Forensic science international最新文献

{"title":"HNO3-PCF: A new lossless light microscopy method for forensic diatom drowning analysis","authors":"Tomáš Bešta ,&nbsp;Hana Hamrová ,&nbsp;Petr Tomášek ,&nbsp;Petra Dohnalová ,&nbsp;Jana Markvartová ,&nbsp;Tomáš Hauer ,&nbsp;Tereza Švejdová ,&nbsp;Kateřina Zubíčková ,&nbsp;Iva Zagatová ,&nbsp;Radek Lefnar ,&nbsp;Eva Tomášková ,&nbsp;Kateřina Čapková ,&nbsp;Jan Kaštovský","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Five simple methods for diatom drowning analysis, including three newly developed ones, were compared for diatom yield and species composition consistency. Saponification of fats using sodium hydroxide solution significantly improved the yield of the extraction step, as well as the use of filtration instead of centrifugation. The combination of nitric acid digestion, vacuum filtration, and polycarbonate filter melting led to the development of the lossless light microscopy diatom forensic method (HNO3-PCF), with no detectable alteration in diatom community composition. When applied to 4-week submerged pig cadavers and six confirmed drowned human cases, the method exhibited unprecedented sensitivity. Among eight tissue types, lung diatom concentration was found to be the only reliable indicator for distinguishing between non-drowned and drowned cases. To minimize false positives from systematic contamination of the thoracic cavity, subtraction of heart diatom concentration from lung values was recommended. Provisional diatom concentration thresholds for drowning determination were set. The method’s low equipment requirements (simple vacuum filtration, light microscope, hot plate) and high efficiency make it a promising tool for widespread use in forensic practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112449"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interlaboratory study to evaluate background databases for the calculation of likelihood ratios in the interpretation of vehicle glass evidence using LA-ICP-MS data","authors":"Katelyn Lambert ,&nbsp;Anuradha Akmeemana ,&nbsp;David Almendro ,&nbsp;Ruthmara Corzo ,&nbsp;Sandrine Le Franc ,&nbsp;Gwyneth Gordon ,&nbsp;Seongshin Gwak ,&nbsp;Ping Jiang ,&nbsp;Shirly Montero ,&nbsp;Oriana Ovide ,&nbsp;Katrin Prasch ,&nbsp;Masataka Sakayanagi ,&nbsp;Enrique Santillana ,&nbsp;Thomas Scholz ,&nbsp;Tatiana Trejos ,&nbsp;Peter Weis ,&nbsp;Huifang Xie ,&nbsp;Peter Zoon ,&nbsp;Pablo Ramirez-Hereza ,&nbsp;Daniel Ramos Castro ,&nbsp;Jose Almirall","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112450","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Glass samples were analyzed by 13 laboratories participating in an interlaboratory study that used laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) with a standard test method (ASTM E2927–23) for the forensic analysis and comparison of vehicle glass. The aim of this study was to explore the performance of the application of a match criterion described in the standard test method and from likelihood ratio (LR) calculations when reporting the significance of glass evidence comparisons. Five (5) databases populated in different countries and combinations of the databases were used as background data to calculate LRs for two (2) casework scenarios involving vehicle glass comparisons. When the ASTM E2927–23 was used to compare vehicle glass samples that originated from the same source, all laboratories (except one) correctly reported the samples to be indistinguishable thus concluding that the possibility that the glass originated from the same source could not be eliminated. When the LR was calculated for the same comparison, most laboratories obtained large LR values (≈ 10,000) interpreted as “strong support” for same-source proposition. The LR rate of misleading evidence for the same-source (ROME-ss) comparisons was &lt; 2 % for scenario 1. Comparing vehicle glass samples known to originate from different sources resulted in most laboratories reporting the glass to be “distinguishable” when using the ASTM standard method criterion or produced very small LR values (≈ 0.0001) when using the LR comparison criteria, interpreted as “strong (or very strong) support” for different-source proposition. The LR rate of misleading evidence for different-source (ROME-ds) comparisons for scenario 1 was &lt; 21 %, which was due to the number of comparisons of glass samples that are chemically similar (different vehicles but same source of manufacturing). If the chemically similar glass comparisons from the same manufacturer were not treated as “different source”, the ROME-ds was reduced to zero. Glass samples that were chemically similar (those that originated from different vehicles but were collected from the same make, model, and year or originated from the same vehicle but a different pane of glass) sometimes resulted in an LR value (≈ 1) interpreted as no support of either proposition or that the possibility that the glass originated from the same source could not be eliminated when using the ASTM match criterion. The laboratories reported approximately 20 % false support for same-source proposition (or “false inclusion”) and 7 % false support for different-source proposition (or “false exclusion”) when using the ASTM match criterion in the first scenario. All “false inclusions” were derived from the comparison of chemically similar samples, such as inner and outer panes from the same windshield, thus “error rates” on this dataset should not be generalized outside of the context of this study. A database composed of about 200","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical note: N-Isopropylbutylone unveiled – Differentiating the new synthetic cathinone in ecstasy from its close analogues with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy","authors":"Hui Zhi Shirley Lee,&nbsp;Mei Ching Ong,&nbsp;Jong Lee Wendy Lim,&nbsp;Tiong Whei Angeline Yap","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>N</em>-Isopropylbutylone, a novel synthetic cathinone, was identified in an ecstasy tablet bearing a \"SUPERMAN\" logo imprint, alongside methamphetamine and ketamine. The laboratory employed two orthogonal analytical techniques – gas chromatography with electron ionisation mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to determine the identity of the novel drug present. The identification of <em>N</em>-isopropylbutylone was challenging due to its mass spectral similarities with structural isomers, particularly <em>N</em>-propylbutylone. Multiple NMR experiments such as correlation spectroscopy (COSY), distortionless enhancement by polarisation transfer (DEPT), heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC), and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) were utilised to unequivocally confirm the structure. The findings highlight the importance of orthogonal analytical techniques in identifying new psychoactive substances and underscore the ongoing challenges in forensic drug analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112448"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The assessment of Solstice® PF as a carrier solvent for amino acid sensitive fingermark development techniques","authors":"Sarah Yergeau ,&nbsp;Rolanda Lam ,&nbsp;Daniel Hockey ,&nbsp;Sebastien Moret","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amino acid sensitive fingermark detection techniques like 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO), 1,2-indanedione/zinc chloride (IND-Zn), and ninhydrin (NIN) commonly contain 1-methoxynonafluorobutane (HFE7100) as a carrier solvent for the visualization of latent fingermarks. As a result of the cessation of manufacturing by the end of 2025, and potential environmental regulations, an alternative carrier solvent must be validated to replace HFE7100. In this study, the relative performance of Solstice® Performance Fluid (PF) (trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene) was compared to that of HFE7100 using 6000 natural fingermarks, aged for either one week or eight weeks, from five donors on five substrates (white copy paper, brown kraft paper, bubble envelope, lined notebook, magazine). Split fingermarks were treated with DFO or IND-Zn followed by NIN (DFO/NIN and IND-Zn/NIN, respectively) or NIN alone. All fingermarks were evaluated using a modified University of Canberra comparative scale by three assessors and, for differences in identification rates, by a former forensic identification practitioner. Results from this study showed comparable fingermark enhancement between the two carrier solvents after each treatment within the three technique sequences. There are some limitations with Solstice® PF, notably, an increase in ink diffusion and the need to store working solutions in a refrigerator or freezer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112447"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental DNA as a tool for detecting illegal wildlife trade","authors":"Gregory D. LeClair,&nbsp;Matthew W.H. Chatfield,&nbsp;Michael T. Kinnison","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The illegal wildlife trade presents significant challenges to wildlife conservation due to its large impact on population and species persistence. Forensic technology plays an important role in detecting and prosecuting such trade but has lagged human forensics where trace genetic evidence is important in conviction or exoneration. At present, most genetic applications in wildlife forensics focus on identification of taxa or populations via tissue samples or visible trace material (e.g., blood, hair or feathers). However, enforcement officials may encounter common household objects that are suspected to be used in capture, transport, or holding of wildlife, but without visible evidence of wildlife presence. Here, we demonstrate that environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques can be used to detect trace DNA from turtles on both plastic and fabric objects with high confidence for at least six months following only an hour of exposure. Sampling location and subsequent swabbing did not impact detection probability. While we observed very different DNA concentrations in the two substrate types, detection outcomes were relatively similar. The lack of substantial DNA decay during this experiment suggests a long window (potentially years) in which DNA may remain detectable to law enforcement officials under common gear storage conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112446"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postmortem distribution of etizolam in various autopsy samples using the surrogate analyte approach (SAA) method","authors":"Kenta Yuyama,&nbsp;Masako Suzuki,&nbsp;Itaru Yamagishi,&nbsp;Hideki Nozawa,&nbsp;Kayoko Minakata,&nbsp;Koutaro Hasegawa","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Etizolam, a type of anxiolytic drug, is the most commonly abused drug among hypnotic/anxiolytic medications in Japan. Although there have been reports on the postmortem identification of etizolam in the blood, the detailed distribution of etizolam among organs in an abuse case has not been reported. In this study, we examined etizolam concentrations in the blood and organs obtained from etizolam-related autopsy cases using the surrogate analyte approach (SAA) method, which can be analytically used without blank samples. Target compounds were extracted from samples using the QuEChERS method and filtrated with Captiva ND Lipids. Then, the eluates were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Etizolam-d₃ was used as a stable isotope-labeled surrogate compound with this quantification approach. A strong linear correlation was observed for each sample, showing a correlation coefficient value at least 0.99. The right heart, left heart, and femoral vein blood etizolam concentrations ranged from 85.2 to 178.2 ng/mL, while this concentration was 592.0 ng/g in liver tissue. Here, we could determine the etizolam concentration in various autopsy samples using LC-MS/MS. In addition, this work demonstrated that the SAA method can be successfully applied to various human samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of CYP2D6 metabolizer phenotypes on the EDDP/methadone metabolic ratio: A comprehensive analysis","authors":"Verena Wilmes,&nbsp;Mattias Kettner,&nbsp;Eva Corvest,&nbsp;Marcel A. Verhoff,&nbsp;Silke Kauferstein","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methadone is a synthetic opioid that is often used for prevention of withdrawal symptoms and for management of chronic pain. In concentrations above the therapeutic level however, methadone can lead to detrimental side effects, such as respiratory depression. Several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are involved in methadone metabolism, foremost in building the main metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP). It is well known that genetic polymorphisms within the CYPs can lead to an altered metabolism, affecting methadone elimination and peak concentrations. The metabolic ratio, in forensic toxicology suggested to assist in distinguishing between chronic and acute intake, can also be affected by genetic variations in CYP genes.</div><div>The aim of the study was therefor to examine, whether the metabolizer type of CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 can be associated with a certain type of intoxication, methadone concentration or metabolic ratio in postmortem blood samples of methadone intakers.</div><div>The metabolic ratio of EDDP/methadone was determined in 37 blood samples from deceased methadone intakers in 2023. These cases were genotyped for CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 via SNaPshot analysis. In case of CYP2D6 a copy number variations analysis was applied using qPCR. Metabolizer phenotypes were determined according to guidelines by the Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) and the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC).</div><div>Our results show a significantly increased metabolic ratio of EDDP/methadone in the CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizer (IM) group, compared to the CYP2D6 normal metabolizer (NM) group. Further, when separating the methadone intakers by type of intoxication, CYP2D6 IM had a significantly higher metabolic ratio in the mix intoxication and the non-intoxication group compared to NM, poor and ultrarapid metabolizers (PM, UM).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of wrist angle and finger grip on maximum trigger pull force","authors":"Geoffrey T. Desmoulin ,&nbsp;Marc-André Nolette ,&nbsp;Kevin Gilmore ,&nbsp;Theodore E. Milner","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A forensic investigation into a shot fired by a handgun may require analysis of the body posture of the shooter or an opinion of whether the shot was deliberate or inadvertent. Determining the amount of force which can be applied to the trigger or the direction in which the handgun was pointing could be critical to the investigation. Studies investigating the effect of arm posture on whole hand maximum grip force suggest that maximum index finger force will be highly dependent on wrist angle and finger grip. The present study was designed to quantify the effect of these factors on maximum index finger trigger pull force. We found that even under almost optimal conditions, trigger pull force is substantially reduced with wrist flexion and is significantly lower with a finger pad grip compared to a finger hook grip. Our results indicate that for wrist flexion angles greater than 60°, maximum trigger pull force dropped by 50 % for male subjects and by 38 % for female subjects compared to the neutral or extended wrist. Other studies have shown that when a firm grip cannot be established, maximum index finger force can be less than 30 % of what we measured. Thus, maximum trigger pull forces could be below 22.9 N (5.1 lb) for male subjects and 19.0 N (4.5 lb) for female subjects in certain scenarios. If a subject is unable to get a firm grip on a handgun and the arm is in an awkward posture, it is possible that the subject would not be able to exert sufficient index finger force to overcome the trigger weight of many handguns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112430"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to store the bone powder left after extraction for future analysis","authors":"Irena Zupanič Pajnič ,&nbsp;Tamara Leskovar","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proper storage conditions are important for preservation of DNA. Bones are usually stored long term at −20 °C. When isolating DNA from bones, the bone powder obtained is not fully consumed. The value of retaining bone powder left after extracting DNA for future DNA analysis has been confirmed after storing bone powder for 10 years at −20 °C. Because long-term storage in a freezer is expensive and requires significant space, we were interested in whether bone powder could also be stored at room temperature without affecting the preservation of DNA. To explore this, 21 Second World War bones that generated full short tandem repeat (STR) profiles were selected, and their bone powder was stored in a freezer and at room temperature for up to 3 years. After each year, the DNA was extracted and analyzed from the stored bone powder samples. DNA was extracted using the full demineralization method employing a commercial forensic EZ1 &amp; EZ2 DNA Investigator extraction kit (Qiagen), and automated DNA purification was performed in an EZ1 Advanced XL machine (Qiagen). Real-time PCR quantification was employed to determine the quantity and quality of DNA. The effect of different storage conditions on preservation of DNA was evaluated by determining the amount of DNA, its degradation rate, and after 3 years of storage also the success of STR genotyping. The results obtained showed no difference in the amount of DNA and degradation rate between samples stored in a freezer and at room temperature. In addition, highly informative STR profiles were obtained from all samples after 3 years of storage, regardless of whether they were stored at room temperature or were frozen. The results show no need for freezing bone powder for long-term storage, which makes it possible to save space in freezers and reduce costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"369 ","pages":"Article 112436"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) paired with LiDAR sensor to detect bodies on surface under vegetation cover: Preliminary test","authors":"P. Nègre ,&nbsp;K. Mahé ,&nbsp;J. Cornacchini","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has become increasingly accessible, enabling their deployment in a diverse range of operational contexts. UAVs have been tested as part of search and rescue missions. Following the successful use of UAVs in the wilderness medicine literature, we questioned their ability to be used in forensic context to search for missing persons or human remains, especially under canopy cover. Subsequently, various sensors were then repurposed from their original applications to address forensic concerns. This preliminary study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of airborne Light Detection and Ranging sensors (LiDAR) in detecting a concealed human body on a surface within a densely vegetated search area. To proceed, two LiDAR sensors were tested with several modalities. A dendrometric method was used to estimate the tree density of the search area, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to bring precision in the appreciation of canopy cover density. The results showed that airborne LiDAR sensors can capture body signatures in areas with dense vegetation. The ground point density reached 0.26 % in a high-vegetated area. The study highlighted the importance of refining data processing techniques, including point cloud selection and the implementation of true positive/false positive analysis, to improve detection accuracy. Furthermore, the potential integration of complementary sensors such as thermographic and multispectral sensors was discussed, which may enhance the detection of thermal anomalies and chemical markers associated with decomposition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"369 ","pages":"Article 112411"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}