Allergy最新文献

{"title":"Diagnostic Delay in Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis: Clinical Predictors and Implications for Earlier Recognition","authors":"Vani Mulkareddy,Kalena Liu,Shreya Mandloi,Kelsey Limage,Samuel R. Shing,Gurston G. Nyquist,Jessica Most,David Kennedy,Elina Toskala,Damaris Pena‐Evertz","doi":"10.1111/all.70528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70528","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA), previously known as Churg‐Strauss syndrome, is a rare antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) vasculitis, with multiorgan involvement. Due to the variable presentation, diagnosis is often challenging and delayed. Objective We aimed to assess diagnostic delay among patients with EGPA and identify clinical characteristics associated with delayed recognition. Methods A single‐institution retrospective chart review was performed in adult patients over 18 diagnosed with EGPA. Data was collected on demographics, clinical features, laboratory data, imaging results, biopsy results, treatment, and outcomes. Results A total of 36 patients were included, with an average time to diagnosis from onset of symptoms of 4.82 years (SD = 5.44). Mean age at diagnosis was 52.5 years and 47.2% were female. Overall, asthma (80.5%) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) (80.5%) were the most prevalent features, and [VERIFY: abstract currently reports 5.5% CRS surgery; Results report 19/29] of those with CRS required surgery prior to diagnosis. Lung nodules or infiltrates were identified in 77.8%, nasal polyps in 52.8%, and 27.8% had received a biologic prior to diagnosis. In this exploratory analysis, diagnostic delay > 3 years was associated with female sex (OR 6.7, 95% CI 1.66–31.9), elevated C‐ANCA (yes), which was associated with lower odds of diagnostic delay (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.005–0.716, p  = 0.049), and prior biologic treatment (OR 7.1, 95% CI 1.42–54.4). Renal involvement was associated with a lower likelihood of diagnostic delay ( p  = 0.037). Given the small cohort and wide confidence intervals, these findings should be interpreted as hypothesis‐generating. Conclusion Diagnosing EGPA presents a clinical challenge given its rarity and multiorgan presentation. A high clinical suspicion is required to ensure earlier recognition of this rare disease, including a thorough review of systems and appropriate laboratory workup, particularly in patients with treatment‐resistant asthma, CRS, or eosinophilia.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Heterogeneity in Clinically Ambiguous Atopic Dermatitis–Psoriasis Overlap: Compartment‐Resolved Transcriptomic Profiling","authors":"Jongeun Lee, Yookyung Sophie Chun, Hyo Jeong Nam, Yun Jung Huh, Jaehwan Kim, James G. Krueger, Seung Sam Paik, Hyun Je Kim, Seon‐Pil Jin, Jeong Eun Kim","doi":"10.1111/all.70526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70526","url":null,"abstract":"Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis (PsO) are chronic inflammatory skin diseases with distinct features, but clinical and molecular overlap exists. These ambiguous phenotypes complicate diagnosis and treatment, and their immunologic basis remains poorly defined. This study aimed to delineate compartment‐specific immune profiles in AD‐PsO overlap lesions and explore candidate markers associated with molecular stratification. Methods Spatial transcriptomic profiling (GeoMx) was performed on 14 biopsies (AD = 4, PsO = 4, clinically ambiguous AD‐PsO overlap = 6), followed by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of candidate markers in an expanded cohort ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 35; AD = 9, PsO = 9, overlap = 17) to support the transcriptomic findings. Results AD‐PsO overlap lesions demonstrated intermediate Th2 and Th17 signatures relative to AD and PsO and showed relative alignment toward AD‐like or PsO‐like molecular patterns rather than forming a single uniform state. Patient‐level analyses showed distinct pathway profiles, with AD‐like alignment associated with epidermal barrier‐related pathways and dermal neural/sensory signaling, whereas the PsO‐like alignment was associated with Th1, Th17, interferon, IL‐15, and neutrophil‐related pathways. Candidate genes associated with AD‐like alignment included <jats:italic>CCL13</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>CCL19</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>P2RY4</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>CXCR4</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>IL4I1</jats:italic> , and <jats:italic>EBI3</jats:italic> , whereas <jats:italic>MAVS</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C1orf43</jats:italic> showed relative association with PsO‐like alignment. IL36G, which was not used for alignment assignment, showed higher staining in PsO and PsO‐like overlap cases than in AD and AD‐like overlap cases, providing additional biological support for the observed molecular alignment. Conclusions AD‐PsO overlap lesions are molecularly heterogeneous and align toward AD‐like or PsO‐like inflammatory patterns. Compartment‐resolved profiling provides a hypothesis‐generating framework for molecular characterization of clinically ambiguous cases that merits validation in larger independent cohorts.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149033068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The EAACI Declaration of Salamanca: A European Roadmap for Strengthening Undergraduate Medical Education in Allergy and Clinical Immunology","authors":"Maria J. Torres, Mohamed H. Shamji, Stefania Arasi, Friederike Baerhold, Sven Becker, Marta Ferrer, Radoslaw Gawlik, Marta Vazquez‐Ortiz, Carmen Vidal, Asli Gelincik, Cezmi A. Akdis, Ozlem Ceylan, Gulfem Çelik, Tomas Chivato, Stefano del Giacco, Ibon Eguiluz‐Gracia, Maria M. Escribese, Lene H. Garvey, Aspasia Karavelia, Ludger Klimek, Paul Lavender, Andre Moreira, Norbert Mülleneisen, Constantinos Pitsios, Ingrid Terreehorst, Sophia Tsabouri, Arantza Vega, Ignacio Davila","doi":"10.1111/all.70511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70511","url":null,"abstract":"Allergic diseases are among the most prevalent chronic conditions in Europe, yet undergraduate medical curricula lack structured Allergy and Clinical Immunology (ACI) teaching. Moreover, desite advances in specialist education, postgraduate university training varies due to differences in specialty recognition, regulatory frameworks, and the implementation of the European Training Requirements. These disparities contribute to inconsistent physician competencies, limited academic visibility of the specialty, and unequal access to high‐quality allergy care. This Position Paper, developed within the framework of the Declaration of Salamanca, analyses the current educational landscape, identifies the main barriers to integrating ACI into medical education, and proposes a strategic roadmap for future development. Evidence from an EAACI‐led European survey, published studies, and expert consensus demonstrates substantial variability in undergraduate curricula, limited academic representation of allergists, fragmented integration of basic immunology and clinical allergy, and challenges in educational innovation, including digital learning and artificial intelligence. The Declaration of Salamanca advocates a coordinated European strategy focused on strengthening undergraduate curricula, increasing ACI's academic presence, promoting closer integration between basic immunology and clinical practice, fostering educational innovation, and enhancing collaboration among universities, scientific societies, accreditation bodies, policymakers, and patient organizations. While responsibility for university curricula and specialty recognition remains with national authorities, the EAACI and National Allergy and Immunology Societies, in partnership with patient organizations, can provide scientific leadership, develop educational standards, and advocate for harmonised approaches. The Declaration of Salamanca offers a practical framework to improve the quality, consistency, and sustainability of ACI education across Europe.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149027539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stool and Airway Microbiome Signatures Associated With Treatment Response to Dupilumab in Severe Asthma: Findings From the PRISM Study","authors":"Ga‐Eun Yie, Eunse Kim, Duong Duc Pham, Chae Eun Lee, Heui Song, Yoon‐Keun Kim, Chil‐Sung Kang, Hyouk‐Soo Kwon, Woo‐Jung Song, You Sook Cho, Sei Won Lee, Ga‐Young Ban, Taehoon Lee, Min‐Hye Kim, Kyung‐Min Ahn, Sang Min Lee, Pankaj K. Bhavsar, Ian M. Adcock, Kian Fan Chung, Sungho Won, Tae‐Bum Kim","doi":"10.1111/all.70524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70524","url":null,"abstract":"Background Severe asthma is characterized by persistent airway inflammation and heterogeneous responses to biologic therapies. Growing evidence implicates the gut–lung axis in asthma pathophysiology; however, few studies have concurrently characterized gut and airway microbiomes in relation to treatment response in severe asthma. Methods We profiled microbiomes of stool bacteria (STB), stool‐derived extracellular vesicles (STE), and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) from 48 patients with severe asthma receiving dupilumab. Microbial composition, alpha diversity, and predicted functional profiles were compared across sample types and longitudinally according to treatment response. Associations between microbial features and asthma‐related clinical markers were also evaluated. Results Distinct taxonomic and predicted functional signatures were identified across biological compartments. EBC samples were enriched in Proteobacteria, including <jats:italic>Pseudomonas</jats:italic> , and exhibited a higher predicted abundance of pathways related to two‐component systems and bacterial secretion systems. EBC microbial diversity was positively associated with baseline sputum eosinophil levels ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.018), whereas stool microbial richness demonstrated a time‐dependent association with blood eosinophil counts after treatment ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> for interaction = 0.023). Treatment responders exhibited lower abundances of <jats:italic>Lachnospira</jats:italic> (STB <jats:italic>q =</jats:italic> 0.046; STE <jats:italic>q</jats:italic> = 0.042) and <jats:italic>Escherichia–Shigella</jats:italic> (STE <jats:italic>q</jats:italic> = 0.038), and a higher relative abundance of the <jats:italic>Oscillospiraceae</jats:italic> NK4A214 group (STB <jats:italic>q</jats:italic> = 5.5 × 10 <jats:sup>−7</jats:sup> , STE <jats:italic>q</jats:italic> = 1.4 × 10 <jats:sup>−8</jats:sup> ) in stool‐derived profiles. Conclusion Gut and airway‐derived microbiomes appear to play complementary roles in severe asthma. Stool‐derived microbial features may reflect systemic inflammatory signals associated with treatment response, whereas airway‐derived microbial profiles reflect local airway inflammation. Integrating multi‐compartment microbiome data may improve the understanding of heterogeneity in biologic treatment response among patients with severe asthma.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149019996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased CEA Expression in Nasal Polyps Is Associated With Plasma Cell Infiltration","authors":"Jung Yeon Han, Mark H. Tabor, Lindsey E. Ryan, Narasaiah Kolliputi, Jong Soo Hong, Dong Keon Yon, Richard F. Lockey, Seong H. Cho","doi":"10.1111/all.70514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70514","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149009890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legends of Allergy and Immunology: Johannes Ring","authors":"Claudia Traidl‐Hoffmann","doi":"10.1111/all.70487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70487","url":null,"abstract":"Johannes Ring has shaped allergology for more than five decades. His scientific work ranges from early studies on anaphylaxis and drug hypersensitivity to atopic dermatitis, the atopy patch test and the role of environmental factors in allergic disease. But this is only one part of his legacy. As a clinician, the patient was always at the centre of his thinking, and many of his research questions came directly from clinical observation. As a mentor, he encouraged young physicians and scientists to be curious, critical of their own results and, most importantly, to find their own scientific path. Many of his former trainees today hold leading positions in allergology and dermatology across Europe. For me, Johannes Ring has been a mentor for more than two decades—and still is. At 80, he has taken on a new role in Davos. He is clearly not finished yet.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148993729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IgE-Binding Bacterial Components Not Yet Documented in the Allergen Databases and Their Allergenic Mechanisms: An EAACI Position Paper.","authors":"Uta Jappe, Marua Abu Risha, Ioana Agache, Claus Bachert, Barbara Bröker, Riccardo Castagnoli, Gabriele Gadermaier, Richard E Goodman, Amir Guemari, Christiane Hilger, Alain Jacquet, Sabine Kespohl, Ludger Klimek, Annette Kuehn, Jonas Lidholm, Vera Mahler, Markus Ollert, Thomas A Platts-Mills, Monika Raulf, Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier, Frieder Schmiedeke, Marianne van Hage, Joana Vitte, Josefina Zakzuk, Anna Pomés","doi":"10.1111/all.70510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70510","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Among bacteria that are associated with the development and/or exacerbation of allergic/atopic diseases, several have been described to produce IgE-binding components. However, only one bacterial protein, Bac s 1, is currently listed in the official database of the World Health Organization/International Union of Immunological Societies (WHO/IUIS) Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee. The aim of this position paper was to identify potential bacterial allergens and their reported clinical relevance in the published literature and consider candidates for the Allergen Nomenclature database. PubMed and the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature database were searched up to October 2025. Consensus was obtained during task force meetings and by a written commentary process. Sixty-six IgE-binding components in 20 different species of bacteria were found, most associated with clinical symptoms. Allergen candidates include staphylococcal superantigens, bacterial enzymes, and components from two Chlamydia species, some of which are potential marker allergens for disease severity. The results point to long-neglected evidence of \"bacterial allergy\" that in certain cases may be induced by unconventional mechanisms. Diseases that are currently considered non-allergic might be re-classified as allergic if these IgE-binding components are recognized as allergens and used for diagnosis in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148987268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algorithms in Allergy: Practical Approaches to Drug Desensitisation","authors":"Ricardo Madrigal‐Burgaleta, Paula Vazquez‐Revuelta, Antonieta Guzman‐Melendez, Emilio Alvarez‐Cuesta","doi":"10.1111/all.70497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70497","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148973472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IgE Sensitization Patterns of Mothers and Their Offspring in the First Five Years of Life The CHILD Study.","authors":"Mary Asumta Anyango Kodydek, Myrtha E Reyna, Akash Kothari, Mikhail Monteiro, Jennifer A Hoang, Kristen Ericka San Diego, Aimee Dubeau, Lisa Hung, Xiaojun Yin, Elinor Simons, Stuart E Turvey, Piushkumar J Mandhane, Padmaja Subbarao, Theo J Moraes, Thomas Eiwegger","doi":"10.1111/all.70516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Understanding allergic sensitization patterns, which act as indicators for allergic diseases, is crucial for prevention, early diagnosis, treatment strategies, and trial design. Molecular allergology can be more precise and helps to identify patients with food allergy with a high pre-test probability. Unfortunately, sensitization data at a molecular level are limited for North American birth cohorts. In the CHILD study, we aimed to identify allergic sensitization in Canadian mothers and follow the longitudinal trajectories of their children from ages 1-5 years for the most crucial allergens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five hundred paired samples from children at 12 and 60 months were included based on the child's characteristics. Serum from each child and their corresponding mother was included if the child had skin prick test (SPT) reactions of ≥ 2 mm to one or more allergens. In addition, non-sensitized (SPT-negative) children (n = 261), with or without AD or asthma, were included. Specific IgE (sIgE) levels were measured using a multiplex allergen microarray. Participants were considered sensitized when sIgE ≥ 0.3 kUa/L to at least one allergen was recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed persistent sIgE sensitization to peanut allergens (Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 6) in children 12 to 60 months of age. However, sensitization to the tree nuts cashew (Ana o 2, Ana o 3), hazelnut (Cor a 14), walnut (Jug r 1, Jug r 2), and pistachio (Pis v 1-3) appeared to be more frequent at 60 months. Notably, resolution of sIgE sensitization to the key marker allergens from the 2S albumin group (Ara h 2, Cor a 14, Jug r 1, Ana o 3, and Ses i 1) was observed in approximately 25% of children.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings provide a comprehensive picture of IgE sensitization in this cohort. They also suggest a likelihood of loss of sensitization to key 2S albumins, which are excellent markers of food allergy with systemic reactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148981619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single‐Cell Profiling Links T‐Cell Accumulation and T H 2 / T H 17 Dynamics to Eosinophilic Esophagitis ( EoE ) Activity in Children","authors":"Hannes Hoelz, Matthias Tobias Warkotsch, Simon Buehler, Tim Faro, Sabrina Wagner, Valeriia Andrieieva, Alisia Beckmann, Anja Jurk, Marie‐Luise Frank, Guido Piontek, Kolja Siebert, Sebastian Jarosch, Sibylle Koletzko, Helga Paula Török, Christoph Walz, Martina Rudelius, Katja Steiger, Dirk Busch, Tobias Schwerd","doi":"10.1111/all.70517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70517","url":null,"abstract":"Background According to current guidelines, disease activity in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is measured based on eosinophil infiltration in the esophageal tissue. To investigate the functional role of non‐eosinophilic immune cells, we examined immune cell infiltrate over the disease course in pediatric patients with EoE and performed single‐cell molecular analysis of the T‐cell infiltrate. Methods We collected clinical data and biopsies from pediatric patients with EoE ( <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 50, baseline, up to six follow‐up endoscopies), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD, <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 33), or functional disorders (FD, <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 67). Multiparametric immunofluorescence staining (mIF; <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 114 biopsies) and single‐cell RNA sequencing of CD45 <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> CD3 <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> T‐cells ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 82 biopsies; 35,112 cells) with T cell receptor repertoire analysis were performed. Results Immune cell infiltration was significantly higher in active EoE than in inactive EoE, GERD, and FD (inactive: EPX <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.0156, MCT <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.0312, CD3 <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.0078). During remission, CD8 <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> T‐cell infiltration was significantly greater with PPI treatment compared to TS ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.0092). GNLY‐positive activated CD8 <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> T‐cells ( <jats:italic>R</jats:italic> = 0.33, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.038), and T <jats:sub>H</jats:sub> 2 cells ( <jats:italic>R</jats:italic> = 0.36, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.036) positively correlated with esophageal eosinophilia in the single‐cell analysis, whereas IL17‐positive CD4 <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> T‐cells showed a negative correlation ( <jats:italic>R</jats:italic> = −0.43, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.016 <jats:italic>)</jats:italic> . During active EoE, T <jats:sub>H</jats:sub> 2 cells were enriched ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.002). Absolute clone size was higher in active EoE than in inactive EoE and controls, while mean clone size only differed for CD4 clones between active EoE and controls. Diversity and the ratio of expanded clonotypes did not differ. Conclusion Distinct immunophenotypic profiles are associated with treatment response and disease activity in pediatric EoE. TS were associated with lower residual T cell infiltration than PPI. The evaluation of therapy‐induced phenotypic changes by single‐cell analysis was limited by low T cell yields in biopsies after TS treatment.","PeriodicalId":122,"journal":{"name":"Allergy","volume":"382 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148973349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}