Folia morphologica最新文献

{"title":"Neuroprotective effects of cimifugin against focal cerebral ischaemic injury through inhibition of oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis, and iNOS/COX-2 signalling.","authors":"Yongbin Liao, Ni Wang","doi":"10.5603/fm.106197","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.106197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a leading cause of long-term neurological disability and mortality, primarily due to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and neuronal apoptosis. Despite extensive therapeutic research, the successful clinical translation of neuroprotective agents remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of cimifugin - a flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties - in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Rats were subjected to MCAO and treated with cimifugin at doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg. Behavioural assessment was performed using the neurological deficit score and Morris water maze test. Brain infarct volume was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Histological and biochemical analyses were conducted to assess cerebral oedema, oxidative stress markers, eg., malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH), inflammatory cytokines eg., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), apoptotic cell death, and the expression ofinducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cimifugin significantly improved neurological outcomes in a dose-dependent manner, as indicated by reduced neurological deficit scores and enhanced cognitive performance in the Morris water maze test. TTC staining revealed a marked reduction in infarct volume, particularly at 30 mg/kg. Cimifugin treatment also attenuated cerebral oedema and markedly decreased neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, it reduced MDA levels while enhancing SOD and GSH activities, indicating robust antioxidative effects. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), as well as iNOS and COX-2, was significantly downregulated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cimifugin exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral I/R injury through multiple mechanisms, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic pathways. These findings highlight cimifugin as a promising, low-toxicity, plant-derived candidate for managing ischaemic stroke and related cerebrovascular diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"e01726033"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ramification of the dorsal clitoral nerve along its course on the human clitoris.","authors":"Michael Wolf-Vollenbröker, Lea Piermaier, Timm J Filler, Dan Mon O'Dey","doi":"10.5603/fm.107254","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.107254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The detailed anatomy of the human bulboclitoral organ remains, despite recent efforts of morphological disciplines, a largely unstudied area. In particular, to understand the functional role of the clitoris it requires detailed anatomical studies of the nervous structures supplying the organ, especially the dorsal clitoral nerve. Although there are rough descriptions of this nerve, there is little reliable information about its exact ramification and where and how many branches leave or enter the main trunk. This knowledge is essential in this era of highly specialized microsurgery and will help to understand clitoral physiology and to design novel surgical techniques to restore clitoral function.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We examined n = 9 human clitoris specimens from fresh body donors (age range: 64-90 years). These were harvested in an unfixed state, afterwards formaldehyde-fixed, and made transparent as macroscopic specimens using modified Sihler staining. The course and ramification of the stained nerve fascicles could be determined during diaphanoscopic microdissection with the help of a macroscope.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As result of the study, two ramification hotspots were determined. The first hotspot shows an average of 1.8 fascicles separate within the clitoral suspensory ligament, with 67% belonging to the ascending and 33% to the prepubic segment of the dorsal clitoral nerve. More distally and based on the information as to whether the glans and prepuce are innervated by medial or lateral fascicles, a classification (types I-IV) of the ramification possibilities as a second hotspot has been established. Furthermore, it has been found that clitoral innervation is not bilaterally symmetrical and that there is a nerve-free area ventral to the glans.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In addition to a general understanding of the course of the dorsal clitoral nerve, the knowledge gained also serves as a basis for the development of new and the improvement of established surgical techniques for the reconstruction of clitoral function after pathological changes or defective interventions (e.g., female genital mutilation/cutting).</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726046"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147608478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of mandibular morphological markers in determining sex and age: anatomical and anthropometric analysis.","authors":"Adem Tokpınar, Yarenkür Alkan","doi":"10.5603/fm.104230","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.104230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sex estimation is a very important part of anthropological and forensic research. After the pelvic skeleton, the skull is the easiest place to distinguish sex. The morphological characteristics of the mandible, which is the largest and strongest bone in the skull, play an important role in sex estimation because it varies according to age, sex and race.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In our study, mandibular length (ML), symphysis height (SH), bimental width (BMW), bicondylar width (BCW), bigonial width (BGW), ramus height (RH) and ramus width (RW) were morphologically examined on 130 dry mandibular bones of which age and sex were estimated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bigonial width, a key indicator of mandibular width, also showed significant differences between the sexes in all age groups (p < 0.05), with males having wider mandibles. Other significant differences were observed for bimental width in the 20-25, 31-35 and 51-55 age groups, and for bicondylar width in the 20-25 and 31-35 age groups. On the other hand, ramus width showed no statistically significant differences between males and females in any age group, suggesting a more uniform characteristic between the sexes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In our study, it can be seen that there are significant sex differences in the various dimensions of the mandible, and that males in general have larger dimensions compared to females. In this context, the morphological findings of our study provide an accurate estimation of the age and sex of the individual.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"e01726032"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effect of curcumin and adriamycin on apoptosis in retinal tumor cells: a molecular and cellular analysis.","authors":"Semih Doğan, Mehmet Cudi Tuncer, İlhan Özdemir","doi":"10.5603/fm.104970","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.104970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Retinoblastoma (RB) is a highly aggressive eye tumor that directly affects many children due to socioeconomic and medical constraints. Although there are various approaches to the treatment of RB, satisfactory results have not been obtained. Natural products of plant origin have shown therapeutic effects in the treatment of various tumors and are widely used in RB research. Curcumin (Cur) is closely related to the expression and activity of various regulatory proteins. In this study, the anticancer role of combining Cur with a strong chemotherapeutic agent such as adriamycin (Adr) was demonstrated.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The human retinoblastoma cell line WERI-Rb-1 (HTB-169) was used in the study. Cytotoxicity was found to increase in cancer cells treated with IC50 doses of Cur and Adr for 48 hours in combined applications. Differences in the mRNA levels of Caspase-3, P53, and Survivin genes, which are important triggers and regulators of apoptosis in treated cells, were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cur and Adr treatment caused a significant increase in both Caspase-3 and P53 mRNA levels, whereas a significant decrease was detected in the mRNA level of Survivin (p < 0.05). In this study, it was shown for the first time that Cur and Adr can exhibit anticancer properties by triggering the apoptotic death pathway in retinoblastoma cell lines.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"e01726099"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The anatomy of the lateral circumflex femoral artery and its descending branch in the computed tomography angiography: significance for reconstructive surgery.","authors":"Cyryl Szafarenko, Patryk Ostrowski, Michał Bonczar, Bartłomiej Stachera, Ignacy Jastrzębski, Elżbieta Szczepanek, Adam Laskowski, Anna Yevstifeieva, Wadim Wojciechowski, Jerzy A Walocha, Mateusz Koziej","doi":"10.5603/fm.106134","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.106134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) is a short branch of the deep femoral artery, considered an important vessel in numerous reconstructive and revascularization surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the topographic and morphometric features of the LCFA and its descending branch.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Abdominal and pelvic computed tomography angiography data from 75 consecutive patients were analyzed. A total of 136 arteries were classified for the study and investigated in 17 categories, including morphometric (diameter, length) and topographical (origin pattern, relation to anatomically significant landmarks) parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most prevalent artery of origin of the LCFA was found to be the deep femoral artery (76.5%). The median diameter of the LCFA at its origin was found to be 5.28 mm (LQ = 4.57; HQ = 6.28). The median cross-sectional area of the LCFA at its origin was set to be 17.63 mm² (LQ = 13.39; HQ = 23.26).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study results confirm the morphometric and topographical variability of both the LCFA and its descending branch. Additionally, our study presented significant data regarding the spatial relationship between these vessels and nearby landmarks, such as the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis. The obtained data may be used as a source of knowledge for surgeons performing penile revascularizations and reconstructive procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"e01726105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological analysis of normal human lumbar dorsal root ganglion.","authors":"Marek Misiak, Michał Grzegorczyk, Bogdan Ciszek","doi":"10.5603/fm.110315","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.110315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contains the somata of primary sensory neurons. The structure of the DRG is important for understanding the mechanisms of several diseases (e.g., low back pain or sciatica) and the variability in the distribution of regional anesthesia. DRG is also highly sensitive to mechanical compression in radiculopathy. Neuromonitoring and neurostimulation technologies require appropriate electrode placement, which depends on the ganglion's structure. According to certain reports, biganglia occur relatively frequently in the lumbar nerves. This study aimed to investigate the normal morphological features and variations of the human lumbar DRG.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Microanatomic dissections of the lumbar nerves were performed in 10 human cadavers fixed in 10% formalin (6 males and 4 females, aged 69-97 years). A total of 100 DRGs were analyzed morphologically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bilateral dissection of the DRG (L1-L5) revealed three types of structures: single ganglion, biganglion, and triganglion. Monoganglion was found most often at the levels of L1 and L2, while polyganglia, such as biganglion or triganglion, may be found at L2, L3, L4, or L5. Distinct layers of connective tissue separate independent ganglion components. In cases of transitional morphology, the division of ganglion components was partial.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The presence of biganglion or triganglion might affect the quality of electrical stimulation of the DRG. The connective tissue between the ganglion components of a polyganglion might influence the spread of impulses. A classification of DRG morphology is proposed. Further research should clarify the distribution of dermatomal innervation of the ganglion components.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726067"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147766754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Location and applied anatomy of the mandibular foramen among individuals of different sagittal facial types in Asians.","authors":"Zheng He, Jie Shi, Kan Wang, Yuchi Feng, Lei Zhang","doi":"10.5603/fm.111811","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.111811","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Failure of inferior alveolar nerve block may be attributable to anatomical variations in the location of the mandibular foramen. This study aimed to determine the 3D location of the mandibular foramen (MF) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and compare the measurements across different sagittal facial types in Asians.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>CBCT scans of 60 mandibles (10 retrognathic, 10 normal, 10 prognathic per gender) were analyzed. The injection pathway was simulated as a line through MF and contralateral lower premolar (MF-cL4). The distances from MF to ramus borders and the angles between MF-cL4 and the mid-sagittal plane (MSP), the mandibular plane (MP) and the lower occlusal plane (LOP) were measured. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and two-way ANOVA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Distances from MF to the ramus borders were significantly greater in males than in females (p < 0.05). The distance between MF and the sigmoid notch of prognathic mandibles was greater than in normal/retrognathic types (p < 0.05). Angle MF-cL4-MSP was highly stable at 50.9° ± 2.9°, whereas angle MF-cL4-LOP exhibited significant individual variation with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 63.9%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In Asians, MF was consistently located within the upper posterior quadrant of the ramus. Its anteroposterior position remains stable when referenced to MSP and cL4. In prognathic mandibles, MF positioned inferiorly relative to normal and retrognathic mandibles.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726096"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147981280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology and topography of the supraorbital notch and foramen in medieval and contemporary skulls.","authors":"Aleksandra K Gawlikowska-Sroka, Jacek Szczurowski, Wioletta Nowaczewska, Łukasz Stocki","doi":"10.5603/fm.111947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.111947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The supraorbital foramen or notch constitutes an important anatomical landmark for maxillofacial surgery, regional anesthesia, and ophthalmologic procedures. Considerable variability in its morphology and location has been reported in different groups. The aim of the study was to assess the morphological and morphometric variability of the supraorbital foramen in medieval and contemporary skulls and to analyze its asymmetry and clinical relevance.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study included 234 adult male skulls originating from Central European skeletal samples: 87 contemporary skulls from the early 20th century and 147 medieval skulls (11th-16th centuries). Morphological assessment included identification of the supraorbital notch, complete foramen, and incomplete foramen. Morphometric measurements were performed using an electronic caliper and included distances between the supraorbital foramen and selected anthropometric landmarks. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test, paired Student's t-test, and chi-square test with Yates correction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The supraorbital notch occurred in 54.5% of contemporary skulls and 71% of medieval skulls. The frequency of a complete supraorbital foramen did not differ significantly between the groups. In the contemporary group, significantly greater distances were observed between the supraorbital foramen and the frontozygomatic suture as well as the superior temporal line. Most other morphometric parameters did not show statistically significant differences between the groups. A small but consistent side asymmetry of the supraorbital region was observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The supraorbital notch is the predominant morphological variant in both medieval and contemporary groups. Although certain differences in lateral frontal bone measurements were observed, the general topography of the supraorbital foramen appears relatively stable. The observed variability and asymmetry should be considered during surgical and anesthetic procedures involving the supraorbital region.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148711899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The anatomy of the posterior cerebral artery - a detailed analysis.","authors":"Malwina Błaszczyk, Bartłomiej Stachera, Jakub Gliwa, Marek Kachnic, Michał Bonczar, Maciej Lis, Wadim Wojciechowski, Mateusz Koziej, Jerzy Mituś, Jerzy A Walocha","doi":"10.5603/fm.110766","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.110766","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to comprehensively characterize posterior cerebral artery (PCA) anatomy by assessing the prevalence of adult, transitional, and fetal PCA configurations, as well as evaluating side- and sex-related differences and age-related correlations.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Computed tomography angiography (CTA) examinations of the head and neck from 100 consecutive patients were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final study group included 176 sides. In all analyzed cases, the PCA was present and originated from the basilar artery (BA). Posterior communicating artery (PCoA) was observed in 130 cases (73.9%). In the remaining 46 cases (26.1%), the PCoA was aplastic. A duplicated PCoA was identified in five cases (2.8%). The median diameter of the PCA at its origin was 3.20 mm [lower quartile (LQ) = 2.90; upper quartile (UQ) = 3.47], while its median cross-sectional area was 6.12 mm² (LQ = 5.10; UQ = 7.05). The most common variation of the PCA, according to the classification by Nas et al., was the adult type (n = 103; 82.4%). The fetal and transitional types occurred in 17 (13.6%) and 5 (4.0%) cases, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present study emphasizes that variability of the PCA and PCoA is the rule rather than the exception and should be regarded as a clinically meaningful feature of cerebral circulation. The high prevalence of incomplete or atypical posterior circle configurations highlights the need for careful, individualized interpretation of neuroimaging, particularly in the context of ischemic stroke mechanisms, collateral capacity, and treatment planning. Demographic influences on vascular morphology further support the importance of considering patient-specific factors rather than relying on simplified anatomical models. Overall, consistent definitions and population-based data are essential for translating anatomical knowledge of the posterior circulation into reliable clinical and radiological practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726030"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147510925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical corrosion casts of the bony labyrinth and related intratemporal structures manufactured from Wood's metal.","authors":"Janusz Skrzat, Magdalena Kozerska, Wojciech Ryniewicz, Jerzy Walocha","doi":"10.5603/fm.108720","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.108720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study examines corrosion casts of intratemporal structures made from Wood's metal by Polish anatomist prof. Adam Bochenek (1875-1913). A total of four specimens belong to the historical collection housed in the Anatomical Museum of the Jagiellonian University, Medical College in Cracow, Poland. The metallic casts clearly demonstrate tiny neurovascular channels and other anatomical features within the petrous part of the temporal bone, offering valuable insights into their true-to-scale three-dimensional morphology. The following structures of the ear were identified: the bony labyrinth, the internal acoustic meatus (IAM), the facial canal (FC), the semicanal for the tensor tympani (STT), the semicanal for the auditory tube (SAT), the cochlear aqueduct (CA), the vestibular aqueduct (VA), the posterior ampullary nerve (PAN), the conduits for the cochlear and vestibular nerves, the caroticotympanic canaliculus (CCA), and the inferior tympanic canaliculus (ITC). Furthermore, the carotid canal (CC), the jugular fossa (JF) and the air cells of the temporal bone were also visible on the metallic casts. Our findings highlight the value of the corrosion cast techniques used in the past for advancing otological research and educational purposes. Remarkably, these casts closely resemble modern 3D-printed replicas derived from high-resolution tomography, highlighting the enduring value of early anatomical casting methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726043"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147590807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}