Folia morphologica最新文献

{"title":"The role of mandibular morphological markers in determining sex and age: anatomical and atropometric analysis.","authors":"Adem Tokpınar, Yarenkür Alkan","doi":"10.5603/fm.104230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.104230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sex estimation is a very important part of anthropological and forensic research. After the pelvic skeleton, the skull is the easiest place to distinguish sex. The morphological characteristics of the mandible, which is the largest and strongest bone in the skull, play an important role in sex estimation because it varies according to age, sex and race.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In our study, mandibular length (ML), symphysis height (SH), bimental width (BMW), bicondylar width (BCW), bigonial width (BGW), ramus height (RH) and ramus width (RW) were morphologically examined on 130 dry mandibular bones of which age and sex were estimated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bigonial width, a key indicator of mandibular width, also showed significant differences between the sexes in all age groups (p < 0.05), with males having wider mandibles. Other significant differences were observed for bimental width in the 20-25, 31-35 and 51-55 age groups, and for bicondylar width in the 20-25 and 31-35 age groups. On the other hand, ramus width showed no statistically significant differences between males and females in any age group, suggesting a more uniform characteristic between the sexes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In our study, it can be seen that there are significant sex differences in the various dimensions of the mandible, and that males in general have larger dimensions compared to females. In this context, the morphological findings of our study provide an accurate estimation of the age and sex of the individual.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cadaveric morphometric analysis of the deep brachial artery.","authors":"Wojciech Przybycień, Patryk Ostrowski, Martyna Dziedzic, Ewa Mizia, Michał Korman, Magdalena Martyka-Łaś, Filip Staszewski, Andrzej Żytkowski, Mateusz Koziej, Jerzy A Walocha","doi":"10.5603/fm.105743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105743","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The primary aim of this study was to conduct precise measurements of the deep brachial artery (DBA) on cadaveric limb specimens. A comprehensive understanding of DBA anatomy and its variations is essential for reconstructive procedures involving musculocutaneous flaps in the posterior arm, as well as for angiographic diagnostics and trauma surgery.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The examined upper limbs were obtained from 25 cadavers. Both right and left upper limbs were subjected to dissection. The parameters assessed included the DBA diameter at its origin, DBA diameter at the point of bifurcation, and its total length. Additionally, anatomical landmarks, including the greater tubercle of the humerus and the olecranon, were identified as reference points for the conducted measurements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The DBA length ranged from 1.41 mm to 135.16 mm, with a median value of 57.64 mm. The initial DBA diameter was between 1.74 mm and 4.22 mm, with an average of 2.86 mm. The median DBA diameter at the point of its division into the middle collateral and radial collateral arteries was 1.90 mm. The median DBA length was 72.31 mm in females and 57.30 mm in males. The mean initial DBA diameter was 2.75 mm in females and 2.90 mm in males.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study provides a comprehensive anatomical analysis of the deep brachial artery (DBA), confirming its variable origin and morphometric parameters. Measurements demonstrated in the study, which include DBA diameters, total length, and variations by laterality and sex, contribute valuable data to the existing literature. The anatomical landmarks used in the study, such as the greater tubercle of the humerus and the olecranon process, enhances the ability to locate the DBA for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study's findings have practical implications for surgical and clinical applications, particularly in reconstructive procedures involving musculocutaneous flaps in the posterior arm.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the root and root canal anatomy of canine teeth and prevalence of impacted canines in a Saudi Arabian subpopulation through cone-beam computed tomography imaging.","authors":"Ahmad Hassan Jabali","doi":"10.5603/fm.105902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Canines play crucial roles in arch development, dental esthetics, and occlusal function, and Variations in root canal morphology can considerably impact root canal treatment outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the root and root canal anatomy of canine teeth by using Vertucci's classification and the prevalence of impacted canines in a Saudi subpopulation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective cross-sectional study design was used. A total of 416 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were analyzed using Vertucci's classification, and information related to sample characteristics, canal configurations. and impaction of the mandibular and maxillary permanent canine teeth were recorded. In addition, data, such as gender, arch, side of the CBCT, classification type of canal anatomy, and presence of impacted canines, were collected. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used for data analysis, and the chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1664 maxillary and mandibular canine teeth (51.9% from females) were screened in this study. Nearly 94.7% of the canine had a single canal, and 98.6% had a single root. Maxillary and mandibular canines with the type I configuration were the most prevalent (98.6% and 90.9%, respectively), and those with the type V configuration was the least prevalent (0.2% and 3.1%, respectively). The prevalence of the type I root canal configuration was higher in the maxillary canines (98.6%) than in the mandibular canines (90.9%) and significantly higher in males (95.8%) than in females (93.8%; p = 0.002). The prevalence of single-rooted canines in the mandibular arch was significantly higher in males (99.0%) than in females (95.8%; p = 0.005). Similarly, the overall prevalence of single-rooted canines was significantly higher in males (99.5%) than in females (97.7%; p = 0.002). In the mandibular arch, the prevalence of the single-canal configuration was significantly higher in males (93.5%) than in females (88.4%; p = 0.011). The prevalence of impacted canines was 7.9% and higher in the maxillary arch (7.0%) and males (8.5%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Canines with the type I canal configuration was the most prevalent in both arches and higher in the maxillary arch. The type I configuration and single-rooted canines in the mandibular arch and both arches were more prevalent in males. The prevalence of impacted canines was found to be 7.9%, with a higher occurrence in males and maxillary arches.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exostoses in the obturator foramen - an osteological study.","authors":"Svenja Ebner, Michael J Schmeisser, Sven Schumann","doi":"10.5603/fm.103263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.103263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The obturator foramen is an oval or round opening in the lateral pelvic bone and is normally closed by the obturator membrane, a connective tissue membrane. The foramen is considered an important anatomical structure, as it serves as the attachment site for the internal and external obturator muscles and allows passage for the obturator vessels and nerve through the obturator canal. Exostoses, also known as bone spurs, are bony growths that can occur on the surfaces of bones. Since the prevalence of exostoses in the obturator foramen was unknown, we analyzed the prevalence, localization and morphology of obturator foramen exostoses in German body donors.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Anonymized human dry specimens with a minimum donor age of 60 years from the anatomical collection of the Institute of Anatomy of Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exostoses in the obturator foramen were found in 21 out of 221 hip bones (9.5%), with the right side being affected twice as often as the left. The exostoses varied markedly in number and severity and were more frequent in the medial area of the obturator foramen. Based on their manifestations, the exostoses were classified into three types.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although not primarily a disease, exostoses can cause complications such as nerve compression syndrome, local inflammatory reactions, movement restrictions, diagnostic challenges, and surgical complications. This research aims to raise awareness of exostoses in the obturator foramen, aiding physicians in recognizing and diagnosing these ossifications to prevent complications during medical interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of low attendance rates in medical schools: student perspectives on anatomy lectures.","authors":"Huseyin Erdem","doi":"10.5603/fm.105171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Low attendance rates arise as an essential issue in medical schools since e-learning alternatives offer flexible participation models. This study aimed to examine the personal and environmental factors affecting the participation to lectures by focusing on the attendance habits of second-year medical students in anatomy lectures.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was a cross-sectional questionnaire analysis and was conducted on a sample of 2nd year medical students. Data were collected using a questionnaire that included 23-item Likert-type lecture attendance scale and a question measuring the awareness of attendance requirement. The reliability of the scales was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.852) and construct validity was tested with factor analysis. Data were evaluated with percentages and statistical analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Students who were aware of the attendance requirement stated that they benefited more from the lectures (55.6% vs. 33.4%, p < 0.001) and found the lecture contents more engaging (70.2% vs. 52.0%, p < 0.001). While 66% of the students indicated that the lecture schedules were inconvenient, 61.4% preferred online materials instead of attending face-to-face lectures. In addition, 46.1% of the students reported that the lecture content was not engaging and 38.2% indicated that the lectures were boring.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study revealed that the factors affecting the attendance in anatomy lectures such as motivation, lecture hours, learning environment and social interaction. Reducing early lectures, adapting online materials to asynchronous learning style and using active learning methods were recommended. Student-centered and inclusive approaches are critical for sustainable success in medical education.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inferior mesenteric artery detailed anatomy and morphometry.","authors":"Radosław Chmiel, Jakub Batko, Aleksiej Juszczak, Jerzy A Walocha, Rafał Jakiel, Michał Piotrowski, Julia Karpierz, Artur Moskała, Krzysztof Woźniak, Dariusz Chmiel, Artur Pasternak","doi":"10.5603/fm.105299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) supplies blood to the distal transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. A thorough understanding of IMA anatomy is crucial in colon cancer surgeries and emerging percutaneous interventions. However, there is limited research on its precise morphometry, including vessel length, diameters, and branching angles. This study aims to provide a detailed analysis of the IMA focusing on parameters essential for optimizing percutaneous vascular treatments and colon surgeries.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Multiplanar reconstructions and maximum intensity projections were generated from contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography scans of 105 human bodies obtained during forensic examinations. The inferior mesenteric artery and its branches were assessed, with each scan analyzed and measured using specialized software. Left colic artery (LCA) has been divided into two groups based on its trunk length, and superior rectal artery (SRA) has been divided into three subgroups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A short trunk of the LCA was observed in 38.1% of cases, with an average length of 2.4 mm. A long trunk was observed in 61.9% of scans, with an average length of 42.6 mm. SRA type 1 was found in 53.3% of cases, type 2 in 38.1% of cases, and type 3 in 8.6% of cases. A larger number of sigmoid arteries was observed in women (p = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In patients with a short left colic artery trunk, procedures in its branches may be easier due to wider angles and larger diameters, improving catheter access. Additionally, extra superior rectal arteries may form before the sigmoid arteries, which could impact colon surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real color sectioned images and correspondence with ultrasound images of the dorsal wrist.","authors":"Seul Ki Kim, Jin Seo Park, Mi-Sun Hur","doi":"10.5603/fm.106442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.106442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study integrated high-resolution sectioned images with ultrasound imaging to investigate the sequential anatomical transitions of the dorsal wrist, focusing on both bony morphology and the positioning of extensor tendons.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>As the shapes and articulations of carpal bones changed distally, corresponding shifts in tendon trajectories - such as the radial migration of the extensor pollicis longus tendon and the convergence of the extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor digiti minimi tendons - were consistently observed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>These dynamic spatial relationships provide important clinical insights for differentiating normal anatomical variation from tendon displacement or injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>By integrating detailed anatomical visualization with ultrasound assessment, this approach enhances diagnostic accuracy, supports safer minimally invasive procedures, and informs surgical planning for dorsal wrist pathologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Vietnamese supraclavicular artery island flap in reconstruction.","authors":"Khoa Xuan Ngo, Huu Van Pham, Trung Quang Nguyen, Thinh Duy Ngo, Khang Minh Do","doi":"10.5603/fm.106377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.106377","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The supraclavicular artery island flap (SCAIF) is increasingly used in head and neck reconstruction due to its consistent anatomy and ease of harvest. However, anatomical studies specific to the Vietnamese population are limited.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 30 flaps were dissected from 15 Vietnamese adult cadavers. Origin, diameter, length, branching patterns, and vascular territory were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The artery originated from the transverse cervical artery in all cases. Mean diameter was 1.16 ± 0.12 mm; length was 29.40 ± 1.72 mm. Bifurcation was the most common pattern (76.67%), followed by single and trifurcation patterns. Vascular territory averaged 169.11 × 92.33 mm.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The supraclavicular artery shows reliable anatomy in Vietnamese cadavers, supporting the clinical applicability of SCAIF. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm the flap's viability and effectiveness in live patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical approach to anatomical variations of the maxillary sinus - a surgical perspective.","authors":"Jakub Jobda, Robert Franczyk, Zygmunt Stopa","doi":"10.5603/fm.105540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105540","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The maxillary sinus, the largest of paranasal sinuses, according to the unique anatomy, is a structure of great clinical importance for numerous specialists. While the typical sinus anatomy is widely known, the awareness of anatomical variations remains underestimated. The aim of this study is to highlight the clinical significance of co-existing anatomical variations of the maxillary sinus.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>The study presents radiological findings noticed in a computed tomography (CT) scans of three patients referred to the Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery with symptoms of the maxillary sinus diseases. In addition to the cause of symptoms, the presence of the ethmomaxillary sinus (case report 1), maxillary sinus (Underwood's) septa, pneumatization and accessory maxillary ostia (case report 2) were noticed. Moreover, the silent sinus syndrome is presented (case report 3).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>surgeons operating on the maxillary sinus should be aware of anatomical variations, which may affect the procedure outcomes and safety. The presence of coexisting anatomical variations can be challenging to the operator.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The median sacral artery and its surgical anatomy in pelvic and spinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Grzegorz Fibiger, Jonasz Tempski, Jakub Wilczek, Katarzyna Majka, Maksymilian Osiowski, Aleksander Osiowski, Szymon Matejuk, Tomasz Stanisław Kozioł, Aleksandra Malik, Wojciech Fibiger, Jerzy A Walocha, Przemysław Pękala","doi":"10.5603/fm.105386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The median sacral artery (MSA) is a small but clinically significant artery arising from the aortic bifurcation and traveling along the anterior sacrum. It supplies the lumbar and sacral vertebrae and, in some cases, parts of the rectum. Despite its size, the MSA is crucial in regional circulation and is particularly relevant in spinal, pelvic, and vascular surgeries. This meta-analysis aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of anatomical evidence regarding the MSA's origin, variations, and surgical relevance.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A systematic search was conducted in major databases (PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and SciELO) until January 2025. Studies reporting anatomical data on the MSA, including its origin, variations, and clinical significance, were included. A total of 13 studies (n = 1,007 arteries) met the criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The MSA originated directly from the aorta in 89.98% (95% CI: 84.05%-95.92%) of cases. In 8.27% (95% CI: 3.29%-13.25%), it shared a common origin with a lumbar artery, typically the 4th lumbar artery (97.86%). The 5th lumbar artery variation was rare (0.66%). Regarding its position relative to the sacral midline, the MSA was found on the left (48.80%), right (31.32%), or directly along the midline (13.35%). The mean distance from the midline was 3.54 mm.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Recognizing MSA variations is essential for surgical planning to prevent vascular injury during spinal and gynecological procedures. Further cadaveric and imaging studies are needed to enhance procedural safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}