Folia morphologica最新文献

{"title":"Morphometric evaluation of Evans Index in healthy North Indian Adults: establishing normative MRI-based reference values.","authors":"Apurba Patra, Harmeet Kaur, Priti Chaudhary, Adil Asghar, Justyna Sienkiewicz, Agata Mazurek, Kacper Bąk, Michał Mordarski, Janusz Moryś, Jerzy A Walocha","doi":"10.5603/fm.108337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.108337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Evans Index (EI) is a practical radiological tool used to assess ventricular size; however, its normative values remain insufficiently defined across diverse populations. This study aimed to establish normative EI values in a healthy North Indian adult population and investigate age and sex-based differences in ventricular morphometry.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based study was conducted on 142 neurologically healthy North Indian adults (79 females and 63 males; age range: 18-72 years). Axial T2-weighted images acquired on a 1.5 Tesla MRI system were analyzed to measure frontal horn width (FHW) and transverse inner diameter of the skull (TIDS). The Evans Index was calculated as the ratio of FHW to TIDS. Statistical analyses using SPSS 29.0 included Welch's t-tests for sex comparisons, Spearman's correlation, and binary logistic regression to evaluate the association between cranial measurements and age and biological sex.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of participants was 37.4 years. The overall average values were FHW = 31.5 mm, TIDS = 122.4 mm, and EI = 0.257. Males exhibited significantly higher mean values than females for EI (0.265 vs 0.251; p < 0.001). Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between FHW and EI (rho = 0.866; p < 0.001). Logistic regression identified FHW as the strongest predictor of sex (OR: 1.82, p < 0.001). Model performance parameters included sensitivity of 0.746, specificity of 0.861, and AUC of 0.81.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study establishes normative Evans Index values for a healthy North Indian population and demonstrates significant sex differences in cranial morphometric parameters. FHW and EI are useful predictors of biological sex with clinical relevance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unusual formation pattern of the femoral nerve with intramuscular and submuscular courses - a case report.","authors":"Gracjan Rzymowski, Michal Szmalec, Michal Tulski, Zygmunt A Domagała","doi":"10.5603/fm.106775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.106775","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The femoral nerve typically arises as a single trunk from L2-L4 posterior divisions of ventral rami. Variations are rare but clinically significant.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>During routine dissection of a 80 years old female cadaver, the femoral nerve was found to originate as two distinct trunks - with one passing beneath the psoas major and the other coursing through it. The trunks unified distal to the inguinal ligament. No anomalous muscular slips were present.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This configuration appears to be previously unreported.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Surgeons and clinicians performing femoral nerve blocks or interpreting lumbar plexus imaging (e.g., MRI, CT, or ultrasound) should be aware of this variant, as it may influence both diagnostic interpretation and procedural outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atypical course of the common hepatic artery branch. A case report and review of new classifications of variability of hepatic arteries.","authors":"Miroslaw Topol, Jakub Buczkowski, Jolanta Krzus, Hanna Malanowska","doi":"10.5603/fm.107050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.107050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modern achievements in surgical techniques concerning lobectomy, segmentectomy and liver transplantation, but also transcatheter chemoembolization of the arteries require a thorough knowledge of the arterial vascularisation of the liver. Knowledge of the ways of arising and the topography of replaced or accessory hepatic arteries is particularly important here. In the presented paper, we report a case with early bifurcation of the common hepatic artery (EBCHA), which is a rare anatomical variant (1%). It is often overlooked, which can lead to accidental ligation during surgery replaced right hepatic artery and potential very serious complications. However, this case is considered a normal pattern in the classic classifications of hepatic arteries, like some other rare cases that remain unclassified. We present the new CRL and ex-common, right, left(CRL) classifications available in the literature and propose our modification called adv-CRL, considering not only the way of arising, but also the topography of replaced or accessory hepatic arteries.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of pancreatic volume in the turkish adult population using 3D Slicer-based computed tomography segmentation.","authors":"Ece Zengin, Rasime Pelin Kavak, Behlül Atalay, İhsaniye Süer Doğan, Dilara Patat","doi":"10.5603/fm.106117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.106117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to determine normative pancreatic volume (PV) values in healthy Western Asian adults using computed tomography and 3D Slicer software, and to evaluate the relationship between PV and demographic parameters including age, sex, and body mass index (BMI).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 905 adults (403 females, 502 males; mean age: 43.88 ± 17.11 years) who underwent abdominal CT between January and December 2023. Individuals with diabetes mellitus, pancreatic or peripancreatic pathology, prior malignancy, or inadequate imaging were excluded. Pancreas segmentation was manually performed on axial slices using 3D Slicer v.4.11.2, excluding ducts and vascular structures. Statistical analyses included t-tests, Pearson's correlation, and multivariate linear regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean PV was 84.33 ± 5.74 cm³. Males had significantly higher PV than females (85.68 ± 6.05 cm³ vs 82.65 ± 4.83 cm³, p < 0.001). PV peaked in the fourth decade in males and the fifth decade in females, followed by a decline. A significant negative correlation between age and PV was observed in males (r = -0.321, p < 0.001), but not in females. PV positively correlated with BMI in both sexes. Age, BMI, and male sex were identified as independent predictors of PV (R² = 0.326, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pancreatic volume varies with age, sex, and BMI in healthy Western Asian adults. These normative values may assist in future clinical and radiological evaluations of pancreatic morphology.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144948213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and morphology of the tensor vastus intermedius: cadaveric study and literature comparison.","authors":"Bartosz Pomianowski, Leon Smółka, Karolina Blady, Jacek Wysoczański, Grzegorz Zaborowski, Radosław Karaś, Tomasz Lepich, Grzegorz Bajor","doi":"10.5603/fm.108137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.108137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The quadriceps femoris is the main extensor of the knee joint, traditionally described as having four heads. Since the 19th century, reports have suggested an additional head between the vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius. In 2016, Grob et al. described this structure in detail, naming it the tensor vastus intermedius (TVI) and proposing a morphological classification. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, morphology, and dimensions of the TVI in cadaveric specimens and compare the results with the literature.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Ten lower limbs from five preserved cadavers (four male, one female) were dissected using a standardized protocol. The presence, Grob type, and dimensions of the TVI were recorded with an electronic caliper. A literature review included only cadaveric studies consistent with Grob's classification and containing quantitative data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The TVI was present in all specimens (100%). The most common type was VL (50%), followed by VI (30%) and bicipital (20%). VI and bicipital types occurred only in males; females showed only the VL type. Identical bilateral types were found in 20% of cases (females). The mean belly length was 105.99 mm, and width was 19.15 mm. Literature reports prevalence ranging from 34% to 100% with variable type distribution.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The TVI was a consistent anatomical feature in this sample, with type VL predominating and notable sex-related differences. Findings confirm considerable morphological variability, highlighting potential relevance in imaging interpretation, surgical planning, and rehabilitation. Further imaging-based studies on larger populations are needed to clarify its biomechanical and clinical roles.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144948270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rare case of the intraperitoneal kidney.","authors":"Zuzanna Szewczyk, Kinga Krawczyk, Rafał Bieś, Tomasz Lepich","doi":"10.5603/fm.105136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The kidney is covered with a renal fascia consisting of a fibrous capsule and a fatty capsule and is located extraperitoneally. The properties of this organ allow for mechanical protection, protecting against injury.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We describe an anatomical variation observed during the dissection of the body of an 85-year-old man.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The right kidney was located intraperitoneally, freely among the loops of the small intestine, and had normal vascularization. In addition, it measured 12.5 cm in length and 5.7 cm in width. The left kidney was significantly smaller, with no abnormalities.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>According to the databases, this is the third case of intraperitoneal kidney described in the world. Such a localization variant should be considered because of the complications it brings to diagnostic imaging and surgical management.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144948253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atypical course of the azygos vein and its tributaries - case report.","authors":"Nicol Zielińska, George Triantafyllou, Łukasz Olewnik, Cezary Partyka, Ilona Klejbor, Janusz Moryś","doi":"10.5603/fm.107072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.107072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During standard anatomical dissection an atypical course of the azygos vein was found. In the present case, the azygos vein was formed by the subcostal and lumbar veins at the level of the 11th vertebra and to the left of the midline. Initially maintaining its left-sided position, it gradually shifts to the right, heading toward the superior vena cava. In the presented case, a large venous vessel, with a width reaching up to 9 mm serves as the sole independent outlet for the right and left posterior intercostal veins. An atypical course of venous structures may be clinically significant, especially for thoracic surgeons, and knowledge about morphological variations in that region is very important.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topographic anatomy of the recurrent branch of the median nerve using bony landmarks: a clinical-surgical study.","authors":"Serdar Duzgun, Nihat Yiğit, Mehmet Orcun Akkurt, Nurettin Manti, Ali Said Nazligul","doi":"10.5603/fm.106205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.106205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The recurrent branch of the median nerve (RBMN) is a critical structure in carpal tunnel surgeries, where inadvertent injury can lead to significant functional impairment. While soft tissue landmarks are commonly used for RBMN localization, they often vary between individuals and are susceptible to intraoperative shifts. This study aims to establish fixed bony landmarks for the reliable localization of the RBMN, potentially reducing the risk of iatrogenic nerve injury.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This clinical-surgical study included 58 patients (59 hands) undergoing open carpal tunnel release between January 2020 and September 2022. Intraoperative measurements were taken from the origin of the RBMN to three fixed bony landmarks: the apex of the first metacarpal head, the apex of the third metacarpal head, and the tip of the radial styloid process. Distances were recorded using a sterile, millimeter-calibrated ruler by two independent observers. Statistical analysis included inter- and intra-observer reliability assessments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean distance from the RBMN origin to the first metacarpal head was 39.7 ± 5.2 mm, to the third metacarpal head 50.2 ± 4.7 mm, and to the radial styloid process 59.4 ± 4.9 mm. There were no statistically significant differences in these measurements between male and female patients (p > 0.05). The majority of RBMN branches (67%) were extraligamentous, followed by subligamentous (25%) and transligamentous (8%), as classified by the Lanz classification. Postoperative clinical evaluations using the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) showed significant improvements in both symptom severity and functional status (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Fixed bony landmarks provide a reliable and reproducible method for localizing the RBMN during carpal tunnel release, potentially reducing the risk of nerve injury. These findings support the use of bony reference points as consistent intraoperative guides for safer surgical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All roads lead to the liver - a clinical and anatomical case report on an absent proper hepatic artery.","authors":"Filip Godziszewski, Monika Deska, Kamil Nogajczyk, Krystian Skowron, Mateusz Mazurek, Michał Tulski, Mateusz Drążyk, Oliwier Pioterek, Oskar Kozłowski, Zygmunt A Domagała","doi":"10.5603/fm.106108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.106108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The arterial supply of the liver originates from the celiac trunk, which gives rise to the common hepatic artery. This artery subsequently bifurcates into the gastroduodenal artery and the proper hepatic artery, of which the latter further divides into the right and left hepatic arteries. This anatomical variability is described in order to highlight the high incidence of arterial hepatic vascular variations, to underline their clinical significance, and to classify the missing of proper hepatic artery within the framework of established hepatic arterial variation typologies.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>The observed variation was identified during routine anatomical dissection of a 77-year-old female cadaver, who had voluntarily donated her body for scientific purposes as part of the Body Donation Program conducted by the Department of Anatomy of Wroclaw Medical University. Our case report presents an anatomical variant in which the proper hepatic artery is absent. Instead, the common hepatic artery gives rise to a common trunk that trifurcates into the right and left hepatic arteries, along with the gastroduodenal artery. Another part of this variation was that the right gastric artery originated from the left hepatic artery instead of the proper hepatic artery.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A thorough understanding of hepatic arterial anatomy is essential for a variety of surgical interventions, including liver transplantation, hepatic resection, cholecystectomy, and embolization of the right gastric artery. In cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic arteries may also serve as a route for intra-arterial chemotherapy. Therefore, precise knowledge of hepatic vascularization is of critical importance in the diagnosis and treatment of liver pathologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral septa in sphenoid and maxillary sinuses: a cadaveric case report and literature review.","authors":"Elena Bozhikova, Zdravka Harizanova, Savanna Banks, Lynsey Young, Aneesa Jones, Brandon Merrill, Nikolay Uzunov","doi":"10.5603/fm.107182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.107182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A thorough understanding of paranasal sinus anatomy and its variations is essential for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment of sinus-related conditions, and safe surgical intervention. Preoperative assessment of sinus morphology plays a vital role in minimizing intraoperative risks and postoperative complications.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>During routine dissection of a 78-year-old female cadaver at the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine (Columbus, GA), an unique case of bilateral septa in both the sphenoid and maxillary sinuses was observed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four accessory septa (AS) were identified in the sphenoid sinuses. On the left, one septum extended from the lateral wall to the internal carotid artery (ICA) prominence. The second one arose from the anterolateral wall. On the right, one septum was located on the inferior wall, and another on the posterosuperior wall, also attached to the ICA prominence. In the maxillary sinuses, vertical septa were present on both sides. On the left, a septum extended from the anterior wall to the infraorbital canal (IOC). On the right, a septum connected the anterior wall to the sinus roof.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>With the increasing use of functional endoscopic sinus surgery and transsphenoidal approaches, it is important to recognize anatomical variations like AS. Septa that involve the ICA prominence or IOC present significant surgical risks. Preoperative imaging and careful surgical planning are essential to reduce complications and improve outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}