Folia morphologica最新文献

{"title":"ERRATUM: Beyond the classical triangle: morphological variations of the Triangle of Koch in human hearts and their clinical implications.","authors":"Apurba Patra, Rajiv Kumar, Vandana Tiwari, Priti Chaudhary, Adil Asghar, Jerzy Walocha, Marcin Kuniewicz, Barbara Gach-Kuniewicz, Marcin Jakiel, Daniel Rams","doi":"10.5603/fm.115120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.115120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Triangle of Koch (TOK) is an important anatomical region located in the right atrium of the heart. It contains the atrioventricular (AV) node and forms a crucial landmark during electrophysiological and cardiac surgical procedures. Variations in its boundaries and morphology may increase the risk of inadvertent injury to the cardiac conduction system. The present study aimed to evaluate the morphology (shape, boundaries, and anatomical variations) of the TOK in thirty donated human hearts and its clinical implications.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Thirty formalin-fixed adult human hearts were studied in the Department of Anatomy. The right atrium was opened carefully to expose the TOK. The boundaries formed by the tendon of Todaro (TT), the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve, and the ostium of the coronary sinus (CS) were identified. Morphological features, location of the apex, and anatomical variations were documented and photographed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The TOK was identified in all specimens. Considerable variations were observed in shape, prominence of the TT, and position of the CS ostium. In most cases, it was broad and triangular, while in some hearts, the triangle appeared narrow and elongated. The apex corresponding to the AV nodal region showed positional variation relative to the membranous septum. Variability in the septal leaflet attachment and CS morphology was also noted.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The TOK demonstrates significant anatomical variation in its shape and boundaries. Knowledge of these variations is essential for cardiologists, electrophysiologists, and cardiac surgeons during catheter ablation, pacemaker implantation, and valve surgeries to prevent injury to the AV node and associated conduction pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726192"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149135385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The combination of puerarin and simvastatin alleviates inflammatory responses and promotes osteogenic differentiation via an IRF4-mediated mechanism in periodontal ligament stem cells.","authors":"Zhenfei Lu, Jin Lu, Bin Zeng, Liangjian Chen","doi":"10.5603/fm.113594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.113594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The impaired function of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) impedes the restoration of periodontal tissues. Puerarin (Pue) is a natural flavonoid component derived from Pueraria lobata, and simvastatin (Sim) is a lactone-form statin. Both have been shown to promote proliferation and osteogenic differentiation and to exert anti-inflammatory effects in human PDLSCs. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of Pue and Sim in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated PDLSCs and the underlying mechanism.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Bioinformatics, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), machine learning, and molecular docking were used to identify genes associated with periodontitis in the GSE10334 dataset. LPS was administered to simulate an inflammatory microenvironment in PDLSCs. IRF4 protein expression was assessed by western blotting. The mRNA levels of IRF4, RGS1, CD27, CXCR4, Runx2, ALP, and OCN were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Cell viability was assessed using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured using commercial kits or ELISA. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin Red (AR) staining were performed to assess osteogenic differentiation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Diminished secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced production of MDA and LDH, augmented ALP activity and calcium deposition, and elevated expression of osteogenic differentiation-related genes were observed in the Pue + Sim group compared with the Pue group, Sim group, and control group in LPS-treated PDLSCs. Bioinformatics, WGCNA, machine learning, and molecular docking identified IRF4 as a key gene associated with Pue and Sim treatment. The expression of IRF4 was significantly diminished following treatment with Pue, Sim, or Pue + Sim. The protective effect of Pue + Sim treatment was attenuated by IRF4 overexpression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The combination of Pue and Sim treatment showed strong effects in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress and promoting osteogenic differentiation via an IRF4-mediated mechanism in LPS-stimulated PDLSCs, providing a promising therapeutic strategy for treating periodontitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726189"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149135546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"External occipital protuberance revisited: morphology and classification of its anatomical variants.","authors":"Kacper Budziłowski, Tymon Skadorwa","doi":"10.5603/fm.112841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.112841","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The external occipital protuberance (EOP) is a fundamental craniometric landmark; however, its exophytic anatomical variants (EOPVs) remain poorly defined due to a historical reliance on 2D lateral cephalometry and inconsistent nomenclature. Data on their prevalence and variability remain scarce in the pediatric population, and the literature is inconsistent. This study addresses the lack of high-resolution data on EOPV prevalence and morphology in the pediatric population.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Using thin-slice head CT scans (0.3 mm slice thickness) of 345 patients aged 0-18 years, we conducted a comprehensive morphometric analysis to validate existing classifications and introduce a more robust discriminatory framework.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings demonstrate that the EOP is a compound structure comprising an anatomically stable base, at the level of the superior nuchal lines, and an exophytic variant situated at or superior to this level. We propose a novel, observer-independent EOPV definition using the data-driven EOPV angle criterion ( < 133°). We further introduce a two-tier classification system: type I (tubercle), characterized by gradual margins, and type II (wedge/V-shaped), characterized by a markedly pronounced projection and associated with external lamina delamination. The prevalence of EOPVs in the adolescent cohort (12-18 years) reached 40.3%, approximating adult estimates.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>By establishing a coherent, observer-independent framework, this classification facilitates precise clinical diagnosis - relevant to cranial pain disorders and surgical planning - while providing a standardized basis for future longitudinal research.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149264864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations in superficial and topographical anatomy in patients with idiopathic Bell's facial palsy.","authors":"Amir Shihada, Sonila Krommyda, Konstantinos Laios, Alexandros Samolis, Theodoros Troupis, Theodoros Troupis","doi":"10.5603/fm.105910","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.105910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Idiopathic facial palsy (Bell's palsy) is a spontaneous facial nerve palsy. It presents with a cluster of symptoms and alterations in superficial anatomy involving nerves, muscles, skin, and emotional expression. Although this palsy strongly affects the peripheral nervous system, no definitive studies have confirmed that it causes structural changes in the brain itself. Facial innervation presents a complex web of fibers, making surgical procedures in this region highly susceptible to injury. This narrative review summarizes the available literature to show how this complexity affects surgical practice in the facial region. Comprehension of the topographical anatomy is essential for achieving the best outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"e01726110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144729051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical variations of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.","authors":"Andrzej Dubrowski, Bartłomiej Stachera, Jakub Gliwa, Marek Kachnic, Michał Bonczar, Maciej Lis, Wadim Wojciechowski, Grzegorz Wysiadecki, Jerzy Walocha, Grzegorz Lis, Mateusz Koziej","doi":"10.5603/fm.111695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.111695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of the present study was to characterize the anatomy of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in a Polish Caucasian population by assessing its presence, origin pattern, and selected morphometric features, as well as evaluating possible side-, sex-, and age-related differences.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In the present study, a retrospective analysis of 168 of 200 sides from consecutive patients who underwent head and neck computed tomography angiography (CTA) was performed. Morphometric characteristics of the PICA and adjacent anatomical structures were assessed across 14 categories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The PICA was observed in 142 cases (84.5%), whereas in the remaining 26 cases (15.5%), the PICA was not visualized on CTA. The PICA originated from the vertebral artery (VA) in 132 cases (93.0%) and from the basilar artery (BA) in 10 cases (7.0%). The median diameter of the PICA at its origin was 2.35 mm (LQ = 2.05; UQ = 2.63), whereas its median cross-sectional area was 3.35 mm² (LQ = 2.65; UQ = 3.94).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The PICA demonstrates considerable anatomical variability in terms of its presence and origin. In the studied population, the VA constituted the predominant source of this vessel, whereas BA origin represented a less common configuration. Morphometric analysis revealed measurable differences between sides and sexes for selected parameters, whereas age did not appear to significantly influence PICA dimensions. The measurements obtained provide additional quantitative data regarding the proximal morphology and trunk configuration of the artery in a CTA-based cohort. Such information may contribute to a more precise anatomical understanding of the posterior circulation. These findings highlight the importance of recognizing PICA variability during radiological evaluation and in surgical procedures involving the posterior fossa and craniovertebral junction.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726114"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148257886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When the unexpected happens: educational reflections on and values of dissection of a cadaver with multiple anatomical variations.","authors":"Motaz Talaat Elghnam, Rasha Alissa, Volodymyr Mavrych, Olena Bolgova, Paul Ganguly","doi":"10.5603/fm.111708","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.111708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anatomical variations observed during cadaveric dissection provide important clinical insights and reinforce the teaching of both normal anatomy and the range of variation that clinicians may encounter in practice. Understanding these anatomical variations is essential for medical education and clinical practice, particularly in surgical and diagnostic procedures. During routine dissection of a Caucasian female cadaver in her 60s, we identified three rare ipsilateral right-sided anatomical variations involving the brachial plexus, pectoralis major muscle, and rectus abdominis muscle, using standard dissection methods and systematic documentation. The first finding was complete absence of the musculocutaneous nerve, accompanied by compensatory median nerve enlargement (diameter increased from 4.14 mm to 6.05 mm), which provided innervation to the anterior arm muscles; notably, no functional muscle atrophy was observed, indicating successful neural compensation. The second variation involved the right pectoralis major muscle, which showed an atypical configuration with one clavicular head and two distinct sternocostal divisions arising separately from the manubrium and sternal body. The third finding was a well-circumscribed abdominal wall defect at the right second tendinous intersection of the rectus abdominis muscle, with bowel herniation through the defect; the defect measured 26.42 mm in diameter. This case illustrates the educational value of cadaveric dissection in revealing rare anatomical variations with significant clinical implications, particularly the unusual ipsilateral coexistence of these findings. Although a common developmental explanation remains conjectural, recognition of such variants is essential for clinicians to prevent diagnostic errors and surgical complications, underscoring the enduring importance of anatomical dissection in medical curricula.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148257911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of asprosin on high-fat diet-induced liver injury in rats: a histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular study.","authors":"Suna Karadeniz Saygili, Raziye Akcilar","doi":"10.5603/fm.110661","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.110661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Asprosin, a fasting-induced hormone, regulates glucose metabolism. Recent studies suggest that it modulates cellular stress, but its role in high-fat diet (HF)-induced liver damage is unknown. This study examined the histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular effects of asprosin on HF-induced liver injury in rats, focusing on oxidative stress and apoptosis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control (Group C), asprosin-treated (Group A), high-fat diet group (Group HF), and high-fat diet with asprosin treatment group (Group HF+A). A high-fat emulsion was administered orally for 8 weeks to establish the HF model, followed by intraperitoneal administration of recombinant asprosin (1 μg/kg/day) during the final 10 days. Liver tissues were collected for histological analysis using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome (MT), and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Immunohistochemical expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and caspase-3 was assessed using the H-score method, and gene expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Rats in Group HF showed marked hepatic steatosis, increased collagen deposition, and reduced glycogen content. In Group HF+A, asprosin treatment reduced steatosis and collagen accumulation. Compared with Group HF, Group HF+A exhibited significantly increased hepatic Nrf2 and HO-1 expression and decreased caspase-3 expression (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Asprosin attenuates oxidative stress and apoptosis in HF-induced liver injury, as supported by morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings, suggesting a potential protective role against diet-related metabolic stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726008"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147354372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All roads lead to the liver: a clinical and anatomical case report on an absent proper hepatic artery.","authors":"Filip Godziszewski, Monika Deska, Kamil Nogajczyk, Krystian Skowron, Mateusz Mazurek, Michał Tulski, Mateusz Drążyk, Oliwier Pioterek, Oskar Kozłowski, Zygmunt A Domagała","doi":"10.5603/fm.106108","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.106108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The arterial supply of the liver originates from the celiac trunk, which gives rise to the common hepatic artery. This artery subsequently bifurcates into the gastroduodenal artery and the proper hepatic artery, of which the latter further divides into the right and left hepatic arteries. This anatomical variability is described to highlight the high incidence of hepatic arterial vascular variations, underline their clinical significance, and classify the absence of the proper hepatic artery within established typologies of hepatic arterial variations.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>The observed variation was identified during routine anatomical dissection of a 77-year-old female cadaver who had voluntarily donated her body for scientific purposes as part of the Body Donation Program conducted by the Department of Anatomy of Wroclaw Medical University. Our case report presents an anatomical variant in which the proper hepatic artery is absent. Instead, the common hepatic artery trifurcates directly into the right and left hepatic arteries and the gastroduodenal artery. Another component of this variation was that the right gastric artery originated from the left hepatic artery rather than the proper hepatic artery.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A thorough understanding of hepatic arterial anatomy is essential for a variety of surgical interventions, including liver transplantation, hepatic resection, cholecystectomy, and embolization of the right gastric artery. In cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic arteries may also serve as a route for intra-arterial chemotherapy. Therefore, precise knowledge of hepatic vascularization is of critical importance in the diagnosis and treatment of liver pathologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"e01726127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inferior mesenteric artery: detailed anatomy and morphometry.","authors":"Radosław Chmiel, Jakub Batko, Aleksiej Juszczak, Jerzy A Walocha, Rafał Jakiel, Michał Piotrowski, Julia Karpierz, Artur Moskała, Krzysztof Woźniak, Dariusz Chmiel, Artur Pasternak","doi":"10.5603/fm.105299","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.105299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) supplies blood to the distal transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. A thorough understanding of IMA anatomy is crucial in colon cancer surgery and emerging percutaneous interventions. However, there has been only limited research on its precise morphometry, including vessel length, diameters, and branching angles. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed analysis of the IMA, focusing on parameters essential for optimising percutaneous vascular treatments and colon surgery.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Multiplanar reconstructions and maximum intensity projections were generated from contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography scans of 105 human bodies obtained during forensic examinations. The inferior mesenteric artery and its branches were assessed, with each scan analyzed and measured using specialized software. Left colic artery (LCA) was divided into two groups based on its trunk length, and superior rectal artery (SRA) was divided into three groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A short trunk of the LCA was observed in 38.1% of cases, with an average length of 2.4 mm. A long trunk was observed in 61.9% of scans, with an average length of 42.6 mm. SRA type 1 was found in 53.3% of cases, type 2 in 38.1% of cases, and type 3 in 8.6% of cases. A greater number of sigmoid arteries was observed in women than in men (p = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In patients with a short left colic artery trunk, procedures in its branches may be easier due to wider angles and larger diameters, improving catheter access. Additionally, extra superior rectal arteries may form before the sigmoid arteries, which could impact upon colon surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"e01726129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concurrent variations in the course of the azygos vein, a kinked common carotid artery, and the branching pattern of the internal iliac arteries.","authors":"Juhyung Park, Yu Jin Jin, Yunwoo Kim, In Woo Yoon, Eun Jin Lee, Dae Yong Song, Hong Il Yoo","doi":"10.5603/fm.108331","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.108331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A comprehensive anatomical understanding of the azygos venous system and of the courses and branching patterns of major arteries and their possible variations is essential for accurate diagnosis, effective management of vascular conditions, and safe surgical or interventional procedures. Detailed preoperative assessment and recognition of such vascular morphologies and anomalies play a pivotal role in minimizing intraoperative risks and preventing postoperative complications.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>Four concurrent vascular variations were identified in a ninety-eight-year-old Korean female cadaver during routine dissection for an anatomy class. The main trunk of the azygos vein (AV) bifurcated at the level of L1 and rejoined at the level of T10. During its ascent on the left side, the intercostal veins drained directly into the AV without forming the hemiazygos or accessory hemiazygos veins. The right common carotid artery exhibited severe kinking just inferior to the level of T1. The first branch of the right internal iliac artery was the obturator artery rather than the umbilical artery. Furthermore, the inferior gluteal artery (IGA) and the internal pudendal artery arose from a common trunk and bifurcated below the pelvic diaphragm. We also observed a rare looped artery in the left internal iliac region connecting the posterior division of the internal iliac artery to the proximal portion of the IGA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case highlights that various rare vascular anomalies may coexist in a single individual; anatomists, surgeons, and other clinicians should be aware of this possibility during dissection and surgical procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"e01726057"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145451152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}