Folia morphologica最新文献

{"title":"A cadaveric analysis of the efficacy of blind injections into the lateral pterygoid muscle.","authors":"Ashley Durfee, Emma Finnegan, Claire Lewis, Callum Franklin, Ourania Varsou, Denis Barry","doi":"10.5603/fm.102905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.102905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are amongst the most common causes of orofacial pain. Hyperactivity of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) is associated with the pathological mechanisms associated with TMD. Botulinum Toxin-A (BTX) injections into the LPM can be used as a treatment for TMD; however, a lack of clinical standardisation for this procedure can lead to adverse outcomes, especially when using anatomical landmark-based approaches.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>To better understand the precision of extraoral landmark-based LPM BTX injections, a maxillofacial surgeon injected 1.5 mL of 0.25% methylene blue dye into the LPM of five cadavers. Needle location, dye spread, and disrupted structures were then examined through cadaveric dissection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Landmark-based LPM BTX approaches resulted in poor outcomes in accuracy (0%) and a 40% incidence of neurovascular disruption, including the facial plexus, superficial temporal artery and superficial temporal vein.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Randomised controlled trials have highlighted the risks associated with extraoral botulinum toxin injections for TMD symptomatic relief. This report demonstrates the low accuracy rate and high neurovascular risk accompanying blind LPM injections and highlights the necessity of safe treatment protocols in TMD, in particular guided image-based diagnostics and procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An accessory slip of the fibularis tertius to the extensor digitorum longus - an unreported variant.","authors":"Andrzej Węgiel, Nicol Zielinska, Krystian Maślanka, Bartosz Gonera, Konrad Kurtys, Łukasz Olewnik","doi":"10.5603/fm.100239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.100239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fibularis tertius (FT) is one of three muscles which constitute the anterior compartment of the leg. The anatomical variants of this muscle usually pertain to its origins, number of final tendons or points and shapes of insertions. In this case, it had an additional slip (AS) which originated from the same area as the main muscle belly and after descending along the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) it fused with one of its main tendons. The main muscle belly and its tendon, in its usual manner, reached the proximal dorsal surface of the fifth metatarsal bone. To our knowledge, no similar case had been described before. This case reveals that human anatomy, though it may be thoroughly described, can still be a surprise and a vast field for new discoveries. Knowledge about these variants is important from both the scientific and clinical points of view.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The anatomical structure of the brachial plexus of the guinea pig (cavia porcellus).","authors":"Arkadiusz Rafał Grzeczka, Maciej Zdun","doi":"10.5603/fm.101041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.101041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In this study, we described the anatomy of the brachial plexus of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). The description of the brachial plexus anatomy can contribute to the knowledge of the neuroanatomy of small mammals. Furthermore, it is a source of information for clinicians performing brachial plexus anesthesia in exotic animals such as the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Caviaporcellus cadavers were fixed in a 10% formalin solution. The examination of 20 specimens of this species allowed us to assess the extent of the brachial plexus, the nerves exiting it, and the extent of their innervation. Most commonly, it consisted of C6-T1 but could also include branches of C5 and T2. The plexus consisted of three trunks and four cords. We distinguished 15 nerves: n. subclavius, n. brachiocephalicus, n. dorsalis scapulae, n. suprascapularis, nn. subscapulares, n. axillaris, n. musculocutaneus, nn. pectorales craniales, n. radialis, n. medianus, n. ulnaris, n. thoracodorsalis, n. thoracicus lateralis, n. thoracicus longus, and nn. pectorales caudales. We elaborated the innervation range of all identified nerves and updated data from existing papers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We presented the detailed anatomy of the n. musculocutaneous, brachiocephalicus, and pectoral nerves, which were not distinguished in previous papers or for which the structure was insufficiently known, and compared our results with existing work.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on the innervation and the extent of the plexus, it can be confirmed thatCavia porcellushas a brachial plexus with a structure that is characteristic of rodents.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomy education and clinical practice: students' views.","authors":"Niki Matveeva, Julija Zhivadinovikj Bogdanovska, Biljana Zafirova, Elizabeta Chadikovska, Ace Dodevski, Biljana Trpkovska, Biljana Bojadzieva Stojanoska, Anamarija Paunkoska","doi":"10.5603/fm.102829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.102829","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate students' perspectives on the relevance of anatomy education to clinical practice throughout their studies at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study was designed as a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based investigation and took place at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje at the University of \"Ss Cyril and Methodius\", R. North Macedonia. The questionnaire form included demographics, five-point Likert items, and open-ended questions. Questionnaire data were collected from volunteer students participants, currently and not currently involved in anatomy education, consisting of 134 first-year and 87 fourth- and fifth-year students during March and April 2024.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Junior students agreed that their anatomy education helped them achieve some important goals for clinical practice, such as adopting and applying medical terminology and the ability to visualize a three-dimensional human body map. Senior students were less convinced that the structures and concepts acquired during anatomy education were relevant to clinical practice, helped them acquire clinical knowledge and skills effectively, and understand the principles of evidence-based medicine. Both junior students and their senior colleagues disagreed that anatomy education succeeded in developing their self-confidence, teamwork, and communication skills.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both groups of students had similar preferences and suggestions for redesigning anatomy courses to focus on essential elements that are functionally and clinically relevant. This can be achieved through traditional and modern teaching methods, small group work, and the establishment of learning outcomes within clinically relevant contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The co-occurrence of a previously unreported double-headed accessory psoas major with an unusually positioned accessory iliacus muscle: case report.","authors":"Marta Pośnik, Nicol Zielinska, Konrad Kurtys, Krzysztof Koptas, Łukasz Olewnik","doi":"10.5603/fm.100240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.100240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The iliopsoas muscle complex traditionally consists of the iliacus muscle and psoas major, occasionally including the psoas minor. These elements were distinguished based on their shared function and common distal attachment. Although accessory structures have been previously reported within the complex, they are rare. This study reports an unusual observation of the co-occurrence of two additional muscles within the iliopsoas muscle complex during dissection: and accessory iliacus muscle and a four-headed accessory psoas major, whose anatomical position and morphological features indicate a high possibility of femoral nerve compression.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological changes in cerebrospinal fluid production.","authors":"Hubert Paszkowycz, Łukasz Olewnik, Bartosz Gonera, Robert Haładaj, Nicol Zielinska","doi":"10.5603/fm.99964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.99964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ventricular system and subarachnoid space are filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which plays a key role in the nervous system. This fluid is produced by the choroid plexus, an organ rich in ion transporters that precisely control the transport of specific ions into the cerebrospinal fluid thanks to tight junctions between the plexus cells; these prevent the passage of substances other than the transporters, thus allowing for precise control of the fluid composition. Cerebrospinal fluid production is based on a network of interrelationships between specific ion flows enabled by the numerous transporters. The fluid is cleaned and resorbed by the glymphatic system via multiple absorption pathways. Maintaining proper cerebrospinal fluid parameters is extremely important for proper brain function. Considering the fragility of the brain, even small fluctuations in cerebrospinal fluid composition can impair its condition. Therefore, to understand the nervous system, it is important to have thorough knowledge of the production, transport, and resorption mechanisms of cerebrospinal fluid. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current state of knowledge about the mechanisms of production, pathways of absorption and physiological values of cerebrospinal fluid parameters; it also discusses the role of the glymphatic system in maintaining fluid homeostasis, and the changes resulting from its dysfunction as result of trauma.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rare variant of psoas minor or a newly observed component of the iliopsoas muscle complex? Case report.","authors":"Marta Pośnik, Nicol Zielinska, Andrzej Węgiel, Bartłomiej Szewczyk, Piotr Łabętowicz, Bartosz Gonera, Łukasz Olewnik","doi":"10.5603/fm.101385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.101385","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Multiple structures found in different compartments of the human body are considered as morphologically variable, however, this general assumption does not apply to the components of the iliopsoas muscle complex. In this study, we report a case of an extremely variable muscle observed in the above-mentioned compartment.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>During a routine dissection of the posterior abdominal wall of a 78-year-old male cadaver, an anomalous muscle with an atypical morphology was observed, photographed and subjected to further measurements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although the anatomy of the dissected posterior abdominal wall structures seemed typical, a variable muscle was observed that consisted of multiple additional muscular components.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Awareness of morphological variability was proven to be useful for clinicians from different fields of medicine. Therefore, the anomaly observed in the compartment which is considered to be rather constant seems relevant as this unknown structure may lead to further misconceptions during the process of diagnosis and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower limb interosseous membrane in foetuses.","authors":"Katarzyna Siwek, Arthur Saniotis, Małgorzata Suchanecka, Robert Krupa, Jagoda Urbańska, Alicja Proniewicz, Paweł Dąbrowski, Maciej Henneberg, Janusz Moryś, Sławomir Kozieł","doi":"10.5603/fm.102519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.102519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The leg interosseous membrane (LIM) stabilises the tibia and the fibula. These two bones articulate at the proximal and distal tibiofibular joints. In addition, the LIM is the place of attachment of tibialis anterior muscle, extensor digitorum longus muscle, fibularis tertius muscle (anatomical variant), tibialis posterior muscle and flexor hallucis longus muscle. The specific structure of the collagen fibre network of the LIM provides durability comprising collagenous fibres that are predominately projected longitudinally, obliquely, and often transversely.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>222 human foetuses (Male: 120, Female: 102) between 117 and 197 (median 177) days of foetal life were available for the study. The material derived from the foetal collection is stored in the Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Anatomy of the Medical University of Wroclaw. In this study, we assessed the variability of the foetal LIM using a novel dyeing technique to identify the LIM syndesmotic structure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, the study of the three types of interosseous fibres (transverse, oblique, longitudinal) of the right/left leg revealed that the fibres run in all three directions with frequencies approximating 60-70%. However, there were differences in the frequency of fibre directions and in the size of LIM between sexes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>After consideration of the directions and size of fibres of LIM, parts of it can be used for reconstruction of the upper limb interosseous membrane. Sexually dimorphic features of the LIM in the studied material confirm the different dynamics of lower limb growth in each sex.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142686595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the significance of peripheral nervous system glia: implications for nervous system disorders and therapeutic interventions.","authors":"Agata Wawrzyniak, Izabela Krawczyk-Marć, Agnieszka Żuryń, Maksymilian Kłosowicz, Jerzy Walocha, Grzegorz Wysiadecki, Krzysztof Balawender","doi":"10.5603/fm.102401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.102401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glial cells are indispensable components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), exerting diverse regulatory functions crucial for neuronal health and function. From myelination and synaptic modulation to immune regulation, glia actively participates in maintaining PNS homeostasis and responding to pathological insults. Further elucidating the roles of glial cells in peripheral nerve disorders holds promise for developing targeted therapeutic interventions to alleviate symptoms and improve patient outcomes. This article reviews the multifaceted functions of PNS glia in shaping nervous system function and their intricate involvement in various neuropathologies, including peripheral neuropathies, neuroinflammatory conditions, and gastrointestinal disorders. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of glial dysfunction offers opportunities for developing targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving nerve function, attenuating neuroinflammation, and restoring gastrointestinal homeostasis. The expanding research on PNS glia underscores their indispensable roles and highlights the potential of therapeutic strategies targeting glial dysfunction in revolutionizing the management of nervous system disorders, offering hope for improved patient outcomes and quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142686606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the efficacy of medial tarsal venous flaps and traditional venous/arterial free flaps in the reconstruction of hand soft tissue defects: a new type of physiological flap.","authors":"Xiangchang Cao, Fuzhou Yang, Rong Fang, Yaping Zhu, Luo Huang, Fusan Hua, Changqing Bai, Qiming Chen","doi":"10.5603/fm.101621","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.101621","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The treatment of hand soft tissue defects primarily relies on flap reconstruction. However, traditional venous/arterial free flaps have several disadvantages, including damage to the donor site, blood stasis, cyanosis, blister formation, and even necrosis. These issues can significantly affect patient recovery and outcomes. Therefore, there is a need for alternative approaches that minimize these complications and improve overall patient treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To compare the efficacy of medial tarsal free venous flaps and traditional venous/arterial free flaps in the reconstruction of hand soft tissue defects, by evaluating various clinical outcomes and patient recovery metrics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We screened 30 suitable patients with hand soft tissue defects and randomly assigned them to three groups. Patients in each group were transplanted with either medial tarsal free venous flaps or traditional arterial/venous free flaps to achieve coverage and reconstruction of the soft tissue defects. The results were compared and analyzed using the following metrics: operation time, complication rate, pain index, postoperative infection rate, and functional evaluations of both the donor and recipient areas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;There was no significant difference in operation time between the medial tarsal free venous flaps and the traditional forearm free venous flaps. The operative time of both types of flaps above was shorter than that of the traditional fibular-side arterial flap of the hallux. The complication rate of the medial tarsal free venous flaps was comparable to that of the fibular-side arterial flaps from the great toes and significantly lower than that of the traditional forearm free venous flaps. In terms of pain, the pain index for the medial tarsal free venous flaps was significantly lower than that of the fibular-side arterial flap from the hallux and comparable to that of the forearm free venous flaps. Regarding postoperative infection rates, the forearm free venous flaps had the highest rate, while there was no significant difference between the medial tarsal free venous flaps and the fibular-side arterial flaps from the great toes. The functional recovery of the medial tarsal free venous flaps was outstanding in both the donor and recipient areas. There was no poor functional performance in the donor areas of the forearm free venous flaps or the recipient areas of the fibular-side arterial flaps of the halluces.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The medial tarsal free venous flaps effectively avoid the disadvantages of traditional venous and arterial free flaps, combining their advantages. This kind of flaps offer shorter operative times, and lower pain indices. They also provide excellent functional recovery in both donor and recipient areas. Thus, medial tarsal free venous flaps represent an ideal solution for reconstructing hand soft t","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142566901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}