Folia morphologica最新文献

{"title":"Three-dimensional morphometric and volumetric analysis of maxillary sinuses.","authors":"Padamjeet Panchal, Rajeev Nayan Priyadarshi, Abhigyan Satyam, Binita Chaudhary","doi":"10.5603/fm.100279","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.100279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The maxillary sinus is a pyramid-shaped cavity with variations in shape, size, and capacity. Its dimensions increase gradually until early adulthood. Anatomical knowledge of the maxillary sinus is essential to understanding sinonasal disorders, planning surgical procedures, and preventing complications. Awareness of the sinus's proximity to critical structures helps avoid injuries during surgery. European, Korean, and Sri Lankan population study parameters show varying results and do not necessarily apply to the Indian population. The standard morphometric data of the maxillary sinus is scanty in the Indian population. The study aimed to determine the volume and morphometry of the maxillary sinus along with gender differences in the Eastern population of the Indian.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the cone beam computed tomography data of maxillary sinuses of 100 normal individuals. The data were analysed after the three-dimensional reconstruction of digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) images with the help of DICOM for printing and Geomagic freeform software in the Anatomy department. The different linear morphometric variables and volume of the maxillary sinus were studied. SPSS version 27.0 was utilised for statistical analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean values of antero-posterior diameter, transverse diameter, craniocaudal diameters, the height of ostium from the floor, and the volume of the maxillary sinus in males on the right side were 36.61 mm, 20.7 mm, 40.31 mm, 26.02 mm, and 16055.24 mm³ and on the left side they were 37.17 mm, 20.17 mm, 40.73 mm, 26.91 mm, and 15712.66 mm³; whereas, in females the values on the right side were 38.10 mm, 21.56 mm, 38.96 mm, 25.81 mm, and 14687.78 mm³ and on left side they were 38.23 mm, 21.53 mm, 38.48 mm, 25.28 mm, and 14203.13 mm³, respectively. The side-to-side parameter differences were non-significant within the male and female groups, respectively. The females had significantly (p < 0.05) larger transverse diameters than males in both the right and left maxillary sinuses. The males tended to have a slightly larger mean craniocaudal diameter than females, but the difference was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05) only in the left maxillary sinus. The gender differentiation based on the measured parameters of bilateral maxillary sinus accuracy rate was 89.4% in males and 61.8% in females.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These parameters serve as a standard or reference point, allowing radiologists and surgeons to compare individual patient scans to population averages, aiding in better clinical outcomes. The mean values of different parameters of the maxillary sinus may be utilised to differentiate various suspected sinus pathologies, which is helpful for functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Gender differentiation can be done more accurately by for","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"188-199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141497551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lumbar plexus - review.","authors":"Nicol Zielinska, Marta Pośnik, Izabella Kaczmarczyk, Ilona Klejbor, George Triantafyllou, Eva Maranillo, Łukasz Olewnik, Janusz Moryś","doi":"10.5603/fm.102600","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.102600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The lumbar plexus is a collection of nerves, and it originates from the anterior rami of the T12-L5 laterally to the intervertebral foramina. It gives off 6 peripheral nerves, and in the available literature there are a lot of descriptions of each nerve and its possible morphological variations. In some cases, the occurrence of accessory nerve or absence of whole nerve is observed. In other cases, morphological variations regarding the origin, course, or division into more branches are also noticed. Such variations may be associated with some clinical aspects. Understanding the anatomical variations of the lumbar plexus's nerves is essential for procedures involving the lower abdomen, regional anaesthesia, and managing nerve entrapment syndromes. The main aim of this review is to present condensed information on the lumbar plexus based on the available literature. A further aim is to compare the classification systems and the results of previous studies in adults and foetuses. This manuscript also includes information on the most common clinical implications associated with anatomical variations of the individual nerves of the lumbar plexus.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143382036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical features of the mastoid segment of the facial canal.","authors":"Angela Babuci, Laila Ashkar, Zinovia Zorina, Ilia Catereniuc, Mihail Gavriliuc, Nicolae Chele, Sofia Lehtman, Gabriela Motelica, Ion Dabija","doi":"10.5603/fm.100260","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.100260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Considering the tortuous course of the facial canal that houses the facial nerve, the stylomastoid artery, and the homonymous vein, its morphological features are of great clinical significance in otologic, maxillofacial, oncologic, reconstructive and plastic surgery of the head and neck. The aim of this paper was to determine the individual specific features of the mastoid segment of the facial canal and of the stylomastoid foramen.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study was carried out on 82 temporal bones (41 right/41 left), at the Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy of Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Republic of Moldova. The morphometry of the mastoid segment of the facial canal and of the stylomastoid foramen was performed. The morphometric parameters were statistically analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mastoid segment exited the facial canal at obtuse, right and sharp angles, with a mean value of 113.1 ± 21.80° (right/left - 112.1 ± 23.85°/114.1 ± 19.76°), p = 0.701. The mean length of the mastoid segment was 15.1 ± 3.78 mm (right/left - 15.7 ± 3.66 mm/14.5 ± 3.84 mm), p = 0.153. The longitudinal diameter of the stylomastoid foramen had a meanof 3.0 ± 0.93 mm (right/left - 3.3 ± 0.96 mm/2.7 ± 0.81 mm), p = 0.007. The transverse diameter had a mean of 2.6 ± 0.74 mm (right/left - 2.9 ± 0.80 mm/2.4 ± 0.60 mm), p = 0.012.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In otologic surgery, particularly in mastoidectomy, it should be taken into consideration that the mastoid segment of the facial canal could exit the temporal bone at sharp, right and obtuse angles. This peculiarity, along with high morphological variability of the stylomastoid foramen, might be a predisposing factor for Bell's palsy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"117-126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141260963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifaceted impacts of monosodium glutamate on testicular morphology: insights into pyroptosis and therapeutic potential of resveratrol.","authors":"Medhat Taha, Lashin Saad Ali, Mohammad El-Nablaway, Mohie Mahmoud Ibrahim, Alaa M Badawy, Amira E Farage, Hany Sabry A Ibrahim, Randa A Zaghloul, Emadeldeen Hussin","doi":"10.5603/fm.99434","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.99434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Monosodium glutamate is a food additive and flavour enhancer in processed foods and soups that is considered to affect testicular histology. The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on testicular structure in rats and explore the potentially protective effects of resveratrol.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Four experimental groups involved in our study contained 10 rats in each. The first group was a control group; in the second group (the resveratrol group) control rats received 20 mg/kg of resveratrol via oral gavage; in the third group (the MSG group) rats received monosodium glutamate (MSG) at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight daily, via a gastric tube. The fourth group we called the MSG + resveratrol group. Serum levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH were measured. Testicular specimens were prepared for measurement of oxidative stress markers, and gene expression of NLRP3, caspase-3, and GSK-3b. Moreover, paraffin blocks contained testicular tissue used for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Additionally, seminal smears from epididymis were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MSG administration adversely affected testosterone production, hormonal levels, and sperm parameters, Histological examination revealed marked testicular degeneration, and oxidative stress assessments indicated an elevated level of MDA, a lipid peroxidation marker, and decreases in SOD and CAT, two antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, MSG induced apoptotic and pyroptotic markers and its gene expressions. Importantly, the administration of resveratrol reversedthese detrimental effects of MSG, demonstrating its corrective influence on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis disruption, the improvement of sperm parameters, the attenuation of oxidative stress, and anti-apoptotic activity and anti-pyroptotic effects. The expression of Ki-67 as a cell proliferation marker further supported the positive response to spermatogenesis dysfunction upon resveratrol treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This article sheds light on the protective effect of resveratrol against MSG-induced testicular damage, with an exploration of its mechanistic role.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"151-166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141260972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Would three BMPs at low concentration be better than one at high concentration? An experimental study with rat osteoprogenitor cells.","authors":"Stanislaw Moskalewski, Anna Hyc, Anna Osiecka-Iwan","doi":"10.5603/fm.99365","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.99365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are used in clinical practice for the stimulation of bone formation, but can often lead to serious complications. Recent studies have demonstrated that BMPs involved in the early stages of bone formation are species-specific. In cattle the most common forms encountered are BMP7, growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), and NEL-like protein 1 (NELL1), while in rats the most common are BMP2, BMP5 and BMP6. The aim of this study was to compare the action of species-specific BMPs on osteoprogenitor cells. Thus, rat osteoprogenitor cells were exposed to one BMP in a high dose, and three of them at one third of the high dose.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Isolated rat osteoprogenitor cells were treated in culture with different concentrations of BMP2, BMP5 and BMP6 or with lower concentrations of combinations of these cytokines. The activity of alkaline phosphatase, calcium deposition and mRNA level for transcription factor SP7 (osterix) and tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) served as indicators of BMPs effect.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BMPs stimulated all studied parameters compared to control cultures, but no statistically significant differences were observed between the action of a large dose of one cytokine and a combination of cytokines given at lower concentrations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Three BMPs used in a low dose exert a similar effect to one used in a high dose. Since the BMPs stimulate different receptors, and activate different signalling pathways, using a mixture of properly chosen BMPs at a low concentration may give better results than a single one at a high concentration, and may avoid untoward effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"140-150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141260991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical obstacles in cavotricuspid isthmus detected by modified 2D transthoracic echocardiography and long-term outcomes in radiofrequency ablation of typical atrial flutter.","authors":"Marta Kacprzyk, Ewelina Dołęga-Dołęgowska, Grzegorz Karkowski, Jacek Lelakowski, Artur Kacprzyk, Marta Krzysztofik, Patryk Ostrowski, Michał Bonczar, Halina Dobrzynski, Marcin Kuniewicz","doi":"10.5603/fm.100953","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.100953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although radiofrequency ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI), responsible for sustaining atrial flutter, is a highly effective procedure, in extended patient observations following this procedure, more than 10% becomeunsuccessful. Therefore, this study was aimed at providing helpful information about the anatomy of the CTI in transthoracic echocardiography, which could aid better planning of CTI radiofrequency ablation in patients with typical atrial flutter.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>56 patients with typical atrial flutter after radiofrequency ablation were evaluated at the end of a 24-month observation period. With substernal modified transthoracic echocardiographic (mTTE) evaluation, we identified four main anatomical obstacles impeding radiofrequency ablation: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, cavotricuspid isthmus length, cavotricuspid isthmus morphology, and the presence of a prominent Eustachian ridge/Eustachian valve. All intraprocedural radiofrequency ablation data was collected for analysis and correlated with anatomical data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over a 24-month observation period, freedom from atrial flutter was 67.86%. The mean length of the isthmus was 30.34 ± 6.67 mm. The isthmus morphology in the 56 patients was categorised as flat (n = 27; 48.2%), concave (n = 10; 17.85%), or pouch (n = 19, 33.9%). A prominent Eustachian ridge was observed in 23 patients (41.1%). Lack of anatomical obstacles in mTTE evaluation resulted in 100% efficacy, while the presence of at least two obstacles significantly increased the risk of unsuccessful ablation with more than two (OR 12.31 p = 0.01). Generally, 8 mm electrodes were the most effective for non-difficult CTI, while 3.5 mm electrodes used with a 3D system had highest performance forcomplex CTI. Notably, ageing was the only factor that worsened the long-term outcome (OR 1.07 p = 0.044).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Preoperative use of mTTE evaluation helps predict difficulty in cavotricuspid isthmus radiofrequency ablation, thus allowing better planning of the radiofrequency ablation strategy using the most accurate radiofrequency ablation electrode.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"97-107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141888929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delayed development of the inferior mesenteric vein in human fetuses.","authors":"Chun-Ai Li, Ji Hyun Kim, Zhe-Wu Jin, Gen Murakami, José Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez, Shogo Hayashi","doi":"10.5603/fm.102920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.102920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The superior mesenteric vein appears as a fusion between irregularly-shaped slits of the midgut mesentery tissue at 5-6 weeks. In contrast, there might be no report when and how the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) develops. We aimed to find the human initial IMV.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We examined 1) sagittal histological sections of 7 human fetuses with 45-75 mm crown rump length or CRL (10-12 weeks); 2) horizontal sections of 15 fetuses with 70-155 mm CRL (12-18 weeks) and 3) horizontal sections of 12 late-term fetuses with 225-328 mm CRL (28-41 weeks).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the mesentery of the descending colon-rectum, the initial IMV lumen opened at 10-12 weeks of gestation, but the vein was difficult to trace upward to the anterior surface of the left adrenal. At 13-14 weeks, irrespective of whether it accompanied a colic artery, the IMV ran medially along the adrenal and it sometimes became thick near the pancreatic head. Earlier than the IMV, the middle colic vein appeared at the left aspect of the pancreatic head. Until late-term after establishment of the dorsal mesogastrium fusion with the mesocolon transversum, the IMV provided a peritoneal fold at the duodenojejunal junction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A venous drainage via the IMV was much delayed possibly because, in early and midterm fetuses, an ongoing fusion of the midgut mesentery and a changing topographical relation among the abdominal viscera interfered with the venous flow. Instead, well-developed lymphatics seemed to be responsible for the drainage of the left-sided colon.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling surfactant protein-A dynamics in human fetal lung development: histological and immunohistochemical insights from Myanmar.","authors":"Saung A Kari, Zaw Myo Hein, Gehan El-Akabawy, Saung Yamone Naing","doi":"10.5603/fm.101668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.101668","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) is the most prevalent protein in the pulmonary surfactant system and it is expressed in Type II alveolar epithelial cells.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We evaluated SP-A expression in 92 fetal human lungs at various gestational ages in Myanmar (Burma) using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We detected tubular structures in the fetal lungs during the canalicular stage of development at gestational weeks 22-25. Bronchioles were detected between 26-27 and 28-33 weeks, when primitive alveoli were evident. At 34-40 weeks, clusters of alveolar sacs opened from the alveolar ducts during the saccular development stage. At 40-44 weeks, extremely thin alveolar walls resembled sections of adult lungs. Type II cells secreting surfactant were undetectable at 22-25 weeks, but became detectable from 26 weeks, and the abundance of Type II cells increased after 28 weeks. Surfactant spread throughout the alveoli at 34 weeks. Because the positivity index of these cells significantly correlated with a gestational age of 26-33 weeks, we established a formula to estimate gestational age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings improve understanding of fetal lung development and maturity, and provide valuable insights into the diagnosis and management of respiratory disorders among premature infants in Myanmar.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological variability of the testicular arteries and clinical significance - a comprehensive review.","authors":"Weronika Marcinkowska, Mikołaj Malicki, Łukasz Olewnik, Boycho Landzhov, Georgi P Georgiev, Nicol Zielinska","doi":"10.5603/fm.99968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.99968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The testicular artery is the vessel that provides oxygen-rich blood to the testes. It is also involved in many more processes that play important roles in spermatogenesis such as thermoregulation. As the vessel has a number of anatomical variants, it may be often responsible for difficulties and complications during abdominopelvic surgical procedures. The main aim of the present study is to provide a comprehensive review of literature regarding the anatomical variants of the testicular arteries, focusing not only on their origins but also on the course and number of vessels. It also provides a short review of pathological conditions related to the testicular artery such as aneurysms or testicular torsion and has special value for general surgeons and urologists.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The deltoid muscle: a proposed classification system on human fetuses.","authors":"Krzysztof Koptas, Krystian Maślanka, Nicol Zielinska, Ewa Klejman, Łukasz Olewnik","doi":"10.5603/fm.99966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.99966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The deltoid muscle originates from the spine of the scapula, the lateral border of the acromion and the lateral third of the clavicle. It inserts on the deltoid tuberosity. It is divided into three parts: spinal, acromial and clavicular. Our research shows that each part of the deltoid muscle can have up to three bellies during prenatal life.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The material included 80 upper limbs of spontaneously-aborted human fetuses (32 male, 48 female; Central European population), 18-38 weeks of gestation at the time of death.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Each part had one (Type I), two (Type II) or three (Type III) bellies. In all parts, the most common form was Type I: it was present in 81.25% of cases in the clavicular part, 73.75% in the acromial part and 57.5% in the spinal part. In contrast, Type III was the rarest form in all parts: it was present in 3.75% of cases in the clavicular part, 12.5% in the acromial part and 7.5% in the spinal part.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The deltoid muscle is characterized by morphological variability, even in fetuses.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}