Folia morphologica最新文献

{"title":"Please be very careful, when describing variant muscle.","authors":"Georgi P Georgiev","doi":"10.5603/fm.100815","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.100815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This Letter to the Editor correlates with the article: Kowalczyk A, Topuzov N. Three in one - unusual palmaris longus muscle anatomical variation. Folia Morphol. 2024; 84(4): 925-929, doi: 10.5603/fm.98076, indexed in Pubmed: 38757504.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"283-284"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141295840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A previously unknown variant of the calcaneofibular ligament.","authors":"Kacper Ruzik, Anna Czech, Marek Drobniewski, Andrzej Borowski, Łukasz Olewnik","doi":"10.5603/fm.100002","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.100002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The lateral ankle joint is composed of 3 ligaments: the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), the posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) and the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL). The ATFL and CFL demonstrate morphological variation, especially regarding their shape and number of bands. During standard anatomical dissection, an unusual type of triple CFL was observed: the CFL was composed of 2 bands originating on the lateral malleolus, and the presence of a lateral talocalcaneal ligament (LTC) originating on the talus bone. The insertion point of each band was located on the calcaneal bone. An understanding of these anatomical patterns allows a clearer view of ankle joint biomechanics, and improved planning and performance of surgical treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"276-280"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141260959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of peroneus tertius muscle in pigs based on origin, course, insertion and innervation.","authors":"Yutaro Natsuyama, Ting Yang, Rujia Li, Kazuyuki Shimada, Shunichi Uetake, Ke Ren, Yasuko Kamikawa, Konosuke Tokita, Ryuhei Kojima, Masahiro Itoh, Shuang-Qin Yi","doi":"10.5603/fm.98348","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.98348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>That the peroneus tertius muscle (PT) is a separate entity has been long debated. PT has been variously reported to be part of the extensor digitorum longus muscle, part of the extensor digitorum brevis, or a separate muscle. While pigs have a PT as well as primates, there are no reports of its association with the extensor digitorum longus muscle or extensor digitorum brevis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this study, we used gross dissection and Sihler's staining to determine the origin, course, insertion, and innervation of the pig PT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The PT and extensor digitorum longus muscles jointly originated from the femur and ran between the tibialis cranialis and peroneus longus muscles. The PT was inserted at the retinaculum of the metatarsal extensors, tarsal bone, and second metatarsal bone. The branches of the common fibular nerve to the extensor digitorum longus muscle were distributed to the PT.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The innervations suggest that the PT and extensor digitorum longus muscles of the pig were derived from the same muscle mass during development, but were named separately due to differences in their morphology. Furthermore, morphological features suggest that pig PT and human PT are probably different muscles.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"167-175"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139650633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The complete anatomy of the azygos vein: a meta-analysis with clinical implications.","authors":"Dawid Plutecki, Michał Bonczar, Patryk Ostrowski, Bernard Solewski, Karolina Brzegowy-Solewska, Jerzy A Walocha, Mateusz Koziej","doi":"10.5603/fm.101166","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.101166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The azygos vein (AV) plays a crucial role in the mediastinal region, exhibiting considerable variability in its anatomy and relationship with surrounding structures. This study aims to assess the morphometry and anatomy of the AV through a comprehensive meta-analysis of studies reporting extractable data on this vessel.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Major online medical databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, SciELO, BIOSIS, Current Content Connect, Korean Journal Database, and Wiley Online Library were searched to gather all relevant studies regarding the anatomical characteristics of the AV.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of the present meta-analysis comprised 40 studies, categorised into 8 groups for data analysis. The mean AV diameter at its origin was set at 3.86 mm (SE = 0.84). The most prevalent was type IIB, with a prevalence of 40.23% (95% CI: 29.06-51.92%). The pooled prevalence of the right subcostal and right ascending lumbar veins forming the AV was 73.82% (95% CI: 55.77-88.67%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The AV exhibits a high degree of variability regarding its origin, trajectory, and connections with the hemiazygos system. The most prevalent type of AV, according to the Anson and McVay classification [4], was Type II (transitional type). Moreover, the vein was found to be formed by the right subcostal and the right ascending lumbar veins in most of the cases. This is the most comprehensive and current assessment of AV morphometry and anatomy to date. The findings are a valuable resource for physicians, especially surgeons performing various procedures in the mediastinum.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"22-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142282702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between optic disc-foveal distance and choroidal and retinal nerve fibre thickness.","authors":"Hacı Keleş, Kürşad Ramazan Zor, Erkut Küçük, Gamze Yıldırım Biçer, Fatih Çiçek, Faruk Gazi Ceranoğlu","doi":"10.5603/fm.99985","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.99985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The optic disc-foveal distance is very important because it is an anatomical measure of the fundus. As this distance increases and the fundus tensions, there can be variability in retinal and choroidal thickness. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between optic disc-foveal distance and choroidal and retinal nerve fibre thickness in healthy subjects.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>72 people aged 20-36 participated in the study. Optic disc-foveal distance was measured with a fundus camera and choroidal and retinal nerve fibre thicknesses were measured with an optical coherence tomography (OCT) device. Littmann's formula as modified by Bennett (t = p × q × s) was applied to correct the magnification at the fundus camera imaging stage.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The thicknesses of the nasal choroid (p = 0.005; p = 0.006), subfoveal choroid (p = 0.004; p < 0.001), and temporal choroid (p = 0.001; p = 0.001) layers decreased as the optic disc-to-foveal distance (DFD) increased in both the right and the left eye of study participants, which was statistically significant. In addition, we observed that the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) increased as the DFD distance increased, but this was not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrated that the optic disc-foveal distance, an anatomical measure of the fundus, does not affect RNFL in healthy subjects, whereas choroidal thickness does.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"76-82"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141295841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Number and localisation of nutrient foramen on clavicle and its relationship with other clavicle parameters.","authors":"Burhan Yarar, Yalçın Akbulut, Aslı Beril Karakaş, Mukadder Sunar, Büşra Emir","doi":"10.5603/fm.99652","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.99652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nutrient foramen (NF) is a hole in the long bones that allows the passage of the nutrient artery. The vasculature of the bone is very important for fracture healing and vascularised bone grafting. Therefore, information about the location and number of NFs is important for surgical and clinical practice. The clavicle is the most commonly fractured bone. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between the location and number of NFs on the clavicle and other clavicle parameters.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was performed on 86 dry clavicles of contemporary adult individuals without age and gender records. Some clavicle parameters and NF parameters were measured and the relationship between them was analysed. Measurements were performed using a digital caliper.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most of the clavicles had a single NF. There was a positive correlation between DFant/DFpost (distance between NF and anterior border/distance between NF and posterior border) and vertical thickness of sternal end (VTs), vertical thickness of thinnest point (VTt) and clavicular thinnest point index (CIt) in all cases (p < 0.05). Sagittal thickness of acromial end (STa), vertical thickness of clavicle (VTc), sagittal thickness of clavicle (STc), and sagittal thickness of thinnest point (STt) were associated with NF counts. The most common localisation of NFs was type 2. The NFs were mostly located in the inferior position.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Relationships between the number and morphometric characteristics of NFs and some clavicle parameters were determined. We suggest that knowledge of the number and morphometric characteristics of NFs is important for the protection of the nutrient artery in orthopaedic surgery applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"231-242"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141970970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrahepatic distribution of nerves in <i>Suncus murinus</i> by whole-mount immunohistological observation.","authors":"Ke Ren, Xiangquan Chen, Ting Yang, Rujia Li, Shuang-Qin Yi","doi":"10.5603/fm.100615","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.100615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In recent years, elucidating the actual state of the liver nervous system has attracted attention, owing to clinical needs, such as liver transplantation. Conventional methods for studying the intrahepatic nerve distribution mostly use liver tissue sections, specific markers for immunohistological studies, or anterograde/retrograde tracing in animals. However, knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of intrahepatic innervation is vague or speculative.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this study, Suncus murinus (n = 10) were perfused and fixed, the livers were excised, and the liver parenchyma was carefully removed, leaving only the intrahepatic vasculature. Specimens were prepared to study the three-dimensional structure of Suncus murinus intrahepatic and hilar innervation by whole-mount immunohistochemical staining using a neurofilament protein antibody.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After the nerves running along the intrahepatic arterial system entered the liver parenchyma from the hepatic hilum, they maintained a relatively rich distribution along the interlobular arteries until the distal end. The innervation of the portal system began to decrease after entering the liver parenchyma and decreased significantly after reaching the deep parts. By the time it reached the end of the interlobular vein, there was very little left. The number of nerves running along the intrahepatic bile duct system was significantly reduced after entering the porta hepatis, and innervation was difficult to observe after completely entering the liver parenchyma.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Whole-mount immunohistochemical analyses with an anti-NFP antibody showed that intrahepatic innervation mainly accompanied the hepatic interlobular arteries and extended to their terminal ends. Neuronal regulation is very important in the functional regulation of intrahepatic nutritional vessels. However, there were very few NFP-immunoreactive nerves accompanying the intrahepatic bile duct system, possibly suggesting that the functional regulation of the intrahepatic biliary system mainly relies on hormones and neuropeptides.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"61-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141497549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional morphometric and volumetric analysis of maxillary sinuses.","authors":"Padamjeet Panchal, Rajeev Nayan Priyadarshi, Abhigyan Satyam, Binita Chaudhary","doi":"10.5603/fm.100279","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.100279","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The maxillary sinus is a pyramid-shaped cavity with variations in shape, size, and capacity. Its dimensions increase gradually until early adulthood. Anatomical knowledge of the maxillary sinus is essential to understanding sinonasal disorders, planning surgical procedures, and preventing complications. Awareness of the sinus's proximity to critical structures helps avoid injuries during surgery. European, Korean, and Sri Lankan population study parameters show varying results and do not necessarily apply to the Indian population. The standard morphometric data of the maxillary sinus is scanty in the Indian population. The study aimed to determine the volume and morphometry of the maxillary sinus along with gender differences in the Eastern population of the Indian.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the cone beam computed tomography data of maxillary sinuses of 100 normal individuals. The data were analysed after the three-dimensional reconstruction of digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) images with the help of DICOM for printing and Geomagic freeform software in the Anatomy department. The different linear morphometric variables and volume of the maxillary sinus were studied. SPSS version 27.0 was utilised for statistical analyses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The mean values of antero-posterior diameter, transverse diameter, craniocaudal diameters, the height of ostium from the floor, and the volume of the maxillary sinus in males on the right side were 36.61 mm, 20.7 mm, 40.31 mm, 26.02 mm, and 16055.24 mm³ and on the left side they were 37.17 mm, 20.17 mm, 40.73 mm, 26.91 mm, and 15712.66 mm³; whereas, in females the values on the right side were 38.10 mm, 21.56 mm, 38.96 mm, 25.81 mm, and 14687.78 mm³ and on left side they were 38.23 mm, 21.53 mm, 38.48 mm, 25.28 mm, and 14203.13 mm³, respectively. The side-to-side parameter differences were non-significant within the male and female groups, respectively. The females had significantly (p &lt; 0.05) larger transverse diameters than males in both the right and left maxillary sinuses. The males tended to have a slightly larger mean craniocaudal diameter than females, but the difference was found to be statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) only in the left maxillary sinus. The gender differentiation based on the measured parameters of bilateral maxillary sinus accuracy rate was 89.4% in males and 61.8% in females.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;These parameters serve as a standard or reference point, allowing radiologists and surgeons to compare individual patient scans to population averages, aiding in better clinical outcomes. The mean values of different parameters of the maxillary sinus may be utilised to differentiate various suspected sinus pathologies, which is helpful for functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Gender differentiation can be done more accurately by for","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"188-199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141497551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Root anatomy and canal configuration of human permanent maxillary third molar - a systematic review.","authors":"Anna Olczyk, Barbara Malicka, Katarzyna Skośkiewicz-Malinowska","doi":"10.5603/fm.98475","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.98475","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Knowledge of the configuration of root canals is essential for the success of endodontic treatment. The main aim of this systematic review was to determine the number of roots and the number of root canals in maxillary third molars, as well as where possible to determine the Vertucci classification. This systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines. The study protocol was registered and approved on PROSPERO, the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (Reg. No: CRD42022366444), before the start of the study. 12 studies were included in the analysis, differing in sample origin and methodology. The combined studies were analysed based on the number of roots, the number of canals, and the root canal configurations, and the findings were compared to those of other international studies. Analysing the available research results regarding the root anatomy and canal configuration of the third maxillary molar, most commonly maxillary third molars had three roots (59.0%). Single-rooted teeth (24.2%) or double-rooted teeth (13.8%) were less common. In addition, we observed that maxillary third molars typically possessed three root canals (47.28%) and the MB (mesiobuccal), DB (distobuccal), and P (palatal) canals most often showed Vertucci Type I (59.53%, 95.83% and 98.61%, respectively) in three-rooted form. Due to the small number of available studies, it is necessary to conduct further analyses taking into account demographic and ethnic differences that may affect the anatomical and morphological structure of the teeth.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"48-60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141418515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lumbar plexus - review.","authors":"Nicol Zielinska, Marta Pośnik, Izabella Kaczmarczyk, Ilona Klejbor, George Triantafyllou, Eva Maranillo, Łukasz Olewnik, Janusz Moryś","doi":"10.5603/fm.102600","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.102600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The lumbar plexus is a collection of nerves, and it originates from the anterior rami of the T12-L5 laterally to the intervertebral foramina. It gives off 6 peripheral nerves, and in the available literature there are a lot of descriptions of each nerve and its possible morphological variations. In some cases, the occurrence of accessory nerve or absence of whole nerve is observed. In other cases, morphological variations regarding the origin, course, or division into more branches are also noticed. Such variations may be associated with some clinical aspects. Understanding the anatomical variations of the lumbar plexus's nerves is essential for procedures involving the lower abdomen, regional anaesthesia, and managing nerve entrapment syndromes. The main aim of this review is to present condensed information on the lumbar plexus based on the available literature. A further aim is to compare the classification systems and the results of previous studies in adults and foetuses. This manuscript also includes information on the most common clinical implications associated with anatomical variations of the individual nerves of the lumbar plexus.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143382036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}