicological and biochemical analyses in deaths involving antidiabetics. Indeed, such fatalities are quite complex and both drug toxicity and metabolic disorders may overlap with regard to mechanisms of death.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 112680"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug use pattern of suspected drug-influenced drivers in Hungary (2019–2023)","authors":"László Institóris ,&nbsp;Előd Hidvégi ,&nbsp;Ferenc Rárosi ,&nbsp;Éva Sija ,&nbsp;Katalin Kovács ,&nbsp;Gábor Süvegh ,&nbsp;Róbert Berkecz ,&nbsp;Éva M. Kereszty","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Between 2019 and 2023, blood and urine samples of 6229 suspected impaired drivers were analysed, with a positivity rate of 91.5 %. Classical illicit drugs were detected in 4693 drivers, medicines in 850 drivers, stimulant new psychoactive substances (sNPS) in 928 drivers and synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) in 657 drivers. The consumption of cannabis, N-ethyl-norpentedron, and N-ethyl-hexedrone increased significantly over time, while the consumption of five SCRAs declined. These changes were concordant with the seizure data for the entire country.</div><div>74.2 % of drug-positive drivers were deemed impaired. Impairment was determined by fixed concentration limits in 3538 cases, multi-drug use in 507 cases, and clinical symptoms (when only one active substance with no impairment limit was present in the blood) in 217 cases.</div><div>To evaluate clinical tests, the prevalence of positive and negative clinical findings was compared for amphetamine/methamphetamine, THC, MDMA, alprazolam, and clonazepam above and below their fixed concentration limits. Only alprazolam showed a significantly higher frequency of positive clinical signs above the limit. This finding suggests that the current protocol of medical examination in Hungary is inadequate for diagnosing impairment when only one active substance without a defined threshold is detected in the blood. Given that sNPS was detected in 24.1 % of drivers, the medical investigation system requires a major revision.</div><div>The aim of this study was to investigate the illicit and licit drug consumption of suspected impaired drivers in Hungary and to present the disadvantages of the system currently used for diagnosing and proving impairment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 112681"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detecting fentanyl analogs in counterfeit pharmaceuticals by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using handheld Raman spectrometers","authors":"Sevde Dogruer Erkok ,&nbsp;Martin M. Kimani ,&nbsp;Adam Lanzarotta ,&nbsp;Bruce McCord","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>According to the CDC, approximately 87,000 drug overdose deaths occurred in the United States from October 2023 to September 2024, and the estimated number of overdose deaths in the US attributed to fentanyl and fentanyl analogs was around 54,000 in 2024. While fentanyl and its analogs are abused via numerous administration routes, the number of seized counterfeit tablets containing these drugs is significantly high. The DEA seized over 60 million fentanyl-laced counterfeit pills in 2024, equivalent to more than 380 million lethal doses of fentanyl. Portable techniques can be especially useful for law enforcement. Raman spectroscopy, especially surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), is one such technique which can be useful in both field and laboratory applications due to its sensitivity and selectivity. This study demonstrates SERS for presumptive detection of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs in counterfeit tablets using two portable Raman instruments equipped with 785 nm and 1064 nm lasers, combined with commercial Ag nanoparticles and synthesized Au/Ag nanostars. The analysis of 14 counterfeit tablets revealed that SERS correctly identified fentanyl or a fentanyl analog in all samples, achieving 100 % sensitivity. However, the 1064 nm laser configuration demonstrated slightly superior performance, yielding clearer and more consistent spectral features compared to the 785 nm laser. These findings suggest that SERS, particularly with a 1064 nm laser, is a promising tool for presumptive field detection of fentanyl and its analogs in counterfeit tablets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 112679"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145257804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mechanisms of forensic vacuum metal deposition (fVMD): A literature review","authors":"Aaron Dove ,&nbsp;Benoit Daoust ,&nbsp;Andreas Ruëdiger","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the early 1970s, forensic vacuum metal deposition (fVMD) has been used in operational casework. It is renowned for its sensitivity and ability to work on aged impressions and difficult substrates. However, the precise mechanism by which this development occurs remains unclear. This article examines the current literature on fVMD to see what is known about the technique, what is unclear, and what are the next steps that should be taken. This review shows that, while the operational utility of the technique is not in question, none of the currently posited theories can explain all the observed phenomena. They are therefore, at best, incomplete, and further research is required.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 112733"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145563455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using wastewater analysis to estimate the prevalence of THC and CBD use in a population of Japan during and after the Covid-19 pandemic (2020–2023)","authors":"Phong K. Thai ,&nbsp;Qiuda Zheng ,&nbsp;Nanami Yagishita ,&nbsp;Zhe Wang ,&nbsp;Hiroe Hara-Yamamura ,&nbsp;Wayne Hall ,&nbsp;Ryo Honda","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>It is illegal to use cannabis products that contain THC in Japan but cannabidiol (CBD) can be legally used for medical purposes. There is a lack of objective evidence on the comparative prevalence of THC and CBD use in Japan. This pilot study used wastewater to estimate the prevalence use of those two substances in the population of a small town in Japan during and after the Covid-19 pandemic period.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We conducted a longitudinal observational study. Wastewater samples were collected every week for every other two months from October 2020 to March 2023 from the inlet of a wastewater treatment plant serviced a town in Honshu Island, Japan with a population of approximately 120,000 people. Biomarkers of THC and CBD use in wastewater were measured during the monitoring period using liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The average estimated consumption of cannabis through the proxy of THC in the study population was 5 doses/1000 people/day. We observed a gradual increase of cannabis use from 2020 to 2023 by approximately 27 % per year. The prevalence of CBD use was similar to that of THC although CBD consumption could not be estimated in the absence of pharmacokinetic data.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The prevalence of THC use remained low in Japan compared to other countries despite a steady increase in recent years, but the use of CBD was much more common than in other countries. These findings provide evidence on the value of wastewater surveillance of drug use to differentiate between THC and CBD in Japan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 112687"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145318381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Firearm brand classification using deep learning on cartridge case images","authors":"Edanur Meral,&nbsp;Ahmet Oğuz Akyüz","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When a firearm is discharged, it leaves characteristic marks on the cartridge case, which are analyzed in forensic ballistics to identify the firearm. Conventional ballistic examination systems rely on high-quality images of cartridge cases and bullets, scanning databases to generate ranked candidate lists based on similarity scores. However, these systems often overlook the distinctive signatures of the firearm brand, which could refine search spaces and improve identification accuracy. In this study, we propose a deep learning-based approach leveraging normalized height maps and shape index transformation of cartridge cases for firearm brand classification. Using the BALISTIKA system, we generated high-resolution surface representations from over 350,000 cartridge cases representing the most populous 21 firearm brands, representing 97% of firearms encountered in criminal cases in Türkiye, including handcrafted firearms and converted blank pistols (CBPs). By oversampling the minority classes in the dataset using rotated samples, we expanded it to over a million samples and mitigated class imbalance. We evaluated both traditional machine learning (SVM, Random Forest) and deep learning models (ResNet, Vision Transformer), with deep learning approaches achieving superior performance of up to 92% accuracy. These findings demonstrate that automated firearm brand classification enables forensic examiners to confidently prioritize cartridge cases from the same brand during ballistic comparisons. This approach is expected to substantially reduce examination time and enhance the efficiency of forensic investigations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 112671"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145250660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical note MD-VF-Auto SEM: A method of the forensic diatom test that may help end the longstanding “war-on-diatoms”","authors":"Sunlin Hu ,&nbsp;Liang Chen ,&nbsp;Jie Ma ,&nbsp;Liguang Li ,&nbsp;Yang Ming ,&nbsp;Jingjie Wu ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Siyun Guo ,&nbsp;Yuchi Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The diatom test has been a classical test for drowning diagnosis for over a century. While it is often regarded in literature as a reliable method—even a golden standard—its validity remains a subject of ongoing controversy. This paper emphasized that the major cause for the controversy is from the methodology of the test. Conventional methods for the test lack sufficient sensitivity and accuracy, making diatom analysis results difficult to be interpreted in both drowning and non-drowning cases. In contrast, the MD-VF-Auto SEM method—which integrates microwave digestion (MD), vacuum filtration (VF), and automated scanning electron microscopy (Auto SEM)—offers significantly improved sensitivity and accuracy. This enhanced method is capable of clarifying the relationship between diatom presence and drowning, thereby addressing key questions regarding the test’s validity. The rationale as well as related research findings are presented. In the end, we call for international collaborative effort to collectively resolve the long-standing “war-on-diatoms”.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 112803"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrous bone fractures and ossicular chain lesions detected by PMCT in burnt bodies","authors":"Christian Manzolini,&nbsp;Dominic LC Guebelin,&nbsp;Leonie Birke,&nbsp;Sabinne Langhart,&nbsp;Dominic Gascho,&nbsp;Michael J. Thali,&nbsp;Stephan A. Bolliger","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal fractures of the skull or even the complete loss of skull structures can make it extremely difficult or even impossible to assess additional mechanical head trauma in severely burnt bodies. However, as the petrous part of the temporal bone is very dense, it often remains more intact, even when other structures of the head are destroyed. It has been suggested in the past that certain lesions of the petrous bone, particularly transverse fractures, may indicate the presence of mechanical trauma. In this retrospective study, a total of 54 cases comprising 108 petrous bones with thermal damage to the head were examined based on CT data and reports, focusing on the occurrence of longitudinal and transverse petrous bone fractures and auditory ossicle luxation in relation to the degree of burning and mechanical trauma. None of the 44 cases without assumedly present mechanical head trauma displayed a fracture of the petrous bone or dislocation of the ossicular chain. In contrast, four transverse and five longitudinal fractures as well as two ossicle dislocations were seen in the ten cases with mechanical trauma to the head. These results indicate that the presence of petrous bone fractures and auditory ossicle lesions are highly indicative of an additional mechanical trauma - possibly before being burnt - thus demanding further investigations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 112709"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145458128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bladder wash as an alternative specimen for postmortem toxicology: Critical evaluation of 87 authentic samples","authors":"Théo Willeman ,&nbsp;Berenice Royez ,&nbsp;Nicolas Gattegno ,&nbsp;Amandine Fort ,&nbsp;Jérémy Borges ,&nbsp;Coralie Boudin ,&nbsp;François Paysant ,&nbsp;Françoise Stanke-Labesque ,&nbsp;Hélène Eysseric-Guerin ,&nbsp;Virginie Scolan","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>In post-mortem toxicology, the analysis of various biological matrices is essential for obtaining reliable results. However, conventional matrices may be challenging to analyze using standard protocols or might be unavailable. Bladder washing (BW) has emerged as a valuable alternative when urine samples are absent. This study aims to describe the BW sampling technique and provide a critical evaluation of its current utility in post-mortem toxicological practice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>BW was performed during forensic autopsies, over a three-year period. BW samples were collected from cases where the bladder was empty, using a single 5 mL wash with a 0.9 % NaCl solution. Toxicological analyses were conducted upon request from law enforcement or prosecutors. Screenings for drugs of abuse and medications were performed using LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS, while volatiles were analyzed by HS-GC-FID. To characterize the wash, creatinine and protein assays were carried out. BW analytical results were subsequently compared to blood analyses in order to determined its sensitivity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This study included 87 authentic BW samples, with a median BW volume of 2 mL. The subjects, 55.2 % of whom were women, ranged in age from 1 month to 92 years. The median post-mortem interval was 2 days. Sensitivity for drugs and for alcohol and volatiles were 91.6 % and 65.1 %, respectively. No substances were identified in 14 BW samples, mirroring blood findings. Biochemically, 82.2 % of BWs had undetectable creatinine levels (&lt;0.18 mmol/L) and elevated proteinuria (median: 2.92 g/L).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>BW yielded satisfactory results as a biological matrix for confirmatory toxicological analysis. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the advantages of close collaboration with forensic pathologists in advancing forensic practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 112701"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145376504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}