Folia morphologica最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of pancreatic volume in the Turkish adult population using 3D Slicer-based computed tomography segmentation.","authors":"Ece Zengin, Rasime Pelin Kavak, Behlül Atalay, İhsaniye Süer Doğan, Dilara Patat","doi":"10.5603/fm.106117","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.106117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to determine normative pancreatic volume (PV) values in healthy Western Asian adults using computed tomography and 3D Slicer software, and to evaluate the relationship between PV and demographic parameters including age, sex, and body mass index (BMI).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 905 adults (403 females, 502 males; mean age: 43.88 ± 17.11 years) who underwent abdominal CT between January and December 2023. Individuals with diabetes mellitus, pancreatic or peripancreatic pathology, prior malignancy, or inadequate imaging were excluded. Pancreas segmentation was manually performed on axial slices using 3D Slicer v.4.11.2, excluding ducts and vascular structures. Statistical analyses included t-tests, Pearson's correlation, and multivariate linear regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean PV was 84.33 ± 5.74 cm³. Males had significantly higher PV than females (85.68 ± 6.05 cm3 vs 82.65 ± 4.83 cm³, p < 0.001). PV peaked in the fourth decade in males and the fifth decade in females, followed by a decline. A significant negative correlation between age and PV was observed in males (r = -0.321, p < 0.001), but not in females. PV positively correlated with BMI in both sexes. Age, BMI, and male sex were identified as independent predictors of PV (R² = 0.326, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pancreatic volume varies with age, sex, and BMI in healthy Western Asian adults. These normative values may assist in future clinical and radiological evaluations of pancreatic morphology.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"e01726079"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144948213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrin subunit alpha 5 maintains mitochondrial function in ox-LDL-induced cardiac microvascular endothelial cells by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.","authors":"Xianfeng Wang, Wenkai Mao, Xiaofeng Ma","doi":"10.5603/fm.95500","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.95500","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) play a pivotal role in the regulation of blood flow, and their impairment triggers a spectrum of pathological changes. Our previous study revealed a marked attenuation of CMEC dysfunction by integrin subunit alpha 5 (ITGA5), a member of the integrin protein family. This study investigated the effect of ITGA5 on mitochondrial function in CMECs and explored the underlying regulatory pathway.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>CMECs were stimulated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to mimic coronary artery disease (CAD). The effects of ITGA5 on diverse aspects of CMEC behavior, including viability, apoptosis, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function, were systematically assessed. The involvement of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway was further examined using the PI3K inhibitor LY294002.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ITGA5 overexpression mitigated ox-LDL-induced injury in CMECs, as reflected by increased viability, angiogenesis, and mitochondrial function, as well as reduced apoptosis and oxidative stress. The reversal of these protective effects by the PI3K inhibitor indicates the involvement of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrated that ITGA5 activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to preserve mitochondrial function and attenuate ox-LDL-induced CMEC dysfunction. Therefore, targeted amelioration of this cellular injury may represent a strategically important approach to the prevention and treatment of this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"e01726100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140956972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-based estimation of Calcaneus volume using plain radiographic morphometry.","authors":"Ali Utkan, Emre Doğan, Bülent Özkurt, Aysun Uz","doi":"10.5603/fm.105401","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.105401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Few studies have examined calcaneal volume because of the difficulty of calculating it. The aim of this study was to generate a formula that can provide an approximate calcaneal volume through simple mathematical calculations based on measurements taken from plain radiographs.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study was carried out on 216 dry calcanei from the adult population of Anatolia. The volumes were calculated using Archimedes' water displacement method aided by a new technique for temporarily coating dry bones. On lateral radiographs, the following were measured: maximum anteroposterior length (max AP l), maximum body length (max body l), body height (body h), minimum body height (min body h), facies articularis cuboidaea height, Böhler's angle, and angle of Gissane; on axial radiographs, maximum posterior transverse width (max post w) and minimum posterior transverse width (min post w) were measured. The formula was derived using Python 3.12, which is commonly used in machine learning.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean volume was 55.8 mL, with a standard deviation of 11.7. After evaluation using machine learning techniques, multiple linear regression was determined to be the most effective model, and the formula was identified as follows: Volume (mL) = 0.96 × max AP l (mm) + 0.40 × max body l (mm) -0.29 × body h (mm) + 0.76 × min body h (mm) + 0.14 × max post w (mm) + 0.48 × min post w (mm) - 7.49.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The proposed formula can serve as an index for future studies on calcaneal volume, and the methods we used may be helpful for similar studies, particularly on dry bones.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"e01726073"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cadaver embalming with the formaldehyde intraosseous injection: a technical note.","authors":"Yann Lelonge, Florian Camy, Florian Bergandi, Asimakis Asimakopoulos","doi":"10.5603/fm.109906","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.109906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Conventional embalming relies on arterial cannulation, which may be difficult when vessels are diseased, inaccessible, or damaged. Intraosseous (IO) vascular access, widely used in emergency medicine, provides a rapid and reliable route into the medullary venous system. This technical note describes a simple IO embalming protocol and assesses its feasibility and performance in human cadavers.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>IO access was established in cadavers using bone-marrow needles inserted into the proximal tibia, distal femur, sternum and iliac crest. Standard formaldehyde-based embalming solution was infused using a low-pressure pump. Outcomes were assessed qualitatively by evaluating perfusion patterns, fixation quality, tissue handling, and presence of leakage.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IO access was quick and dependable, requiring no arterial dissection. The proximal tibia provided the easiest insertion, while the iliac crest allowed the broadest diffusion, particularly toward thoraco-abdominal regions. All specimens demonstrated adequate firmness, coloration, and structural preservation suitable for anatomical education.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IO injection is a practical and minimally invasive alternative to arterial cannulation for cadaver embalming. It reduces procedural complexity, limits exposure to biological fluids, and provides adequate fixation for teaching and research.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726028"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147503519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histological evaluation of myocardial fibrosis in cadaveric hearts: a Masson's trichrome-based pilot study of the left anterior descending artery region.","authors":"Apurba Patra, Gargi Kapatia, Priti Chaudhary, Adil Asghar, Barbara Gach-Kuniewicz, Bartosz Rutowicz, Weronika Chaba-Karnaś, Jerzy A Walocha","doi":"10.5603/fm.109799","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.109799","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Myocardial fibrosis is defined by excessive collagen buildup and is a common feature of cardiomyopathy. The present study was undertaken to detect and measure interstitial and perivascular fibrosis in the left anterior descending (LAD) artery territory of adult hearts and to explore differences based on age and sex using Masson's trichrome (MT) stain.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Fifteen formalin-fixed cadaver hearts donated for teaching and research were studied. For each heart, we took a myocardial tissue block near the LAD, embedded it in paraffin, sectioned it into 4-5 μm slices, and stained it with MT. We captured digital images and analyzed them using ImageJ software. We quantified fibrosis as the percentage of collagen-positive area relative to the total myocardial tissue area. Interstitial and perivascular fibrosis were measured separately. We analyzed the data by age group (< 60 vs ≥ 60 years) and sex.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Interstitial fibrosis was found in all hearts, with an average area fraction of 18.2% (range: 11.2-25.7%). Perivascular fibrosis was less extensive, typically affecting two to three intramural vessels per section. This type of fibrosis was more noticeable in older cadavers (≥ 60 years) than in younger ones (< 60 years) (p = 0.01). Male hearts exhibited a higher, though not statistically significant, level of fibrosis compared to females.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Masson's trichrome staining of cadaver hearts is a valuable tool for demonstrating the extent of myocardial fibrosis. Both interstitial and perivascular fibrosis were demonstrated, and these were more extensive in the older age groups and more pronounced around intramural vessels, highlighting the role of microvascular changes in heart disease. This work shows that using cadaveric tissue models to quantify myocardial fibrosis is practical and can aid anatomical and pathological research.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726040"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147590851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anterior loop of the mental nerve: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis of its prevalence and surgical implications in implant dentistry.","authors":"Manea Musa M Alahmari, Abdulrahman Ahmed Aseri, Abdullah A Meshni, Abdulmajeed Okshah, Abdulrahman Alzahrani, Thrya S Gadah, Mohammed E Sayed, Wesam Abdullah Abdulaziz, Thanoon Abdo Baggash, Mohammed M Al Moaleem, Abdulsalam Majed Al-Hakeemi","doi":"10.5603/fm.110776","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.110776","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Anterior loops of the mental nerve are important anatomical variations in which the inferior alveolar canal extends anteriorly beyond the mental foramen before looping back. These structures pose a risk of neurosensory injury during procedures such as dental implant placement and bone grafting in the interforaminal region. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides high-resolution, three-dimensional images that are crucial for accurately identifying and mapping anterior loops, thereby helping prevent surgical complications. This CBCT study was designed to investigate the prevalence, radiographic characteristics, morphometric dimensions, and demographic correlations of anterior loops of the mental nerve in a subpopulation from the Najran Region.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this retrospective CBCT study, 1000 hemimandibles from 500 patients were systematically evaluated using CBCT scans. Two calibrated examiners assessed the scans to categorize the mandibular canal configuration, measure the length of identified anterior loops, and document associated parameters, including mental foramen position, shape, and exit direction, as well as the presence of accessory mental foramina. Statistical analyses, including chi-squared and nonparametric tests, were used to determine associations with demographic variables such as gender (male and female), age groups (20-40, 41-60, and > 60), and side (right or left). A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Anterior loops had a prevalence of 6.5%, with a statistically significant association between gender and mandibular canal patterns (p = 0.0016). Higher prevalence rates were noted in males (9.1%) than in females (4.2%). Anterior loopshad a mean length of 2.10 ± 0.42 mm and ranged from 1.49 to 3.72 mm. No significant differences in length were detected by gender, age, or side, with p values of 0.618, 0.264, and 0.849, respectively. The most common position of the mental foramen was type II, located between the apices of the first and second premolars (61.0%), and the predominant mental foramen shape was round (66.5%). Additionally, a highly significant side-specific prevalence of accessory mental foramina was observed (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The occurrence of anterior loops was significantly associated with gender and mandibular side, and accessory mental foramina were more prevalent on the left side than on the right. Preoperative CBCT assessment of anterior loops is essential to prevent mental nerve injury during interforaminal surgery. The identified prevalence, gender- and side-specific variations, and measured loop lengths support a recommended safety margin of at least 2 mm anterior to the mental foramen in implant planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726064"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147766614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology, morphometry and bilateral asymmetry of the occipital condyles in a historical human skeletal collection.","authors":"Aleksandra K Gawlikowska-Sroka, Daria Gromnicka, Jacek Szczurowski, Janusz Moryś, Zofia Dzięcioł-Anikiej, Edyta Dzięciołowska-Baran","doi":"10.5603/fm.111208","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.111208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The occipital condyles constitute a key structural component of the craniovertebral junction, providing articulation between the skull and cervical spine and serving as essential landmarks in surgical approaches to the foramen magnum. Their morphology and bilateral symmetry are particularly relevant to both anatomical interpretation and clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study was conducted on 112 dry human crania from the historical ROMA skeletal collection, housed at the Museum of Anthropology \"Giuseppe Sergi\" at Sapienza University of Rome. Sex and age were re-evaluated using standard anthropological methods. Macroscopic morphological assessment and bilateral morphometric measurements of the occipital condyles were performed using a digital caliper. The statistical analysis was designed to address specific hypotheses regarding bilateral asymmetry and sexual dimorphism. Tests of normality, parametric and non-parametric comparisons, and the calculation of asymmetry indices were employed to evaluate these aspects. Specifically, tests of asymmetry were chosen to distinguish developmental instability, indicated by fluctuating asymmetry, from size-related dimorphism. These analyzes informed our understanding of the respective contributions of developmental and sexual factors to occipital condyle morphology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No statistically significant sex-related differences were observed in occipital condyle length or width. Age-related analysis revealed a significant difference only for the width of the right occipital condyle, which was greater in younger individuals. Confidence intervals were calculated to estimate the precision of the observed difference. Condylar shape and the presence of the double hypoglossal canal showed no association with sex or age. Bilateral asymmetry analysis demonstrated predominantly fluctuating asymmetry (FA), whereas directional asymmetry was identified only for condylar length in males. Asymmetry index values revealed a significant sex difference in condylar length but not in width. Sexual Dimorphism Index values remained below 5.5% for all parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The occipital condyles in the ROMA series exhibit weak sexual dimorphism, limited age-related variation, and pronounced individual variability.Asymmetry patterns are expressed primarily as FA, suggesting differences in developmental stability rather than size-related dimorphism. These findings emphasize the importance of individualized anatomical assessment of the craniovertebral junction, particularly in clinical and surgical contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726070"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147766774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiological characteristics and anatomical associations of Stafne bone cavity in the Turkish population.","authors":"Ayse Zeynep Zengın, Tuna Sumer, Furkan Aksoy, Kübra Çam, Hanife Karaköse Semiz","doi":"10.5603/fm.110397","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.110397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stafne bone cavity (SBC) is a benign, well-defined radiolucent mandibular defect that is typically detected incidentally on radiographic examination. This study aimed to investigate the demographic and radiological characteristics of SBC cases in the Turkish population and to review the relevant literature in order to assess their relationship with adjacent bony anatomical structures.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was performed on panoramic radiographs of 25 patients with 26 SBCs, supplemented by the evaluation of available cone beam computed tomography scans (n = 12) and computed tomography scans (n = 2). The dimensional characteristics of SBCs were assessed in relation to the mandibular canal, mandibular inferior border, and buccal cortical plate. Additionally, a literature review of previously reported Turkish cases was undertaken.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The case series revealed that SBCs were more common in males and typically showed well-defined cortical margins and an ovoid shape. The literature review included 43 studies with 197 patients and 201 SBCs and showed similar findings. Within the reviewed literature, a significant correlation was found between cavity depth and buccal cortical involvement (p < 0.001). Increased vertical dimension was also associated with proximity to the mandibular canal, although this was not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Larger and deeper SBCs tend to extend closer to adjacent bony structures, though statistical confirmation is limited in small series. Further studies with larger samples and detailed radiological assessment are needed to clarify these relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726050"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological features of the human lingual mucosa assessed by line-field confocal optical coherence tomography.","authors":"Yann Lelonge, Julie Chauvel Picard, Asimakis Asimakopoulos, Florian Camy, Jonas Ogen, Stephane Avril, Jean-Luc Perrot","doi":"10.5603/fm.110818","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.110818","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is an emerging optical imaging technique combining vertical OCT-like sections with confocal en face imaging at micrometer-scale resolution. The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of LC-OCT to depict the morphological features of healthy human lingual mucosa, including both the mobile tongue and the base of the tongue, under cadaveric and ex vivo conditions.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A two-phase prospective morphological study was conducted. In the cadaveric phase, two human tongues donated to science were examined after fixation. In the ex vivo phase, twenty-four histologically normal mucosal specimens were obtained from tumor-free surgical margins in fourteen patients undergoing surgery for base-of-tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Vertical and en face LC-OCT images were qualitatively compared with corresponding hematoxylin-eosin-stained histological sections. Epithelial thickness was measured on LC-OCT images by two independent observers, and interobserver agreement was assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Line-field confocal OCT enabled visualization of epithelial stratification, basement membrane delineation, and lamina propria architecture in both lingual regions. Three epithelial layers, superficial, intermediate, and basal, were consistently identified based on reproducible optical patterns. Mean epithelial thickness was significantly greater in the mobile tongue than in the base of the tongue (270.4 ± 16.4 μm vs 182.7 ± 14.9 μm; p < 0.001). Interobserver agreement for epithelial thickness measurements was excellent (Pearson's r = 0.993).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Under cadaveric and ex vivo conditions, LC-OCT provides high-resolution morphological imaging of healthy lingual mucosa with close correspondence to histological architecture. These findings support the value of LC-OCT as a morphological imaging tool for anatomical research of the oral cavity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726052"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A unique right gonadal artery origin and course with embryological implications: case report.","authors":"Kianna P Ruble, Terrence B Ritzman, Timothy Lee Campbell","doi":"10.5603/fm.111138","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.111138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The gonadal arteries are highly variable vascular structures responsible for supplying blood to the testes and ovaries. Although a standard description of these vessels is typically given in medical texts, variations in number, origin, and course are well documented. Here, we review the literature, report an unusual origin and course of a right gonadal artery (RGA), and discuss these findings in the context of embryological hypotheses of RGA course in relation to inferior vena cava (IVC) development.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>During routine dissection of an 80-year-old female donor, the RGA was found to originate from the cranial aspect of the right renal artery posterior to the left renal vein. From this position it emerged inferior to the left renal vein and coursed anterior to the IVC where it began to course with the left gonadal vein. The left gonadal artery presented with the typical origin and course.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To our knowledge, this case provides the third reported instance in the literature of an RGA originating at the level of or above the left renal vein and passing anterior to the IVC.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726087"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147927806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}