Folia morphologica最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence and morphometric characteristics of the psoas minor muscle in human fetuses: an anatomical study.","authors":"Magdalena Grzonkowska, Michał Szpinda, Michał Kułakowski, Karol Elster, Agnieszka Rogalska, Jakub Błaszczyk, Mariusz Baumgart","doi":"10.5603/fm.106716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.106716","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the present study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and morphometric characteristics of the psoas minor (PM) muscle in human fetuses.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 67 formalin-fixed fetuses of both sexes (31 male, 36 female), aged 16-28 weeks of gestation, were examined using anatomical dissection and digital image analysis (NIS Elements AR 3.0).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The presence of the PM muscle was confirmed in 29.9% of cases, with a comparable frequency in male (32.3%) and female (27.8%) fetuses. Bilateral occurrence was noted in 60% of positive cases. Five morphometric parameters of the PM (total length, muscle belly length and width, tendon length and width) were measured. In the subgroup of fetuses with bilateral presentation, no significant differences were found between the right and left sides. Due to the limited number of cases with a present PM muscle, no growth modeling or correlation with fetal age or sex was performed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings highlight considerable anatomical variability of the PM muscle already in the prenatal period and provide preliminary reference data that may support advanced fetal imaging interpretation and retroperitoneal surgical planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144729054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations in superficial and topographical anatomy on idiopathic Bell's facial palsy patients.","authors":"Amir Shihada, Sonila Krommyda, Konstantinos Laios, Alexandros Samolis","doi":"10.5603/fm.105910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Idiopathic facial palsy (Bell's palsy) as an entity is simply a spontaneous facial nerve palsy. Presenting a cluster of symptoms and alterations in superficial anatomy, nerves, muscles, skin and emotions are involved. Although this palsy strongly affects the peripheral nervous system, no definite studies exist confirming that it alters centrally the structure of the brain itself. Facial innervation, presents a web of fibers, rendering surgical procedures damage sensitive. This narrative review documents known literature to demonstrate that the complexity interacts with the ability of surgeons operating in the facial area. Comprehension of the topographical anatomy is essential for best outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144729051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical variations and elongation patterns of the styloid process: a CT-based study.","authors":"Munirah Batarfi, Khalid Abdullah Alghamdi, Yazeed Abdullah Asery, Mohammed Abdulmohsen Alsaif, Nawaf Khalid Nahhas, Mohammed Ali Alharthi, Bader Khawaji, Akeel Alali, Abdulrahman Saleh Alraddadi","doi":"10.5603/fm.106725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.106725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Elongation of the styloid process (SP) can impinge on adjacent neurovascular structures, provoking Eagle's syndrome. This study aimed to assess the length, angulation, and morphology of SP in adult Saudis and to explore their associations with age and sex.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis of 152 cervical computed tomography (CT) scans at a tertiary hospital in Riyadh. Participants were ≥ 25 years old (76 men, 76 women). Bilateral SP length, sagittal and transverse deviation angles, and morphology were recorded. Elongation of SP was defined as length ≥ 30 mm. Statistical tests were performed to assess associations between demographic variables and anatomical parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Elongated SPs (≥ 30 mm) were observed in 20% of the cases, with no significant differences between sexes or sides. The most common morphology identified was the uninterrupted elongated type (72%), followed by pseudo-articulated (21%) and segmented (7%). Elongation was more frequently associated with the pseudo-articulated and segmented forms. Although sex did not influence the rates of elongation, men showed longer SPs and greater sagittal deviation angles compared to women. Additionally, the left side demonstrated a higher transverse angle than the right. Aging was shown to have a weak, statistically significant correlation with SP length and orientation, suggesting potential progressive changes over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this study indicate a notable prevalence of elongated SPs in the Saudi population and highlight specific anatomical features that may contribute to Eagle's syndrome. These results underscore the diagnostic value of CT imaging for patients with unexplained orofacial symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144729052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The anatomy of the superior cerebellar artery: a detailed analysis.","authors":"Malwina Błaszczyk, Martyna Dziedzic, Bartłomiej Stachera, Michał Bonczar, Patryk Ostrowski, Wadim Wojciechowski, Andrzej Żytkowski, Jerzy Mituś, Jerzy A Walocha, Mateusz Koziej","doi":"10.5603/fm.106635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.106635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) represents the most rostral branch of the vertebrobasilar circulation. A thorough understanding of the anatomy of the SCA and its surrounding structures is essential for the safe and effective performance of surgical procedures addressing compression syndromes, aneurysms, and ischemic infarctions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anatomical variability of the SCA in the material from Central European individuals in order to refine and supplement the existing literature.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Computed tomography angiography results from 96 patients (188 hemifaces) were analyzed. Each artery was assessed in terms of morphometric parameters and existing anatomical classifications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 15 cases, a duplicated SCA was observed. The most frequent origin of the SCA was from the basilar artery, observed in 92.12% of cases. Significantly fewer SCAs originated from the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) (4.93%) or from a short common trunk (2.96%). Origin from the basilar artery was more common on the right side (96.97%) than the left (87.50%) (p = 0.01). The median diameter at the origin was 2.36 mm (range: 1.01-3.41 mm), with a median cross-sectional area of 3.35 mm². The median length of the SCA was 23.39 mm, extending up to 44.08 mm.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The current study provides a comprehensive anatomical and morphometric analysis of the SCA, highlighting its origin, morphological variations, and clinical significance. The findings confirm that while the SCA most commonly arises from the basilar artery, notable side- and sex-dependent variations exist, particularly in terms of origin types ana morphological parameters. Significant differences in vessel dimensions and cross-sectional areas were observed between sexes, with some age-related correlations identified in males. These anatomical nuances may have direct clinical implications, particularly in neurovascular compression syndromes and the management of aneurysms. Understanding the diverse configurations of the SCA is essential for accurate diagnosis and safe surgical intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144729056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monopolar electrocautery causes pelvic neurovascular injury: a histological and stereological study in rabbits.","authors":"Binali Firinci, Cetin Aydin, Dilek Yunluel, Ozgur Caglar, Remzi Arslan, Ali Ahiskalioglu, Mehmet Dumlu Aydin","doi":"10.5603/fm.105987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Electrosurgical devices are widely employed in penile surgeries for hemostasis and tissue dissection. However, the neurovascular risks associated with monopolar electrocautery, particularly in the context of pelvic innervation and vascular supply, remain unclear. This study investigates the histopathological effects of monopolar versus bipolar electrocautery on pudendal ganglia and prostatic arteries in an experimental model.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Seventeen male New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned into three groups: Group I (control, surgical dissection = 5), Group II (bipolar electrocautery = 5), and Group III (monopolar electrocautery = 7). A standardized preputial incision was performed. After a 3-week follow-up, pudendal ganglia and prostatic arteries were excised and analyzed. Degenerated neuron density (DND) and vasospasm index (VSI) were evaluated stereologically. The relatively small sample size (n = 17) represents a methodological limitation and may affect the generalizability of the findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Quantitative analyses revealed significantly higher DND and VSI in the monopolar group (DND: 198 ± 37 neurons/mm³; VSI: 2.234 ± 0.987), compared to the bipolar (DND: 31 ± 6; VSI: 1.197 ± 0.120) and control groups (DND: 9 ± 3; VSI: 1.034 ± 0.036), with all comparisons showing statistical significance (p < 0.001). These findings indicate progressive neurovascular injury, most pronounced with monopolar electrocautery.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Monopolar electrocautery during penile surgery induces marked neurovascular injury, potentially impairing pelvic nerve function and vascular regulation. Bipolar cautery is associated with a safer histological profile and should be preferred. Future research should include molecular, functional, and long-term outcome assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144729053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The infraspinatus muscle: a proposed classification system.","authors":"Krzysztof Koptas, Łukasz Olewnik, Bartłomiej Szewczyk, Piotr Łabętowicz, Mariola Głowacka, George Triantafyllou, Janusz Moryś, Nicol Zielinska","doi":"10.5603/fm.102683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.102683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The infraspinatus muscle is a part of the rotator cuff. It has two parts: the superior - transverse and the inferior - oblique. Both parts originate from the infraspinous fossa. The oblique part inserts onto the greater tubercle of the humerus; the transverse part inserts onto the tendinous part of the oblique part. Our research shows that the oblique part of the infraspinatus muscle demonstrates morphological variability.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Ninety-one upper limbs (46 left, and 45 right) fixed in 10% formalin solution were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two types were identified. Type I (76.92%) was characterized by one belly with origin within the infraspinous fossa and insertion on the greater tubercle of the humerus. Type II (23.08%) was characterized by two bellies: the superior belly originating on the upper half of the infraspinous fossa and inserting onto the greater tubercle of the humerus, and the inferior belly originating on the lower half of the infraspinous fossa and inserting onto the greater tubercle of the humerus, inferior to the upper belly insertion.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The infraspinatus muscle is characterized by morphological variability in the number of bellies. This classification may be helpful for surgeons operating in the rotator cuff area and anatomists.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144729057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rare case of the left colic vein and sigmoid vein draining into the left ovarian vein: a case report.","authors":"Wojciech B Dutka, Kamil J Kliś, Radosław Karaś, Tomasz Lepich, Grzegorz Bajor","doi":"10.5603/fm.106633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.106633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During routine cadaveric dissection of an 83-year-old female cadaver, an unusual venous pattern was observed on the left side of the abdominal cavity. Two previously undescribed tributaries-identified as the sigmoid vein and the left colic vein-were found draining directly into the left ovarian vein (LOV). The sigmoid vein measured 57.46 mm in length and 0.43 mm in diameter, while the left colic vein measured 54.61 mm in length and 5.14 mm in diameter. The LOV itself exhibited marked dilation, reaching a maximum diameter of 19.19 mm before entering the suspensory ligament of ovary. Despite the presence of these anomalous tributaries, the LOV maintained a typical anatomical course and drained into the left renal vein. No signs of previous surgical intervention or pathology were noted in the abdominal region. The diameters of all the mentioned veins, including the hepatic portal vein, left renal vein, and left suprarenal vein were measured with calipers at the widest points of their course. Prior to the measurements, it was ensured that the condition of the veins allowed for minimizing measurement error (avoiding bending, flattening or unnatural stretching). Measurements were performed twice by two independent observers, and the average value was calculated. This case represents a rare anatomical variation with potential clinical relevance, particularly in the context of pelvic congestion syndrome, retroperitoneal surgeries or diagnostic imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144729050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rare congenital variations of the internal carotid artery identified incidentally: findings from CT angiography.","authors":"Yeliz Akturk, Isik Conkbayir, Rasime Pelin Kavak, Ihsaniye Suer Dogan","doi":"10.5603/fm.105918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Congenital anomalies of the internal carotid artery (ICA) are rare and often asymptomatic, posing diagnostic and clinical challenges during surgical or endovascular procedures. This study aimed to assess the incidence and features of ICA agenesis, hypoplasia, and fenestration in patients undergoing carotid CT angiography (CTA).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Following ethics approval, a retrospective review of 1950 carotid CTA scans performed between January 2023 and January 2024 was conducted. Adult patients (≥ 18 years) were included; cases with severe artifacts, vasculitis, or traumatic dissection were excluded. Images were reviewed for ICA anomalies, collateral circulation, and associated neurovascular findings such as aneurysms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five cases (0.26%) of ICA agenesis or hypoplasia were identified, including one bilateral case. All were asymptomatic and showed no signs of infarction or encephalomalacia. Two cases had saccular aneurysms - one in the contralateral ICA and one in the basilar artery. Two ICA fenestrations were found: one in the supraclinoid and one in the cavernous segment. One of these was associated with an ipsilateral aneurysm. Collateral flow was mainly through a hypertrophic posterior communicating artery, with additional input from the anterior communicating artery in some cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although ICA anomalies are uncommon, accurate recognition is essential for proper surgical planning and avoiding misdiagnosis. High-resolution CTA plays a key role in detecting these rare variants and related aneurysms, ultimately aiding clinical decision-making. Further research into their embryological origins and hemodynamic consequences is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144729055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The anatomy of the lateral circumflex femoral artery and its descending branch in the computed tomography angiography: significance for reconstructive surgery.","authors":"Cyryl Szafarenko, Patryk Ostrowski, Michał Bonczar, Bartłomiej Stachera, Ignacy Jastrzębski, Elżbieta Szczepanek, Adam Laskowski, Anna Yevstifeieva, Wadim Wojciechowski, Jerzy A Walocha, Mateusz Koziej","doi":"10.5603/fm.106134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.106134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) is a short branch of the deep femoral artery, considered an important vessel in numerous reconstructive and revascularization surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the topographic and morphometric features of the LCFA and its descending branch.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Abdominal and pelvic computed tomography angiography data from 75 consecutive patients were analyzed. A total of 136 arteries were classified for the study and investigated in 17 categories, including morphometric (diameter, length) and topographical (origin pattern, relation to anatomically significant landmarks) parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most prevalent artery of origin of the LCFA was found to be the deep femoral artery (76.5%). The median diameter of the LFCA at its origin was found to be 5.28 mm (LQ = 4.57; HQ = 6.28). The median cross-sectional area of the LCFA at its origin was set to be 17.63 mm² (LQ = 13.39; HQ = 23.26).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study results confirm the morphometric and topographical variability of both the LCFA and its descending branch. Additionally, our study presented significant data regarding the spatial relationship between these vessels and nearby landmarks, such as the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis. The obtained data may be used as a source of knowledge for surgeons performing penile revascularizations and reconstructive procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital image analysis of the rotator cuff muscle in the human fetus based on the subscapularis muscle.","authors":"Maciej Biernacki, Magdalena Grzonkowska, Michał Kułakowski, Tomasz Bereza, Mariusz Baumgart","doi":"10.5603/fm.105836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.105836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of the present study was to examine the growth dynamics of the subscapularis muscle in the human fetus, based on their linear and planar parameters.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Using anatomical dissection, digital image analysis (NIS Elements AR 3.0) and statistics (Student's t-test, regression analysis), linear and planar parameters of the subscapularis muscle were measured in 36 human fetuses of both sexes (17♂, 19♀) aged 18-30 weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The subscapularis muscle revealed neither sex nor laterality differences. All examined morphometric parameters of the subscapularis muscle increased commensurately in accordance with the linear functions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The obtained numerical data of the subscapularis muscle may serve as age-specific reference values.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}