Forensic science international最新文献

{"title":"The use of non-thermal plasma for DNA decontamination in a forensic vacuum metal deposition chamber: A proof of concept study","authors":"Katie Hussain ,&nbsp;Roberto S.P. King ,&nbsp;Raymond N. Allan ,&nbsp;Kevin Farrugia ,&nbsp;Urszula Krzeminska-Ahmadzai","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vacuum Metal Deposition (VMD) is routinely deployed for fingermark development on various types of evidence. In efforts to implement a sequential forensic workflow where fingermarks are processed before DNA collection to maximise evidential value, it is essential to prevent cross-contamination between analysed items. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) presents a potential advantage in DNA decontamination as it can reach areas that are inaccessible to conventional UV-C light and eliminates the need for solvents that might interfere with the vacuum-based systems. In this study, different NTP conditions generated within a VMD chamber were tested on human cells with known DNA concentrations, and cell-free DNA. This included variations in power (maximum and medium), exposure times (0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h), and pressures (1.68, 2, 4.27 ×10⁻¹ mbar). Overall, a reduction of approximately 100-fold in DNA concentration was observed after plasma treatment. Out of the tested conditions 1 h, 2 × 10⁻¹ mbar and maximum power proved to be the most stable plasma for the DNA removal. While UV-C light was more efficient at degrading cell-free DNA in direct line of sight by reducing DNA levels below the limit of detection and showing significant degradation, NTP was more effective at eliminating DNA out of the line of sight. These findings suggest that NTP could be a promising tool for DNA decontamination of forensic instruments like VMD. Future research should focus on optimizing NTP settings, including power output and vacuum conditions, to ensure complete DNA removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular identification of fungi associated with advanced decomposition at a human taphonomy facility in Canada","authors":"Steven Richard Beaulieu ,&nbsp;Agathe Ribéreau-Gayon ,&nbsp;Theo Devèze ,&nbsp;Shari L. Forbes ,&nbsp;Hugo Germain","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forensic taphonomy investigates the postmortem processes of human remains, focusing on the environmental factors that influence decomposition. Recent studies have highlighted the potential forensic relevance of fungi in this context, but the knowledge base remains limited. This study explored fungal communities associated with outdoor human decomposition at the REST[ES] facility in Quebec. Nested PCR amplification and Illumina MiSeq sequencing were used to identify fungal species on discolored patches of twelve samples of desiccated soft tissues from three donors. Twelve fungal species were putatively identified, some of which were previously unknown on human remains, including <em>Leucosporidium yakuticum</em>, <em>Tausania pullulans</em>, and Fusicolla species. These fungi may contribute to tissue discoloration and following longitudinal investigation, could serve as biomarkers for forensic reconstructions, including place and time of death. This study emphasizes the need for further research into the role of fungi in human decomposition processes and their applications in forensic science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112451"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiothoracic injuries and mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation – A forensic autopsy convenience control study on 436 cases","authors":"Johanne Ejby Bidstrup,&nbsp;Lars Löchte,&nbsp;Johannes Rødbro Busch,&nbsp;Jytte Banner","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study documents the types and frequencies of injuries related to chest compressions during resuscitation attempts in a cohort of 436 non-traumatic, forensic autopsy cases from Eastern Denmark. We hypothesized that there would be a difference in types and frequencies of injuries seen after mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (mCPR) compared to manual basic life support (BLS). We included all non-traumatic deaths referred for a forensic autopsy in eastern Denmark in the period 2015–2017, for a total of 436 cases (females, <em>n</em> = 146; males, <em>n</em> = 290), of which 75 cases had mCPR performed. Data on injuries were obtained from forensic autopsy reports. The mCPR group was characterized by a statistically significantly higher incidence of myocardial rupture (4 % vs. 0 %, p &lt; 0.0001). We found no other statistically significant differences in the incidence of visceral trauma (e.g. haemothorax, pericardial haemorrhage, pulmonary contusions, liver or spleen injuries) between the two groups. In addition, characteristic injuries recorded in both groups included a high frequency of multiple rib fractures in the upper and middle parts of the rib cage, primarily located anteriorly, as well as sternum fractures, but these findings occurred almost twice as much in the mCPR group (77.3 % vs. 46.8 %, p &lt; 0.0001).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112452"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HNO3-PCF: A new lossless light microscopy method for forensic diatom drowning analysis","authors":"Tomáš Bešta ,&nbsp;Hana Hamrová ,&nbsp;Petr Tomášek ,&nbsp;Petra Dohnalová ,&nbsp;Jana Markvartová ,&nbsp;Tomáš Hauer ,&nbsp;Tereza Švejdová ,&nbsp;Kateřina Zubíčková ,&nbsp;Iva Zagatová ,&nbsp;Radek Lefnar ,&nbsp;Eva Tomášková ,&nbsp;Kateřina Čapková ,&nbsp;Jan Kaštovský","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Five simple methods for diatom drowning analysis, including three newly developed ones, were compared for diatom yield and species composition consistency. Saponification of fats using sodium hydroxide solution significantly improved the yield of the extraction step, as well as the use of filtration instead of centrifugation. The combination of nitric acid digestion, vacuum filtration, and polycarbonate filter melting led to the development of the lossless light microscopy diatom forensic method (HNO3-PCF), with no detectable alteration in diatom community composition. When applied to 4-week submerged pig cadavers and six confirmed drowned human cases, the method exhibited unprecedented sensitivity. Among eight tissue types, lung diatom concentration was found to be the only reliable indicator for distinguishing between non-drowned and drowned cases. To minimize false positives from systematic contamination of the thoracic cavity, subtraction of heart diatom concentration from lung values was recommended. Provisional diatom concentration thresholds for drowning determination were set. The method’s low equipment requirements (simple vacuum filtration, light microscope, hot plate) and high efficiency make it a promising tool for widespread use in forensic practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112449"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interlaboratory study to evaluate background databases for the calculation of likelihood ratios in the interpretation of vehicle glass evidence using LA-ICP-MS data","authors":"Katelyn Lambert ,&nbsp;Anuradha Akmeemana ,&nbsp;David Almendro ,&nbsp;Ruthmara Corzo ,&nbsp;Sandrine Le Franc ,&nbsp;Gwyneth Gordon ,&nbsp;Seongshin Gwak ,&nbsp;Ping Jiang ,&nbsp;Shirly Montero ,&nbsp;Oriana Ovide ,&nbsp;Katrin Prasch ,&nbsp;Masataka Sakayanagi ,&nbsp;Enrique Santillana ,&nbsp;Thomas Scholz ,&nbsp;Tatiana Trejos ,&nbsp;Peter Weis ,&nbsp;Huifang Xie ,&nbsp;Peter Zoon ,&nbsp;Pablo Ramirez-Hereza ,&nbsp;Daniel Ramos Castro ,&nbsp;Jose Almirall","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112450","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Glass samples were analyzed by 13 laboratories participating in an interlaboratory study that used laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) with a standard test method (ASTM E2927–23) for the forensic analysis and comparison of vehicle glass. The aim of this study was to explore the performance of the application of a match criterion described in the standard test method and from likelihood ratio (LR) calculations when reporting the significance of glass evidence comparisons. Five (5) databases populated in different countries and combinations of the databases were used as background data to calculate LRs for two (2) casework scenarios involving vehicle glass comparisons. When the ASTM E2927–23 was used to compare vehicle glass samples that originated from the same source, all laboratories (except one) correctly reported the samples to be indistinguishable thus concluding that the possibility that the glass originated from the same source could not be eliminated. When the LR was calculated for the same comparison, most laboratories obtained large LR values (≈ 10,000) interpreted as “strong support” for same-source proposition. The LR rate of misleading evidence for the same-source (ROME-ss) comparisons was &lt; 2 % for scenario 1. Comparing vehicle glass samples known to originate from different sources resulted in most laboratories reporting the glass to be “distinguishable” when using the ASTM standard method criterion or produced very small LR values (≈ 0.0001) when using the LR comparison criteria, interpreted as “strong (or very strong) support” for different-source proposition. The LR rate of misleading evidence for different-source (ROME-ds) comparisons for scenario 1 was &lt; 21 %, which was due to the number of comparisons of glass samples that are chemically similar (different vehicles but same source of manufacturing). If the chemically similar glass comparisons from the same manufacturer were not treated as “different source”, the ROME-ds was reduced to zero. Glass samples that were chemically similar (those that originated from different vehicles but were collected from the same make, model, and year or originated from the same vehicle but a different pane of glass) sometimes resulted in an LR value (≈ 1) interpreted as no support of either proposition or that the possibility that the glass originated from the same source could not be eliminated when using the ASTM match criterion. The laboratories reported approximately 20 % false support for same-source proposition (or “false inclusion”) and 7 % false support for different-source proposition (or “false exclusion”) when using the ASTM match criterion in the first scenario. All “false inclusions” were derived from the comparison of chemically similar samples, such as inner and outer panes from the same windshield, thus “error rates” on this dataset should not be generalized outside of the context of this study. A database composed of about 200","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical note: N-Isopropylbutylone unveiled – Differentiating the new synthetic cathinone in ecstasy from its close analogues with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy","authors":"Hui Zhi Shirley Lee,&nbsp;Mei Ching Ong,&nbsp;Jong Lee Wendy Lim,&nbsp;Tiong Whei Angeline Yap","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>N</em>-Isopropylbutylone, a novel synthetic cathinone, was identified in an ecstasy tablet bearing a \"SUPERMAN\" logo imprint, alongside methamphetamine and ketamine. The laboratory employed two orthogonal analytical techniques – gas chromatography with electron ionisation mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to determine the identity of the novel drug present. The identification of <em>N</em>-isopropylbutylone was challenging due to its mass spectral similarities with structural isomers, particularly <em>N</em>-propylbutylone. Multiple NMR experiments such as correlation spectroscopy (COSY), distortionless enhancement by polarisation transfer (DEPT), heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC), and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) were utilised to unequivocally confirm the structure. The findings highlight the importance of orthogonal analytical techniques in identifying new psychoactive substances and underscore the ongoing challenges in forensic drug analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112448"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The assessment of Solstice® PF as a carrier solvent for amino acid sensitive fingermark development techniques","authors":"Sarah Yergeau ,&nbsp;Rolanda Lam ,&nbsp;Daniel Hockey ,&nbsp;Sebastien Moret","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amino acid sensitive fingermark detection techniques like 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO), 1,2-indanedione/zinc chloride (IND-Zn), and ninhydrin (NIN) commonly contain 1-methoxynonafluorobutane (HFE7100) as a carrier solvent for the visualization of latent fingermarks. As a result of the cessation of manufacturing by the end of 2025, and potential environmental regulations, an alternative carrier solvent must be validated to replace HFE7100. In this study, the relative performance of Solstice® Performance Fluid (PF) (trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene) was compared to that of HFE7100 using 6000 natural fingermarks, aged for either one week or eight weeks, from five donors on five substrates (white copy paper, brown kraft paper, bubble envelope, lined notebook, magazine). Split fingermarks were treated with DFO or IND-Zn followed by NIN (DFO/NIN and IND-Zn/NIN, respectively) or NIN alone. All fingermarks were evaluated using a modified University of Canberra comparative scale by three assessors and, for differences in identification rates, by a former forensic identification practitioner. Results from this study showed comparable fingermark enhancement between the two carrier solvents after each treatment within the three technique sequences. There are some limitations with Solstice® PF, notably, an increase in ink diffusion and the need to store working solutions in a refrigerator or freezer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112447"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental DNA as a tool for detecting illegal wildlife trade","authors":"Gregory D. LeClair,&nbsp;Matthew W.H. Chatfield,&nbsp;Michael T. Kinnison","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The illegal wildlife trade presents significant challenges to wildlife conservation due to its large impact on population and species persistence. Forensic technology plays an important role in detecting and prosecuting such trade but has lagged human forensics where trace genetic evidence is important in conviction or exoneration. At present, most genetic applications in wildlife forensics focus on identification of taxa or populations via tissue samples or visible trace material (e.g., blood, hair or feathers). However, enforcement officials may encounter common household objects that are suspected to be used in capture, transport, or holding of wildlife, but without visible evidence of wildlife presence. Here, we demonstrate that environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques can be used to detect trace DNA from turtles on both plastic and fabric objects with high confidence for at least six months following only an hour of exposure. Sampling location and subsequent swabbing did not impact detection probability. While we observed very different DNA concentrations in the two substrate types, detection outcomes were relatively similar. The lack of substantial DNA decay during this experiment suggests a long window (potentially years) in which DNA may remain detectable to law enforcement officials under common gear storage conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112446"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postmortem distribution of etizolam in various autopsy samples using the surrogate analyte approach (SAA) method","authors":"Kenta Yuyama,&nbsp;Masako Suzuki,&nbsp;Itaru Yamagishi,&nbsp;Hideki Nozawa,&nbsp;Kayoko Minakata,&nbsp;Koutaro Hasegawa","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Etizolam, a type of anxiolytic drug, is the most commonly abused drug among hypnotic/anxiolytic medications in Japan. Although there have been reports on the postmortem identification of etizolam in the blood, the detailed distribution of etizolam among organs in an abuse case has not been reported. In this study, we examined etizolam concentrations in the blood and organs obtained from etizolam-related autopsy cases using the surrogate analyte approach (SAA) method, which can be analytically used without blank samples. Target compounds were extracted from samples using the QuEChERS method and filtrated with Captiva ND Lipids. Then, the eluates were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Etizolam-d₃ was used as a stable isotope-labeled surrogate compound with this quantification approach. A strong linear correlation was observed for each sample, showing a correlation coefficient value at least 0.99. The right heart, left heart, and femoral vein blood etizolam concentrations ranged from 85.2 to 178.2 ng/mL, while this concentration was 592.0 ng/g in liver tissue. Here, we could determine the etizolam concentration in various autopsy samples using LC-MS/MS. In addition, this work demonstrated that the SAA method can be successfully applied to various human samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of CYP2D6 metabolizer phenotypes on the EDDP/methadone metabolic ratio: A comprehensive analysis","authors":"Verena Wilmes,&nbsp;Mattias Kettner,&nbsp;Eva Corvest,&nbsp;Marcel A. Verhoff,&nbsp;Silke Kauferstein","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methadone is a synthetic opioid that is often used for prevention of withdrawal symptoms and for management of chronic pain. In concentrations above the therapeutic level however, methadone can lead to detrimental side effects, such as respiratory depression. Several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are involved in methadone metabolism, foremost in building the main metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP). It is well known that genetic polymorphisms within the CYPs can lead to an altered metabolism, affecting methadone elimination and peak concentrations. The metabolic ratio, in forensic toxicology suggested to assist in distinguishing between chronic and acute intake, can also be affected by genetic variations in CYP genes.</div><div>The aim of the study was therefor to examine, whether the metabolizer type of CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 can be associated with a certain type of intoxication, methadone concentration or metabolic ratio in postmortem blood samples of methadone intakers.</div><div>The metabolic ratio of EDDP/methadone was determined in 37 blood samples from deceased methadone intakers in 2023. These cases were genotyped for CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 via SNaPshot analysis. In case of CYP2D6 a copy number variations analysis was applied using qPCR. Metabolizer phenotypes were determined according to guidelines by the Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) and the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC).</div><div>Our results show a significantly increased metabolic ratio of EDDP/methadone in the CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizer (IM) group, compared to the CYP2D6 normal metabolizer (NM) group. Further, when separating the methadone intakers by type of intoxication, CYP2D6 IM had a significantly higher metabolic ratio in the mix intoxication and the non-intoxication group compared to NM, poor and ultrarapid metabolizers (PM, UM).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 112445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}