Folia morphologica最新文献

{"title":"Meyer's loop and its anatomical importance in surgical planning - a systematic review.","authors":"Agata Mazurek, Urszula Durlak, Viktoriia Popadynets, Julia Dyrcz, Jerzy A Walocha, Tomasz Iskra","doi":"10.5603/fm.104490","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.104490","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Meyer's loop (ML), the anterior extension of the optic radiation, is critical in neurosurgical planning for temporal lobe procedures. Establishment of accurate localization of ML relative to key anatomical landmarks is crucial to minimize post-surgical visual field deficits.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases from September to December 2024, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Anatomical and radiological studies focused on distances from Meyer's loop to surgical landmarks were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 1,466 identified studies, 27 met the inclusion criteria (21 radiological and 6 anatomical). 26 of included articles presented measurements of ML-TP distance which ranged from 14.0 to 54.4 mm. Asymmetry of the ML was observed in approximately half of the cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This review highlights the variability in ML positioning. Thorough individualized surgical planning with properly selected imaging protocol might reduce the risk of postoperative visual field deficits.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"e01726054"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143673542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probable bilateral bifid fifth ribs in a Joseon-period Korean skeleton: anatomical documentation using three-dimensional surface models.","authors":"Yi-Suk Kim, Myeung Ju Kim, Eun Jin Woo, Kyong Taek Oh, Hee Mok Yun, Jindo Hwang, Chang Seok Oh","doi":"10.5603/fm.113551","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.113551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A bifid rib is a congenital anatomical variation in which a rib divides into two branches near its distal or sternal end. Bilateral involvement at the same rib level is rare, and osteological documentation in archaeological skeletal remains is scarce because the distal ends of ribs are often damaged postmortem.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>We examined the skeleton of an adult male from the Joseon period recovered from Anseong-si, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea. Serial arrangement of the preserved ribs and comparison with the adjacent fourth and sixth ribs supported the identification of the affected elements as the right and left fifth ribs. Both ribs displayed a single head and body, with a distal/sternal bifurcation forming deep, U-shaped clefts. Most terminal surfaces, where costal cartilage would have attached, were damaged, and radiographic or computed tomographic examination was not performed. Three-dimensional surface models were used to document the external morphology and illustrate the approximate anatomical positions of the affected ribs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings support a probable bilateral bifid morphology of the fifth ribs, providing a rare archaeological example of same-level bilateral costal variation. Although postmortem damage precluded the assessment of branch symmetry, the preserved features indicate a deep, U-shaped bifurcation. This case broadens the osteological record of bifid ribs in archaeological human remains and highlights the importance of explicitly addressing preservation-related limitations when evaluating congenital rib variations in such remains.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726156"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149037291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptations and innovations in histology and embryology education during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.","authors":"Munirah Batarfi, Abdulrahman Alraddadi","doi":"10.5603/fm.106914","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.106914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As an alternative to traditional teaching, online education enabled the continuity of histology and embryology learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review explores the new tools adopted for histology and embryology education during the pandemic and examines students' perceptions, acceptance, and engagement with e-learning.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines by searching six databases: PubMed, Cochrane Reviews, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. We used the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist to assess the quality of the included studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 338 studies initially identified, 26 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies reported positive perceptions, with the availability of technology, the pedagogical setup of the online course, and schedule autonomy being the most common reasons. However, the negative views identified concerned limited face-to-face interaction with instructors, interruptions in internet connectivity, and technical issues. Students' perception, acceptance, attendance, and engagement in online education were favorable, as reflected in positive findings on their performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, students' perception of online histology and embryology courses during the COVID-19 lockdown was positive, with some areas identified for further improvement. Additional research is needed to assess educators' perceptions of histology and embryology education during the pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"e01726122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147442983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linear arrangement of bony outgrowths of the distal phalanges of the foot in relation to ligamentous structures: a radiological analysis.","authors":"Aleksandra Bitenc-Jasiejko, Janusz Moryś, Marcelina Bitenc-Jasiejko, Krzysztof Konior, Krystiana Kijak, Piotr Skomro, Danuta Lietz","doi":"10.5603/fm.113672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.113672","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Long-term observation of patients with complaints involving the distal phalanx of the hallux (disturbances of nail plate growth, periungual fold changes, and abnormal alignment of the distal phalanx relative to the proximal phalanx) has drawn attention to recurrent bony changes on its lateral aspects. These observations provided part of the rationale for earlier anatomical studies, which confirmed the presence of the collateral ligaments of the distal phalanges of the foot macroscopically and histologically. Such bony changes have previously been classified as exostoses, osteophytes, or nonspecific bony outgrowths. The study aimed to assess, by retrospective radiological analysis, the morphology of bony outgrowths on the lateral aspects of the distal phalanx of the hallux and their possible relationship to the topography of the ligamentous structures described previously.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The material comprised radiographs of the toes from 54 patients aged 29-65 years who were examined in routine clinical practice. The qualitative analysis assessed the location, shape, direction of growth, spatial relationships, and continuity of the lesions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The bony outgrowths on the lateral aspects of the distal phalanx of the hallux were neither random nor scattered but formed an ordered, linear arrangement that may correspond to the topography of the ligamentous structures.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This pattern suggests a link with chronic overload of the ligamentous attachments and a possible enthesopathic nature. The findings indicate that this mechanism should be considered in the differential diagnosis and radiological classification of these bony changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149135446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The complex architecture of the semitendinosus muscle belly: insights from adult and fetal anatomy with clinical implications.","authors":"Dawid W Dziedzic, Urszula Bogacka-Wójcik, Martyna Kędra, Ewa Ungier, Arkadiusz Kowalczyk, Bogdan Ciszek","doi":"10.5603/fm.106712","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.106712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The semitendinosus muscle, a common hamstring injury site, often sustains damage at its myotendinous junctions. Understanding these connections is crucial for comprehending injury mechanisms and guiding treatment. This study aimed to investigate the semitendinosus muscle's architecture in adults and fetuses.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>50 semitendinosus muscles from adult cadavers and 20 from fetal specimens were analyzed using standard anatomical dissection methods. An ultrasound examination was conducted on 20 semitendinosus muscles in living individuals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proximal origin of the semitendinosus muscle was consistently divided into two distinct parts: a common part shared with the long head of the biceps femoris, and a solitary part originating directly from the ischial tuberosity. The presence of a tendinous intersection within the muscle belly, dividing most muscle fibers, was confirmed and investigated. Five categories of muscle fibers were identified based on their anatomical course, either inserting into the tendinous intersection or bypassing it, extending directly between the muscle's origins and distal tendon. In fetal specimens, two distinct origin sites and the tendinous intersection dividing the muscle belly into two parts were also discernible. The proportions between muscle parts in fetuses and adults were notably similar.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A detailed understanding of the semitendinosus muscle's architecture is vital for improving our grasp of injuries and optimizing treatment strategies. This structural intricacy further points to more complex biomechanics, suggesting specialized functions for its individual segments. The presence of these divisions in fetal specimens confirms their early developmental determination, unaffected by postnatal influences.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726058"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The re-establishment of medical education in Lviv: a Habsburg legacy of politics, architecture, mand academic exchange.","authors":"Uliana Pidvalna, Ryszard W Gryglewski, Lesya Mateshuk-Vatseba, Yuriy Dubyk, Wolfgang J Weninger, Sophia Bauer, Leo Schaukal","doi":"10.5603/fm.109700","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.109700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The ceremonial inauguration of the Medical Faculty at Lviv University on September 9, 1894, by Emperor Franz Joseph, signified the culmination of a decades-long endeavor to reestablish medical education in Lviv. The institution was initially established in 1784 under the auspices of Emperor Joseph II. However, it was subsequently dissolved in 1805 and subsequently reinstated in 1817, albeit without a medical faculty. This study provides an analysis of the faculty's complete restoration as a result of international and interdisciplinary collaboration within the political, academic, and architectural spheres in the 19th century within the Habsburg Empire.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Utilizing archival collections from Ukraine, Austria, and Poland, along with university repositories and current publications, this study performs a contextual and actor-focused analysis. Stakeholders are categorized into three sectors: governmental, academic, and technical. These categories are used to examine their respective roles and interactions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The reestablishment of the university was driven by the sustained advocacy of Lviv's academic community, with support from the Galician Governorship, and it was officially authorized by the Viennese Ministry of Education through an Imperial Decree in 1891. Academic contributions from prominent scholars in Lviv, including Henryk Kadyi, and in Cracow, such as Ludwik Teichmann and Napoleon Cybulski, exerted a significant influence on the curriculum and spatial organization of the faculty. The supervision of the construction process was overseen by architect Josef Braunseis and builder Ivan Levynsky, who engaged in close consultation with academic experts. International suppliers furnished essential materials and equipment. The medical faculty was officially established in 1894, with the inaugural academic year commencing in 1894/95.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The restoration of the Medical Faculty in Lviv serves as a prime example of a trans-regional, interdisciplinary Habsburg endeavor, integrating political vision, scientific leadership, and architectural innovation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726027"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147503498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Renal structural changes and apelin receptor expression in spontaneously hypertensive rats: implications for hypertension-induced kidney injury.","authors":"Stancho Stanchev, Lyubomir Gaydarski, Iva N Dimitrova, Georgi Kotov, Boycho Landzhov, Vidin Kirkov, Alexandar Iliev","doi":"10.5603/fm.100637","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.100637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Arterial hypertension is a primary risk factor for kidney disease. Recent advances have implied a potential link between the apelin system and renal homeostasis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The authors used 6- and 12-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats and age-matched normotensive controls to assess changes in the renal expression of the apelin receptor by the immunohistochemical method. The study also evaluated correlations between the renal apelin receptor's expression and renal injury indicators.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Histological analysis showed elevated glomerular sclerosis and tubulointerstitial damage indices in both groups of hypertensive rats compared to age-matched controls. Older rats within each group exhibited higher scores than younger ones. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed varying apelin receptor expression patterns, with tubular expression intensifying with both hypertension severity and age. Glomerular expression was notably higher in older hypertensive rats compared to normotensive controls. The authors found significant positive correlations between glomerular apelin receptor expression and glomerular sclerosis index in older hypertensive animals. Similarly, a positive correlation between tubular apelin receptor expression and tubulointerstitial damage index was discovered in hypertensive rats, suggesting hypertension-related changes in apelin receptor expression and renal damage.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study found kidney changes and varying apelin receptor correlations in hypertensive rat kidneys, suggesting complex roles requiring further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"e01726022"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142282701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of adominal aortic morphology and bifurcation angles in adults using 128-slice computed tomography: a population-specific study in Vietnam.","authors":"Ngo Xuan Khoa, Vo Tien Huy, Nguyen The Thai, Nguyen Xuan Hien","doi":"10.5603/fm.106641","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.106641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomical characteristics of the abdominal aorta in adult Vietnamese individuals using 128-slice computed tomography (CT).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This descriptive, retrospective study analysed 128-slice contrast-enhanced CT images from 193 Vietnamese adults acquired at Tam Anh General Hospital, Hanoi, between December 2023 and December 2024. Measurements included the termination level of the abdominal aorta, aortic diameter at three standardised levels (origin, above renal arteries, and bifurcation), total aortic length, and the bifurcation angle between the common iliac arteries. Data was processed using MIP and VR reconstruction techniques and analysed using SPSS v20.0 software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most frequent termination level was the L4-L5 intervertebral disc (27.5%), followed by the L4 vertebral body (26.4%). The mean aortic diameters were 19.84 ± 2.76 mm at the origin, 17.45 ± 2.44 mm above the renal arteries, and 14.55 ± 2.10 mm at the bifurcation. Males had significantly larger diameters than females at all levels (p < 0.001). The mean aortic length was 138.98 ± 12.15 mm, with males showing significantly longer aortas than females (143.88 ± 11.57 mm vs 134.03 ± 10.66 mm, p < 0.001). The average bifurcation angle was 43.2° ± 9.52°, with no significant difference between sexes (p = 0.45).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study has provided detailed morphometric data of the abdominal aorta in a Vietnamese population, revealing significant sex-based differences in diameter and length, with implications for clinical decision-making, particularly in endovascular procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":" ","pages":"e01726011"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical variations of hip acetabulum and femoral head-neck junction may predispose to clinical consequences: a case-based discussion of complex morphological interactions.","authors":"Wojciech Bocheński, Marcin Mostowy, Przemysław Pękala, Jerzy A Walocha, Janusz Moryś, Ilona Klejbor, Konrad Malinowski","doi":"10.5603/fm.109706","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.109706","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) morphology is defined by anatomical variants that may predispose to mechanical conflict between the bony structures of the acetabulum and proximal femur with underlying bony incongruence leading to damage of adjacent tissues. Repetitive abnormal contact in this region can contribute to the formation of herniation pits (HPs) in the anterosuperior femoral head-neck junction, which may exacerbate symptoms and complicate surgical management of FAI.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>This case report describes a 55-year-old male who underwent arthroscopic osteochondroplasty for mixed-type FAI morphology, combined with resection of a large HP and subsequent cavity filling using allogenic bone graft. Importantly, even though he did not have classic acetabular overcoverage, focal acetabular retroversion resulted in mechanical impingement when combined with anatomical variation of the femoral head-neck junction and patient's activity patterns. The postoperative course was uneventful, and graft incorporation was confirmed during the three-year follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case highlights the anatomical and surgical interplay between osseous morphology, soft-tissue integrity, and joint biomechanics in the setting of FAI. Importantly, the various FAI morphologies should be considered anatomical variants that, when combined with specific movement patterns or loading conditions, may predispose to impingement and subsequent clinical symptoms. Additionally, this case demonstrates that allogenic bone grafts used to fill the herniation pit cavity can successfully incorporate into the surrounding bone, even in the anterosuperior femoral neck - a region known for relatively limited vascular supply.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726005"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146178680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reclassification of the human masseter muscle: anatomical, histological, and ultrasonographic characterization of its deep layer.","authors":"Subin Hur, Jiin Kim, Hye Jung Cho, Young-Suk Cho, Kwang Il Nam","doi":"10.5603/fm.109820","DOIUrl":"10.5603/fm.109820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent studies have challenged the traditional two-layer description of the masseter, suggesting a distinct innermost layer. Clarifying the identity of this structure requires integration of macroscopic, histological, and functional perspectives.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We examined 22 Korean cadavers using lateral and medial dissection routes. We prepared transverse histological sections (H&E and Masson's trichrome) and performed ultrasonography at standardized anatomical landmarks. Morphometric variables were recorded, and associations with sex and age were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The innermost layer originated from the medial surface of the zygomatic arch and inserted onto the mandibular notch and posterior coronoid process. Well-defined fascial planes separated this layer from the temporalis and from the traditional deep portion of the masseter, designated here as the middle part. Comparative anatomy linked this layer to the maxillomandibularis in nonhuman primates. Quantitative analyses showed pronounced sexual dimorphism and progressive age-related atrophy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We propose redefining the masseter as a three-layer muscle - superficial, middle (formerly deep), and deep (the newly characterized layer). This framework increases anatomical precision and evolutionary continuity and may provide a more reliable basis for future functional studies and clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12251,"journal":{"name":"Folia morphologica","volume":"85 ","pages":"e01726004"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146178713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}