Folia morphologica最新文献

{"title":"Quantitative anatomy of the extensor digiti minimi muscle in the growing human fetus.","authors":"Mateusz Badura, Anna Badura, Magdalena Grzonkowska, Mariusz Baumgart, Monika Paruszewska-Achtel, Michał Szpinda","doi":"10.5603/fm.99127","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.99127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Age-specific reference intervals for the extensor digiti minimi muscle (EDMM) in the human fetus may be relevant in the detailed evaluation of the musculoskeletal systems, with potentially relevant implications for surgical treatment. The aim of the study was to examine the age-specific reference intervals and growth dynamics of the EDMM in relation to its length, width, projection surface area, and volume.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The examined material included 70 human formalin-fixed fetuses of both sexes (37♀, 33♂) aged from 17 to 29 weeks. Using anatomical dissection, each EDMM was visualized, recorded in JPG formats, and analysed by the digital image analysis system and statistical methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No variability of the EDMM was found. All the morphometric parameters of the EDMM revealed neither sex nor laterality differences. With fetal age most linear parameters of the EDMM concerning its examined lengths and widths increased in accordance with natural logarithmic functions. The only two exceptions to this referred to the belly width of the EDMM measured at its mid-length and the tendon width of the EDMM measured proximal to the extensor retinaculum of the wrist, which both followed square root functions. The projection surface areas of the EDMM followed natural logarithmic functions, while the volumetric growth of the EDMM was proportionate to fetal age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The variability of the EDMM in the human fetus is minimal. The morphometric data of the EDMM represents age-specific reference intervals of clinical significance. Morphometric parameters of the EDMM reveal neither sex nor laterality differences. The EDMM displays three different growth dynamics: gradual growth deceleration according to both natural logarithmic functions (total length of the muscle and its tendons, belly length, tendon lengths, belly width at its origin, tendon width at its insertion, and projection surface areas) and square root functions (belly width at its mid-length and tendon width in the pre-retinacular segment), and proportionate growth (total volume).</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"176-187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140174127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifaceted impacts of monosodium glutamate on testicular morphology: insights into pyroptosis and therapeutic potential of resveratrol.","authors":"Medhat Taha, Lashin Saad Ali, Mohammad El-Nablaway, Mohie Mahmoud Ibrahim, Alaa M Badawy, Amira E Farage, Hany Sabry A Ibrahim, Randa A Zaghloul, Emadeldeen Hussin","doi":"10.5603/fm.99434","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.99434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Monosodium glutamate is a food additive and flavour enhancer in processed foods and soups that is considered to affect testicular histology. The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on testicular structure in rats and explore the potentially protective effects of resveratrol.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Four experimental groups involved in our study contained 10 rats in each. The first group was a control group; in the second group (the resveratrol group) control rats received 20 mg/kg of resveratrol via oral gavage; in the third group (the MSG group) rats received monosodium glutamate (MSG) at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight daily, via a gastric tube. The fourth group we called the MSG + resveratrol group. Serum levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH were measured. Testicular specimens were prepared for measurement of oxidative stress markers, and gene expression of NLRP3, caspase-3, and GSK-3b. Moreover, paraffin blocks contained testicular tissue used for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Additionally, seminal smears from epididymis were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MSG administration adversely affected testosterone production, hormonal levels, and sperm parameters, Histological examination revealed marked testicular degeneration, and oxidative stress assessments indicated an elevated level of MDA, a lipid peroxidation marker, and decreases in SOD and CAT, two antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, MSG induced apoptotic and pyroptotic markers and its gene expressions. Importantly, the administration of resveratrol reversedthese detrimental effects of MSG, demonstrating its corrective influence on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis disruption, the improvement of sperm parameters, the attenuation of oxidative stress, and anti-apoptotic activity and anti-pyroptotic effects. The expression of Ki-67 as a cell proliferation marker further supported the positive response to spermatogenesis dysfunction upon resveratrol treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This article sheds light on the protective effect of resveratrol against MSG-induced testicular damage, with an exploration of its mechanistic role.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"151-166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141260972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical features of the mastoid segment of the facial canal.","authors":"Angela Babuci, Laila Ashkar, Zinovia Zorina, Ilia Catereniuc, Mihail Gavriliuc, Nicolae Chele, Sofia Lehtman, Gabriela Motelica, Ion Dabija","doi":"10.5603/fm.100260","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.100260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Considering the tortuous course of the facial canal that houses the facial nerve, the stylomastoid artery, and the homonymous vein, its morphological features are of great clinical significance in otologic, maxillofacial, oncologic, reconstructive and plastic surgery of the head and neck. The aim of this paper was to determine the individual specific features of the mastoid segment of the facial canal and of the stylomastoid foramen.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study was carried out on 82 temporal bones (41 right/41 left), at the Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy of Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Republic of Moldova. The morphometry of the mastoid segment of the facial canal and of the stylomastoid foramen was performed. The morphometric parameters were statistically analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mastoid segment exited the facial canal at obtuse, right and sharp angles, with a mean value of 113.1 ± 21.80° (right/left - 112.1 ± 23.85°/114.1 ± 19.76°), p = 0.701. The mean length of the mastoid segment was 15.1 ± 3.78 mm (right/left - 15.7 ± 3.66 mm/14.5 ± 3.84 mm), p = 0.153. The longitudinal diameter of the stylomastoid foramen had a meanof 3.0 ± 0.93 mm (right/left - 3.3 ± 0.96 mm/2.7 ± 0.81 mm), p = 0.007. The transverse diameter had a mean of 2.6 ± 0.74 mm (right/left - 2.9 ± 0.80 mm/2.4 ± 0.60 mm), p = 0.012.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In otologic surgery, particularly in mastoidectomy, it should be taken into consideration that the mastoid segment of the facial canal could exit the temporal bone at sharp, right and obtuse angles. This peculiarity, along with high morphological variability of the stylomastoid foramen, might be a predisposing factor for Bell's palsy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"117-126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141260963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Would three BMPs at low concentration be better than one at high concentration? An experimental study with rat osteoprogenitor cells.","authors":"Stanislaw Moskalewski, Anna Hyc, Anna Osiecka-Iwan","doi":"10.5603/fm.99365","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.99365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are used in clinical practice for the stimulation of bone formation, but can often lead to serious complications. Recent studies have demonstrated that BMPs involved in the early stages of bone formation are species-specific. In cattle the most common forms encountered are BMP7, growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), and NEL-like protein 1 (NELL1), while in rats the most common are BMP2, BMP5 and BMP6. The aim of this study was to compare the action of species-specific BMPs on osteoprogenitor cells. Thus, rat osteoprogenitor cells were exposed to one BMP in a high dose, and three of them at one third of the high dose.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Isolated rat osteoprogenitor cells were treated in culture with different concentrations of BMP2, BMP5 and BMP6 or with lower concentrations of combinations of these cytokines. The activity of alkaline phosphatase, calcium deposition and mRNA level for transcription factor SP7 (osterix) and tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) served as indicators of BMPs effect.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BMPs stimulated all studied parameters compared to control cultures, but no statistically significant differences were observed between the action of a large dose of one cytokine and a combination of cytokines given at lower concentrations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Three BMPs used in a low dose exert a similar effect to one used in a high dose. Since the BMPs stimulate different receptors, and activate different signalling pathways, using a mixture of properly chosen BMPs at a low concentration may give better results than a single one at a high concentration, and may avoid untoward effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"140-150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141260991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical obstacles in cavotricuspid isthmus detected by modified 2D transthoracic echocardiography and long-term outcomes in radiofrequency ablation of typical atrial flutter.","authors":"Marta Kacprzyk, Ewelina Dołęga-Dołęgowska, Grzegorz Karkowski, Jacek Lelakowski, Artur Kacprzyk, Marta Krzysztofik, Patryk Ostrowski, Michał Bonczar, Halina Dobrzynski, Marcin Kuniewicz","doi":"10.5603/fm.100953","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.100953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although radiofrequency ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI), responsible for sustaining atrial flutter, is a highly effective procedure, in extended patient observations following this procedure, more than 10% becomeunsuccessful. Therefore, this study was aimed at providing helpful information about the anatomy of the CTI in transthoracic echocardiography, which could aid better planning of CTI radiofrequency ablation in patients with typical atrial flutter.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>56 patients with typical atrial flutter after radiofrequency ablation were evaluated at the end of a 24-month observation period. With substernal modified transthoracic echocardiographic (mTTE) evaluation, we identified four main anatomical obstacles impeding radiofrequency ablation: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, cavotricuspid isthmus length, cavotricuspid isthmus morphology, and the presence of a prominent Eustachian ridge/Eustachian valve. All intraprocedural radiofrequency ablation data was collected for analysis and correlated with anatomical data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over a 24-month observation period, freedom from atrial flutter was 67.86%. The mean length of the isthmus was 30.34 ± 6.67 mm. The isthmus morphology in the 56 patients was categorised as flat (n = 27; 48.2%), concave (n = 10; 17.85%), or pouch (n = 19, 33.9%). A prominent Eustachian ridge was observed in 23 patients (41.1%). Lack of anatomical obstacles in mTTE evaluation resulted in 100% efficacy, while the presence of at least two obstacles significantly increased the risk of unsuccessful ablation with more than two (OR 12.31 p = 0.01). Generally, 8 mm electrodes were the most effective for non-difficult CTI, while 3.5 mm electrodes used with a 3D system had highest performance forcomplex CTI. Notably, ageing was the only factor that worsened the long-term outcome (OR 1.07 p = 0.044).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Preoperative use of mTTE evaluation helps predict difficulty in cavotricuspid isthmus radiofrequency ablation, thus allowing better planning of the radiofrequency ablation strategy using the most accurate radiofrequency ablation electrode.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"97-107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141888929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delayed development of the inferior mesenteric vein in human fetuses.","authors":"Chun-Ai Li, Ji Hyun Kim, Zhe-Wu Jin, Gen Murakami, José Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez, Shogo Hayashi","doi":"10.5603/fm.102920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.102920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The superior mesenteric vein appears as a fusion between irregularly-shaped slits of the midgut mesentery tissue at 5-6 weeks. In contrast, there might be no report when and how the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) develops. We aimed to find the human initial IMV.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We examined 1) sagittal histological sections of 7 human fetuses with 45-75 mm crown rump length or CRL (10-12 weeks); 2) horizontal sections of 15 fetuses with 70-155 mm CRL (12-18 weeks) and 3) horizontal sections of 12 late-term fetuses with 225-328 mm CRL (28-41 weeks).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the mesentery of the descending colon-rectum, the initial IMV lumen opened at 10-12 weeks of gestation, but the vein was difficult to trace upward to the anterior surface of the left adrenal. At 13-14 weeks, irrespective of whether it accompanied a colic artery, the IMV ran medially along the adrenal and it sometimes became thick near the pancreatic head. Earlier than the IMV, the middle colic vein appeared at the left aspect of the pancreatic head. Until late-term after establishment of the dorsal mesogastrium fusion with the mesocolon transversum, the IMV provided a peritoneal fold at the duodenojejunal junction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A venous drainage via the IMV was much delayed possibly because, in early and midterm fetuses, an ongoing fusion of the midgut mesentery and a changing topographical relation among the abdominal viscera interfered with the venous flow. Instead, well-developed lymphatics seemed to be responsible for the drainage of the left-sided colon.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling surfactant protein-A dynamics in human fetal lung development: histological and immunohistochemical insights from Myanmar.","authors":"Saung A Kari, Zaw Myo Hein, Gehan El-Akabawy, Saung Yamone Naing","doi":"10.5603/fm.101668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.101668","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) is the most prevalent protein in the pulmonary surfactant system and it is expressed in Type II alveolar epithelial cells.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We evaluated SP-A expression in 92 fetal human lungs at various gestational ages in Myanmar (Burma) using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We detected tubular structures in the fetal lungs during the canalicular stage of development at gestational weeks 22-25. Bronchioles were detected between 26-27 and 28-33 weeks, when primitive alveoli were evident. At 34-40 weeks, clusters of alveolar sacs opened from the alveolar ducts during the saccular development stage. At 40-44 weeks, extremely thin alveolar walls resembled sections of adult lungs. Type II cells secreting surfactant were undetectable at 22-25 weeks, but became detectable from 26 weeks, and the abundance of Type II cells increased after 28 weeks. Surfactant spread throughout the alveoli at 34 weeks. Because the positivity index of these cells significantly correlated with a gestational age of 26-33 weeks, we established a formula to estimate gestational age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings improve understanding of fetal lung development and maturity, and provide valuable insights into the diagnosis and management of respiratory disorders among premature infants in Myanmar.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological variability of the testicular arteries and clinical significance - a comprehensive review.","authors":"Weronika Marcinkowska, Mikołaj Malicki, Łukasz Olewnik, Boycho Landzhov, Georgi P Georgiev, Nicol Zielinska","doi":"10.5603/fm.99968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.99968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The testicular artery is the vessel that provides oxygen-rich blood to the testes. It is also involved in many more processes that play important roles in spermatogenesis such as thermoregulation. As the vessel has a number of anatomical variants, it may be often responsible for difficulties and complications during abdominopelvic surgical procedures. The main aim of the present study is to provide a comprehensive review of literature regarding the anatomical variants of the testicular arteries, focusing not only on their origins but also on the course and number of vessels. It also provides a short review of pathological conditions related to the testicular artery such as aneurysms or testicular torsion and has special value for general surgeons and urologists.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The deltoid muscle: a proposed classification system on human fetuses.","authors":"Krzysztof Koptas, Krystian Maślanka, Nicol Zielinska, Ewa Klejman, Łukasz Olewnik","doi":"10.5603/fm.99966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.99966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The deltoid muscle originates from the spine of the scapula, the lateral border of the acromion and the lateral third of the clavicle. It inserts on the deltoid tuberosity. It is divided into three parts: spinal, acromial and clavicular. Our research shows that each part of the deltoid muscle can have up to three bellies during prenatal life.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The material included 80 upper limbs of spontaneously-aborted human fetuses (32 male, 48 female; Central European population), 18-38 weeks of gestation at the time of death.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Each part had one (Type I), two (Type II) or three (Type III) bellies. In all parts, the most common form was Type I: it was present in 81.25% of cases in the clavicular part, 73.75% in the acromial part and 57.5% in the spinal part. In contrast, Type III was the rarest form in all parts: it was present in 3.75% of cases in the clavicular part, 12.5% in the acromial part and 7.5% in the spinal part.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The deltoid muscle is characterized by morphological variability, even in fetuses.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cadaveric analysis of the efficacy of blind injections into the lateral pterygoid muscle.","authors":"Ashley Durfee, Emma Finnegan, Claire Lewis, Callum Franklin, Ourania Varsou, Denis Barry","doi":"10.5603/fm.102905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.102905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are amongst the most common causes of orofacial pain. Hyperactivity of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) is associated with the pathological mechanisms associated with TMD. Botulinum Toxin-A (BTX) injections into the LPM can be used as a treatment for TMD; however, a lack of clinical standardisation for this procedure can lead to adverse outcomes, especially when using anatomical landmark-based approaches.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>To better understand the precision of extraoral landmark-based LPM BTX injections, a maxillofacial surgeon injected 1.5 mL of 0.25% methylene blue dye into the LPM of five cadavers. Needle location, dye spread, and disrupted structures were then examined through cadaveric dissection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Landmark-based LPM BTX approaches resulted in poor outcomes in accuracy (0%) and a 40% incidence of neurovascular disruption, including the facial plexus, superficial temporal artery and superficial temporal vein.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Randomised controlled trials have highlighted the risks associated with extraoral botulinum toxin injections for TMD symptomatic relief. This report demonstrates the low accuracy rate and high neurovascular risk accompanying blind LPM injections and highlights the necessity of safe treatment protocols in TMD, in particular guided image-based diagnostics and procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}