Field Crops Research最新文献

{"title":"Long-term field study on corn response to sulfur fertilization in Iowa, USA","authors":"Cecilia Crespo ,&nbsp;John L. Kovar ,&nbsp;Chad E. Hart ,&nbsp;Richard T. Roth ,&nbsp;Peter L. O’Brien ,&nbsp;Sabrina J. Ruis","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Declines in atmospheric sulfur (S) deposition and S removal through cropping have increased response to S fertilization in many crops. Yet, responses to S fertilization by corn (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) have been inconsistent.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We aimed to: (i) determine corn grain yield response to S fertilizer; (ii) evaluate pre-plant soil S and plant S at different growth stages as S diagnostic methods of corn S status; and (iii) explore the cost-effectiveness of S sources under historical and current market price conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twelve field experiments were conducted in central Iowa, USA, to evaluate corn response to ammonium sulfate (AMS), ammonium thiosulfate (ATS), and gypsum (GYP) applied at 34 kg S ha⁻¹. Extractable soil S was measured before planting, and S concentrations in plants at V5, in ear leaves at mid-silk R1 stage, and in grain were determined. Grain yield was measured at R6.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Sulfur fertilization increased S concentration in 50 % of trials at V5, 33 % at mid-silk, and 30 % in grain. Grain yield increased in only 17 % of trials (6.2–34 % greater than the control). Extractable S, soil organic matter, and S concentration in corn tissue failed as predictors of grain yield response. Economic return from S fertilization via AMS and ATS was positive at current price levels (average return up to $ 27.6 ha⁻¹), after accounting for the value of N in the fertilizer.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Overall, our results showed that S application may improve early season S uptake by the corn plant but rarely increases grain yield. However, long-term positive economic returns are possible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 109990"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of intercropping perennial legumes on intermediate wheatgrass productivity","authors":"Alexandra J. Griffin,&nbsp;Jacob M. Jungers","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Intermediate wheatgrass (<em>Thinopyrum intermedium</em>; IWG) is a perennial, cool-season grass undergoing domestication as a grain and forage crop. Intercropping perennial legumes with IWG could reduce synthetic N fertilizer inputs, improve forage quality, and provide pollinator resources. However, legumes may also compete with IWG for resources, the extent to which may depend on traits associated with legume species identity and IWG planting density.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Our objectives were to determine the effects of IWG planting density and legume species identity on IWG grain and vegetative biomass yield in an intercropping system.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A field trial with IWG planted at two densities, each as monocultures and bicultures with four intercropped legume species, was conducted two sites in Minnesota, USA for two years. Grain and vegetative biomass were measured from the IWG, and vegetative biomass was measured from the legumes. The legume species tested were alfalfa (<em>Medicago sativa</em>), Canada milkvetch (<em>Astralagus canadensis</em>), Illinois bundleflower (<em>Desmanthus illinoensis</em>), and white clover (<em>Trifolium repens</em>).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>High planting density increased IWG grain and biomass at most site-year combinations. Legume biomass in the intercrop was highly variable among species, sites, and years, yet rarely did it reduce IWG grain and biomass yields below that of the unfertilized IWG monoculture. There was no consistent negative effect of intercropping legumes on total biomass productivity, and when we used the relative yield metric to quantify the land-use efficiency of growing IWG in an intercrop with legumes, we found that for most site-years there was a neutral or positive effect of intercropping legumes. Alfalfa was the most productive legume, with a maximum yield of 5993 kg ha⁻¹ at one site-year, and across all treatments higher legume biomass was associated with lower grain yields.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>This study demonstrates that legumes can be intercropped with IWG to generate both grain and forage while possibly limiting synthetic nitrogen inputs. Although vigorously growing legumes may impose competitive effects causing a decline in IWG grain production, competition may not reduce IWG vegetative biomass or overall biomass productivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 109954"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-farm assessment of phosphorus fertilization influence on yield and soil P balance of full-season soybean in the Argentinean Pampas","authors":"Mariana Antonietta ,&nbsp;José Micheloud ,&nbsp;María Paolini ,&nbsp;Gustavo Martini ,&nbsp;Juan J. Guiamet ,&nbsp;Emilio Satorre","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>The Argentinean Pampas face high soil nutrient mining rates that threaten soil quality and future crop production. Phosphorus (P) depletion is closely associated to soybean, which has increased the interest on soybean P management.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To assess the influence of on-farm P fertilization on yield and soil P balance of full-season soybean.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used a database gathered by the Argentinean Association of Regional Consortiums for Agricultural Experimentation that included four agro-ecological regions within the Argentinean Pampas (Centre, Sandy West, West and Southeast) and six seasons (2017–2023) with a total of 15753 cases. Cases were divided according to P fertilization in: low P (LP, 7972 cases) and high P fields (HP, 7781 cases), receiving less than or at least 7 kg P ha⁻¹, respectively. Differential distribution of yield data between LP and HP fields was analyzed considering environmental yield ranges, seasonal rainfall and soil P Bray1 values.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Across regions, significantly higher yields (7–27 %) were obtained in HP fields compared to LP fields, with largest relative differences at low-yielding percentiles. Seasonal rainfall had a varying influence suggesting a role of the organic-P fraction during rainy years. Relative HP yields were larger than expected from soil P Bray1 values. Mean soil P balance was negative but improved with P fertilization.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our results suggest widespread P limitations for soybean yields in the Pampas under a scenario of progressive P depletion with increasing pressure over the organic-P pool, highlighting the need for novel approaches towards closing nutrient cycles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 109986"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective application of farmyard manure to phosphorus-deficient soils improves rice yields in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights from field trials and literature review","authors":"Hidetoshi Asai ,&nbsp;Andry Andriamananjara ,&nbsp;Michel Rabenarivo ,&nbsp;Hobimiarantsoa Rakotonindrina ,&nbsp;Yasuhiro Tsujimoto ,&nbsp;Tomohiro Nishigaki ,&nbsp;Toshiyuki Takai ,&nbsp;Takanori Okamoto","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109932","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109932","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Farmyard manure (FYM) is an important nutrient resource for smallholder rice farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, optimal strategies for consecutive FYM application or its combination with mineral fertilizers on low-nutrient soils remain unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study evaluates the effectiveness of FYM in enhancing rice yields on phosphorus (P)-deficient soils in SSA.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study comprises multi-year field trials and a supporting literature review. Field trials at four sites with varying soil P availability in Madagascar's central highlands tested FYM’s effectiveness under different fertilizer management; no fertilizer, nitrogen (N) only, P only and combined NP. Additionally, a literature review of FYM trials was also performed to compared yield responses to FYM on low- and high-P soils in SSA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In P-deficient soils with baseline yields of 1.8 t·ha⁻¹, application of FYM alone (8–12 t·ha⁻¹) increased rice yields by approximately 1.5 t·ha⁻¹ on average over four seasons—comparable to the yield gain of 2.0 t·ha⁻¹ achieved with inorganic NP fertilizers alone. Conversely, the impact of FYM was reduced in P-sufficient soils or when P fertilizer was supplied. In cool regions, where delayed flowering from P deficiency increases cold stress risk, FYM shortened the days to flowering, synchronizing the flowering period within optimal temperatures. Moreover, yield benefits further improved with repeated FYM application, particularly when combined with N fertilizer at P-deficient soils.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Field trials demonstrate the effectiveness of FYM for boosting yields, particularly under P-deficient conditions in Madagascar and the review suggests these finding apply broadly across SSA.</div></div><div><h3>Implications</h3><div>These findings highlight the need for site-specific FYM management. Due to the variability of soil P availability in SSA, precise soil P diagnostics are essential to optimize FYM use for yield enhancement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 109932"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of climate change on potato yield and starch content","authors":"M. Gouerou ,&nbsp;M. Visse-Mansiaux ,&nbsp;Y. Brostaux ,&nbsp;C. Deleu ,&nbsp;F. Val ,&nbsp;L. Leport ,&nbsp;B. Dupuis","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Potato (<em>Solanum tuberosum</em> L.) ranks as the fourth most important food crop after rice, wheat, and maize. In the literature, models have been developed to predict potato yield evolution due to climate change, projecting a decrease in production across various regions. This study was conducted on field data collected over 31 years in five contrasting sites in the Western Alps, Switzerland. Results show that 24 % of yield variation can be explained by the genotype, and 50 % by the environment. Among the studied meteorological conditions influencing the yield<em>,</em> 1) “total precipitation from tuber initiation to tuber harvest”, 2) “sum of solar irradiation from planting to maturity”, 3) “average temperature from planting to maturity” and, 4) “sum of daily maximal temperature from planting to maturity”, were the most important variables. The third variable exhibits a positive linear relationship with yield up to an average temperature of 16.5 °C during the growth season. Beyond this threshold, the relationship becomes negative and results in yield loss. Using this unprecedented dataset, we estimated potential yield losses in the Western Alps of Switzerland by the end of the century under three different Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (<em>i.e.</em> 2.6, 4.5, 8.5). In the short term, by 2035, yield losses are projected to range from 3.2 % to 15.0 % regardless of the scenarios. By 2060, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 predict the highest losses, reaching 22.7–50.3 % compared to the 1990–2020 average yield. The most significant loss was predicted under the RCP 8.5 long-term scenario, by 2085, with yield losses ranging from 24.2 % to 84.6 %. These losses are attributed to an estimated precipitation decrease of 42 % compared to the average of the past 30 years and a +7.2 °C increase in average temperature during the potato growth season. Except in the case of RCP 2.6, which estimates low yield losses compared to 1990–2020, this study anticipates significant yield losses by the end of the century in Switzerland. To mitigate these losses due to climate change, potential adaptation strategies include the adoption of drought or heat-stress-resistant genotypes, enhancements in irrigation systems, adjustments of planting schedules, and relocating planting sites to higher elevations. In addition, the G x E interaction effect should be considered in breeding strategies, to cope with climate change impacts on potato yield and to grow genotypes better adapted to their environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 109951"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sorghum genetic variability for adaptation to intercropping with cowpea in Sudano-Sahelian conditions","authors":"Louis-Marie Raboin ,&nbsp;Nofou Ouedraogo ,&nbsp;Mariam Kabore ,&nbsp;Yacouba Zabre ,&nbsp;Aminata Ganeme ,&nbsp;Laurent Bonnal ,&nbsp;Mohamed Habibou Assouma ,&nbsp;Eric Gozé ,&nbsp;Julie Dusserre","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Intercropping is a crop diversification strategy that enhances the sustainability of agricultural production systems by delivering a range of ecosystem services. It minimizes the risk of crop failure and increases land-use efficiency. However, limited knowledge exists about the varieties and traits that can enhance the performance of cereal/legume intercropping systems.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to explore the effect of sorghum genetic variability on intercropping performance and identify the genetic traits of sorghum that most influence the outcomes of intercropping.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Thirty sorghum varieties, representing a broad range of diversity, were grown both in pure stands and as intercrops, with a single cowpea variety used as a tester. The experiment was conducted in 2020 and 2021 in Burkina Faso, using a split-plot design with three replications each year. Genotype rankings were established for both cropping systems, and genotype × cropping system interactions were evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The total grain yield of the intercrop (sorghum + cowpea) was not significantly different from that of sorghum grown as a pure crop (2000 kg ha⁻¹ and 2051 kg ha⁻¹, respectively). However, the intercrop produced more grain protein (290 kg ha⁻¹) than the pure crop (217 kg ha⁻¹). Significant genotypic variability was observed for most traits, with few instances of significant genotype × cropping system interactions. No significant effect of sorghum genotypes on cowpea grain yield was found, nor was there a negative correlation between cowpea and sorghum grain yields in the intercrop. In 2021, competition was observed through a negative correlation between cowpea grain yield and sorghum biomass, as well as a positive correlation with sorghum harvest index. However, this competition was not for light, but for water.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The choice of sorghum varieties for intercropping in our conditions depends mainly on the farmer's objectives regarding grain quality and production, avoiding varieties with high biomass and low harvest index. Further research should focus on the effect of cowpea genetic variability on the performance of sorghum-cowpea intercropping.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 109984"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of soil profile greenhouse gas emissions to nitrogen fertilization: Three-year field observations and meta-analysis","authors":"Jin Liu ,&nbsp;Yangquanwei Zhong ,&nbsp;Jiajia Fu ,&nbsp;Zhouping Shangguan ,&nbsp;Lei Deng ,&nbsp;Weiming Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>A growing number of field studies have investigated the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, yet the N fertilization impacts on GHG fluxes in soil profile and its influencing factors remain unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The study aim to quantify the responses of GHG fluxes in the soil profile to N fertilization from local to global scales. Additionally, we explore the key drivers influencing soil profile GHG fluxes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a three-year experiment to investigate the dynamic of GHG fluxes in soil profile at different N rates (0 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, 180 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, 360 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) in a wheat cropland. Furthermore, a global meta-analysis that including 643 paired observations related to GHG fluxes in soil profile under N fertilization in dryland cropland worldwide was performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>N fertilization slightly increased CO₂ flux in the soil profile, while higher N rate increased N₂O flux in subsoil layer (20–60 cm). The N application rate, soil depth, growing season, and the changes in soil physicochemical properties (soil temperature and moisture, etc.) induced by these factors influenced GHG fluxes. The global meta-analysis revealed that N fertilization promoted CO₂ emission in surface soil layer (0–10 cm), and N₂O and CH₄ fluxes through the whole soil profile, except for CH₄ uptake below 60 cm. Soil texture and edaphic factor variations affected global GHG flux responses to N fertilization.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The divergent impacts of N fertilization on GHG fluxes among soil layers were driven by N-induced soil physicochemical property changes.</div></div><div><h3>Implications</h3><div>The study highlights the varied response of GHG fluxes in soil profile to N fertilization, and future studies on soil carbon and N cycling processes should incorporate subsoil layers GHG emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 109987"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilience of rapeseed to temperature increase during early grain filling in a high yielding environment","authors":"José F. Verdejo ,&nbsp;Daniel F. Calderini","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Global climate change is driving the temperature increase, which often reduces crop production. Most of the temperature increase studies in rapeseed have been conducted under controlled conditions, limiting their results to true field conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to assess the sensitivity of rapeseed to temperature increase during two phases of the early grain filling period in southern Chile, a high yield potential environment. To our knowledge, this is the first field study evaluating the effects of temperature increase at different phases after flowering in rapeseed.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Three field experiments were conducted with two adapted spring rapeseed hybrids, Lumen and Solar CL, under three temperature treatments: a control at ambient temperature, a 5°C increase from the beginning of flowering to 15 days after flowering (DAF), and the same temperature increase from 15 to 30 DAF.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Grain yield was minimally affected by increased temperature in Lumen, but grain yield was sensitive to heating in Solar CL (up to −35.9 %) during the 0–15 DAF period. In this hybrid, grain number decreased 26.8 % in response to higher temperature. On the contrary, grain weight and grain oil concentration were tolerant to higher temperature and grain protein concentration was increased by heating.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The higher grain yield resilience of Lumen could be due to the longer period between start of flowering and physiological maturity (11 days, 173.6 °Cd) than Solar CL. The lower impact of heating on grain yield and yield components reported in the present study across the genotypes would be attributed to the lower background temperature of southern Chile than in other environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 109950"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the impact of cover cropping and late-season N applications on soybean growth and biological N fixation","authors":"Mohammad Jan Shamim ,&nbsp;Anuj Chiluwal ,&nbsp;Erin Haramoto ,&nbsp;Seth Naeve ,&nbsp;Hanna Poffenbarger ,&nbsp;Larry C. Purcell ,&nbsp;Montserrat Salmerón","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109960","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Context or problem&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Developing sustainable cultural practices that enhance soybean (&lt;em&gt;Glycine max&lt;/em&gt; L. (Merr.)) productivity and seed protein concentration is critical. Previous research conducted during 2019 and 2020 (Fayetteville, Arkansas; Lexington, Kentucky; and St. Paul, Minnesota) found a significant effect of winter rotation (fallow vs. cereal cover crop with residue removed, CC) and N fertilizer applications during seed growth (N&lt;sub&gt;fert-R5&lt;/sub&gt;; 202 kg N ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; applied vs. unfertilized control) on seed yield and protein concentration.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;This follow-up research aimed at quantifying the effect of CC and N&lt;sub&gt;fert-R5&lt;/sub&gt; on soybean in-season aboveground biomass and total N content, the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere (%, pNDFA), total biological N fixation (kg N ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, BNF), and N concentration in developing seeds (mg N g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, N&lt;sub&gt;seed&lt;/sub&gt;). We hypothesized that CC would enhance soybean BNF compared to fallow and that N&lt;sub&gt;fert-R5&lt;/sub&gt; would increase N&lt;sub&gt;seed&lt;/sub&gt; without compromising BNF.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Soybean aboveground biomass was sampled at the R2 and R6 developmental stages, and developing seeds were sampled four times from mid-R5 to R8 for analysis of total N concentration. The δ&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N was analyzed in aboveground biomass and R8 seed samples from all treatments and in reference non-nodulating plants, and pNDFA was estimated based on the natural abundance technique.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The CC increased pNDFA measured at the R2, R6, or R8 developmental stages in most instances but only increased BNF in harvested seed (BNF&lt;sub&gt;R8&lt;/sub&gt;) in Arkansas due to an overall reduction in aboveground biomass and N content (10 – 50 % average reduction depending on the location and developmental stage) relative to soybean after winter fallow. Of interest, pronounced reductions in soybean in-season growth after the CC had a relatively small impact on soybean final yield. The N&lt;sub&gt;fert-R5&lt;/sub&gt; increased N&lt;sub&gt;seed&lt;/sub&gt; relative to the unfertilized control in the R5.5 developmental stage. However, N&lt;sub&gt;fert-R5&lt;/sub&gt; reduced BNF at R6 (BNF&lt;sub&gt;R6&lt;/sub&gt;) by 51–88 kg N ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; in six out of 12 locations, year, and cultivar MG combinations, and increased BNF&lt;sub&gt;R6&lt;/sub&gt; by 63–71 kg N ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; in two cases. At harvest, N&lt;sub&gt;fert-R5&lt;/sub&gt; reduced BNF&lt;sub&gt;R8&lt;/sub&gt; by 23–96 kg N ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; in six out of twelve locations, year, and MG combinations (p &lt; 0.10), and increased BNF&lt;sub&gt;R8&lt;/sub&gt; by 30 kg ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; in one case.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Our hypotheses were only partially supported. The CC increased pNDFA but did not enhance BNF in most cases. Similarly, N&lt;sub&gt;fert-R5&lt;/sub&gt; increased seed N concentration but reduced both pNDFA and BNF in most cases.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Implications or significance&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;While CC and N&lt;sub&gt;fert-R5&lt;/sub&gt; have ","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 109960"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 33-year study comparing maize (Zea mays) in forage legume or soybean (Glycine max) rotations to maize monocultures: Nitrogen fertilizer replacement values and maize yields","authors":"Chang Liang ,&nbsp;Bao-Luo Ma ,&nbsp;Malcolm J. Morrison ,&nbsp;Edward G. Gregorich ,&nbsp;Neil B. McLaughlin ,&nbsp;Lianne M. Dwyer","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109962","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Context or problem&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The benefits of legume-cereal rotations relative to cereal monocultures are generally known, but quantification of the rotational effect in terms of grain yield and mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer replacement value (NFRV) is lacking.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective or research question&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The objectives from a 33-year field experiment were to (1) compare the effects of mineral N fertilization on the grain yield of maize within maize monoculture, maize-annual legume (alfalfa/red clover), and maize-soybean rotations; and (2) determine the rotational effect of annual forage legume and soybean in terms of NFRV under various crop yield-N response patterns.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A long-term field experiment was established in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada to examine the effects on maize yield of mineral N fertilizer and crop rotation with either a forage legume (alfalfa or red clover) or soybean. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in the maize year of the rotation. Years were categorized into low, intermediate, and high N response groups for maize yield. The rotational effect was estimated with the NFRV method. The rotational effect expressed as NFRV was also quantified with a range of synthetic N rates under different yield-N response conditions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Compared with maize monoculture, the rotational effect (Mean ± Standard Error of Mean) from soybean or annual forage legume, on grain yield of maize without synthetic N fertilization, was 1880 ( ± 630), 2280 ( ± 290) and 2810 ( ± 360) kg ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, and 3420 ( ± 540), 4620 ( ± 420) and 5690 ( ± 300) kg ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; under low, intermediate and high yield-N response conditions, respectively. With an addition of 50 kg N ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; the rotational effect of soybean on maize yield significantly increased only under intermediate yield-N response condition (3350 ± 400 kg ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;). With further addition of synthetic N at either 100 or 150 kg N ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, the rotational effect of soybean decreased to approximately 1340 ( ± 130) kg ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;. The rotational effect of annual forage legume on grain yield of maize supplied with 50 kg N ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; was similar to that of zero-N application under low, intermediate and high yield-N response conditions, but with further additions of synthetic fertilizers at 100 or 150 kg N ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; the effect was significantly reduced under the high yield-N response condition and similar under the intermediate yield-N response conditions. Under the low yield-N response condition, the rotational effect of annual forage legume on maize yield was greater with 150 kg N ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; (3670 ± 820 kg ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;) than that with 100 kg N ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; (1960 ± 610 kg ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;). In all rotation systems, NFRV decreased with increasing synthetic N application from 0 to 150 kg N ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;. Under the low, intermediate and high yield-N response conditions, NFRV ","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 109962"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}