Folia morphologica最新文献

{"title":"The anatomy of the lateral circumflex femoral artery and its descending branch in the computed tomography angiography: significance for reconstructive surgery.","authors":"Cyryl Szafarenko, Patryk Ostrowski, Michał Bonczar, Bartłomiej Stachera, Ignacy Jastrzębski, Elżbieta Szczepanek, Adam Laskowski, Anna Yevstifeieva, Wadim Wojciechowski, Jerzy A Walocha, Mateusz Koziej","doi":"10.5603/fm.106134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.106134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) is a short branch of the deep femoral artery, considered an important vessel in numerous reconstructive and revascularization surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the topographic and morphometric features of the LCFA and its descending branch.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Abdominal and pelvic computed tomography angiography data from 75 consecutive patients were analyzed. A total of 136 arteries were classified for the study and investigated in 17 categories, including morphometric (diameter, length) and topographical (origin pattern, relation to anatomically significant landmarks) parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most prevalent artery of origin of the LCFA was found to be the deep femoral artery (76.5%). The median diameter of the LFCA at its origin was found to be 5.28 mm (LQ = 4.57; HQ = 6.28). The median cross-sectional area of the LCFA at its origin was set to be 17.63 mm² (LQ = 13.39; HQ = 23.26).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study results confirm the morphometric and topographical variability of both the LCFA and its descending branch. Additionally, our study presented significant data regarding the spatial relationship between these vessels and nearby landmarks, such as the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis. The obtained data may be used as a source of knowledge for surgeons performing penile revascularizations and reconstructive procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital image analysis of the rotator cuff muscle in the human fetus based on the subscapularis muscle.","authors":"Maciej Biernacki, Magdalena Grzonkowska, Michał Kułakowski, Tomasz Bereza, Mariusz Baumgart","doi":"10.5603/fm.105836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of the present study was to examine the growth dynamics of the subscapularis muscle in the human fetus, based on their linear and planar parameters.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Using anatomical dissection, digital image analysis (NIS Elements AR 3.0) and statistics (Student's t-test, regression analysis), linear and planar parameters of the subscapularis muscle were measured in 36 human fetuses of both sexes (17♂, 19♀) aged 18-30 weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The subscapularis muscle revealed neither sex nor laterality differences. All examined morphometric parameters of the subscapularis muscle increased commensurately in accordance with the linear functions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The obtained numerical data of the subscapularis muscle may serve as age-specific reference values.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel type of atypical renal nutcracker syndrome accompanied by accessory left renal artery - a case report and literature review.","authors":"Bartosz Kołodziejczyk, Izabela Zamojska, Joanna Jaworek-Troć, Julia Łukasik, Roman Pułyk, Tadeusz Popiela, Aleksandra Matuszyk","doi":"10.5603/fm.105647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The renal nutcracker phenomenon is a left renal vein entrapment that may cause hematuria, orthostatic proteinuria, left flank pain, and other, extrarenal symptoms resulting from venous congestion. Most commonly renal vein is compressed between the anterior wall of the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery or between the posterior wall of the aorta and the vertebral column. Much less data concerns uncommon entrapment mechanisms, which can lead to the same clinical presentation.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>The following case report presents a 78 y.o. male with incidentally found microhematuria caused by atypical nutcracker phenomenon with two consecutive left renal vein stenoses: first between the left crus of the diaphragm and a portal vein, and second between the ureteropelvic junction and the splenic artery. A second kidney vasculature anomaly, an accessory left renal artery, was observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To the best knowledge of the authors, this case report is the first to present left renal vein entrapment between the right crus of diaphragm and the portal vein. Understanding various, uncommon mechanisms of the nutcracker phenomenon may be essential for diagnosing nutcracker syndrome without entrapment in typical localisations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The topographical anatomy of the inferior epigastric artery and its perforating branches in the computed tomography angiography - significance for reconstructive surgery.","authors":"Cyryl Szafarenko, Bartłomiej Stachera, Ignacy Jastrzębski, Patryk Ostrowski, Michał Bonczar, Sofiia Popovchenko, Wojciech Przybycień, Weronika Chaba, Paweł Hajdyła, Wadim Wojciechowski, Jerzy A Walocha, Mateusz Koziej","doi":"10.5603/fm.106135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.106135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to provide a detailed analysis of the topographical anatomy of the inferior epigastric artery (IEA), including its origin pattern, morphometric parameters, spatial relationships to anatomical landmarks and perforating branches.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Data from 75 patients who underwent computed tomographic angiography of the abdomen and pelvis were analyzed. A total of 142 sides that met the eligibility criteria were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The IEA was found to originate from the external iliac artery in 110 cases (77.5%), in 22 cases (15.5%) it had a common trunk with the obturator artery, in 9 cases (6.3%) it originates from the femoral artery, and in one case (0.7%) from the deep femoral artery. The median diameter of the IEA at its origin was 3.12 mm, while its cross-sectional area was 5.97 mm². The median distance between the origin of the source artery to the origin of the IEA was 8.46 mm. The number of perforators varies per patient side from 2 to 7, with the most common direction of their origin being the medial direction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The most common origin was the external iliac artery (77.5%), although a common trunk with the obturator artery was also observed relatively often (15.5%). The IEA originated most commonly in the medial direction (93.0%). A key focus was on the perforators, with a median of 2 per side and up to 7 observed. The first perforator that could be used in the deep inferior artery perforator (DIEP) flap had a mean diameter of 1.71 mm and was located approximately 64.6 mm from the IEA origin and 95.3 mm from the umbilicus. The obtained results may find clinical application during pedicle preparation during DIEP flap elevation and in penile revascularization procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An anatomical evaluation of trigeminal cave using magnetic resonance imaging in children.","authors":"Berhan Pirimoglu, Candan Gungor","doi":"10.5603/fm.105387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105387","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To our knowledge, few studies have investigated anatomy of the Trigeminal cave (TC) with neuroimaging modalities. We aimed to evaluate it using thin-sliced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging examination in children.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The acquired MR imaging examinations between October 2023 and January 2025 of boys and girls aged ≤ 18 years were performed. Total of 557 patients included in the study. According to age ranges, the study population were divided into five groups: Infancy, early childhood, late childhood, prepubescent and postpubescent group. On the sagittal and coronal T2-weighted images, the maximal height, length, diameter of the entrance of the TC the maximal major and minor axes of the TC values were measured on both sides. The morphology of the TC were categorized as bulbous, oval and flat types based on the height to diameter at the entrance ratio of the TC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The main height and length values of the pre- and postpubescent groups were higher than the infancy group (p = 0.047 and p = 0.041, respectively). There was no statistical difference in the main diameter of the entrance and major and minor axes of the TC values between other groups. The oval type was the most common morphological type of the TC (p = 0.038). The flat type was also found to be the least common type of the TC (p = 0.045).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We have demonstrated the morphometric and morphological features of the TC using thin-sliced MR imaging series in large pediatric population. It is very useful for exploring the anatomy of the TC.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical variations of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery.","authors":"Andrzej Dubrowski, Bartłomiej Stachera, Martyna Dziedzic, Michał Bonczar, Patryk Ostrowski, Wadim Wojciechowski, Grzegorz Wysiadecki, Jerzy A Walocha, Grzegorz Lis, Mateusz Koziej","doi":"10.5603/fm.106528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.106528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) is one of the three major cerebellar arteries. Nevertheless, AICA may exhibit a wide range of variations in its origin site, degree of development, number, and its reciprocal relationship with neighboring vessels. These morphological variations have important anatomical and clinical implications. The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomical variations of the AICA based on computed tomography angiography, a modality frequently used in clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study retrospectively analyzed the computed tomography angiography examinations of the head and neck performed consecutively on a cohort of 153 hemifaces that met the established inclusion criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on the results of the present study, a new classification system dividing AICA into six distinct types has been developed. Among these types, Type 1 (single AICA originates from the proximal part of the basilar artery) was the most prevalent, accounting for 57.5% of all cases. Type 2 (single AICA originates from the middle part of the basilar artery) was the next most common at 22.9%. The median diameter of the AICA at its origin was 2.10 mm, ranging from 1.14 mm to 2.88 mm, while its cross-sectional area ranged widely from 0.81 mm² to 4.59 mm², with a median of 2.52 mm². The diameter of the basilar artery at the AICA origin was notably larger, with a median of 4.41 mm and a maximum of 12.00 mm. Correlation analysis between measured parameters and patient age indicated generally weak and statistically non-significant correlations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study underscores the anatomical complexity and variability of the AICA, emphasizing the importance of precise morphological knowledge for both diagnostic and surgical procedures involving the posterior fossa. The findings reveal notable diversity in AICA origin, course, and diameter, with implications for imaging interpretation and clinical management, particularly in cases of vascular pathology such as infarction or aneurysm.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical shape analysis of the incus.","authors":"Robleh Omar, Suferah Khan, Michael Reymundi Pabon, Ajmal Baray, Grace Greene, Jonathan Asbury Millard","doi":"10.5603/fm.105833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105833","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The incus is one of the three auditory ossicles involved in the conductive process of audition. The incus is often a target in oculoplastic procedures, which have high revision and failure rates. Foundational knowledge of the incus' morphological parameters is generally limited to linear dimensions due to its small size and complex articulations. Our aim is to utilize a landmark-based approach to capture and quantify the bone's shape.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Incus bones were harvested from 53 anatomical body donors and scanned in a Bruker 1276 Skyscan micro-CT with 100 µm resolution. 3DSlicer was used for geometric morphometric landmarking and analyses. Warps corresponding to the major axes of variation determined by the PCA were created to visualize shape changes. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare PC scores between sexes and sides (α = 0.05). Centroid size was calculated and correlated with shape scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The PCA revealed 53 PCs with the first ten PCs accounting for 83.5% of the variation in the sample. The first PC (18.0%) corresponded with inverse crural lengths, while PC2 accounted for 16.9% of the variation and was associated with angulation of the incudomallear joint. There were no significant differences in shape between sexes or left and right sides. Centroid size had a significant relationship with PC1 scores (R2 = 0.1638, p = 0.0026).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Crural form - specifically lengthening and anterior-curving long crura - may represent morphological adaptations associated with an increase in size. Incudomallear joint angle variation was notable, which should be considered in predisposition to pathological processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constellation of variations in the superficial veins of the posterior triangle of neck: an uncommon presentation with clinical applications.","authors":"Apurba Patra, Priti Chaudhary, Adil Asghar, Marcin Lipski, Franciszek Burdan, Jerzy A Walocha","doi":"10.5603/fm.105293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Anatomical variations of the external jugular vein (EJV) are significant due to their notable implications in flap design and diagnostic evaluations (EJV cannulation).</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>The present case report details a unique venous anomaly observed during the dissection of right posterior cervical triangle in an adult male donated human body. Notably, the EJV atypically terminated by forming a venous loop with the transverse cervical vein. This loop comprised three segments: the proximal segment formed by the EJV, distal by the transverse cervical vein, and an intervening midsegment. From the convexity of the loop, two veins originated, running parallel for approximately 2.5 cm before piercing the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia to drain into the subclavian vein (SCV) separately.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The first vein (V1) entered the SCV 1.77 cm distal to the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), while the second (V2) did so at 2.57 cm distal to the same landmark. Additionally, posterior external jugular vein (PEJV), an infrequent finding, was observed running along the anterior border of the trapezius muscle, draining into the transverse cervical vein instead of the EJV. The suprascapular vein, instead of opening into the EJV, drained directly into the SCV.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings underscore the significance of acknowledging such rare venous variations to avoid potential complications during surgical procedures involving the neck region.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anomalous celiac trunk associated with accessory spleens and variant renal and inferior phrenic vessels: case report and brief review.","authors":"Gehan El-Akabawy, Emad Nafie, Yuko Ito, Nabil Eid","doi":"10.5603/fm.105213","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.105213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Identification of anatomical variations in the celiac trunk is crucial for the success of various diagnostic and surgical procedures, including liver transplantation, splenectomy, and hepatobiliary and pancreatic operations. A lack of studies exists reporting the coexistence of celiac trunk variants and visceral variations, such as an accessory spleen.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>During a routine dissection of 26 formalin-fixed cadavers for undergraduate students, the authors observed an anomalous celiac trunk in a 78-year-old woman. The typical trifurcation of the celiac trunk into the left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries was absent. It was replaced by two trunks arising from the abdominal aorta: a gastrosplenic trunk branching into the left gastric and splenic arteries and a hepatomesenteric trunk giving rise to the superior mesenteric and common hepatic arteries. These two arterial trunks were consistent with the type V branching pattern of the celiac trunk based on the Adachi classification. Notably, two accessory spleens were also seen near the splenic hilum. Further dissection revealed an accessory left renal vein, a high origin of the right renal artery, and a common inferior phrenic artery trunk.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first report of a combination of accessory spleens and variations in the celiac trunk and phrenic and renal vessels. The presented findings have implications for splenic, renal, and gastrointestinal surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144119309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cimifugin improves neuronal function in rat with focal cerebral ischemic injury by inhibiting oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis and iNOS/COX-2 signaling pathway.","authors":"Yongbin Liao, Ni Wang","doi":"10.5603/fm.106197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.106197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a leading cause of long-term neurological disability and mortality, primarily due to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and neuronal apoptosis. Despite numerous therapeutic attempts, clinical translation of neuroprotective agents remains limited. This study investigates the neuroprotective potential of cimifugin, a flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Rats were subjected to MCAO and treated with cimifugin (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg). Behavioral assessment was performed using the neurological deficit score and Morris Water Maze test. Brain infarct volume was evaluated using TTC staining. Histological and biochemical analyses were conducted to assess cerebral edema, oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, GSH), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), apoptotic cell death (TUNEL assay), and expression of iNOS, and COX-2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cimifugin significantly improved neurological outcomes in a dose-dependent manner, as indicated by reduced neurological deficit scores and enhanced cognitive performance in the Morris Water Maze test. TTC staining revealed a marked reduction in infarct volume, particularly at 30 mg/kg. Cimifugin attenuated cerebral edema and significantly decreased neuronal apoptosis. It reduced MDA levels while enhancing SOD and GSH activity, indicating robust antioxidative effects. Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), as well as iNOS and COX-2 expression, were significantly downregulated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cimifugin confers neuroprotection in cerebral I/R injury through multi-targeted mechanisms involving antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic actions. These findings suggest its potential as a low-toxicity, plant-derived candidate for managing ischemic stroke and related cerebrovascular diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}