FlyPub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2148828
Masato Enomoto, Tatsushi Igaki
{"title":"Cell-cell interactions that drive tumorigenesis in <i>Drosophila</i>.","authors":"Masato Enomoto, Tatsushi Igaki","doi":"10.1080/19336934.2022.2148828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19336934.2022.2148828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cell-cell interactions within tumour microenvironment play crucial roles in tumorigenesis. Genetic mosaic techniques available in <i>Drosophila</i> have provided a powerful platform to study the basic principles of tumour growth and progression via cell-cell communications. This led to the identification of oncogenic cell-cell interactions triggered by endocytic dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell polarity defects, or Src activation in <i>Drosophila</i> imaginal epithelia. Such oncogenic cooperations can be caused by interactions among epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, and immune cells. Moreover, microenvironmental factors such as nutrients, local tissue structures, and endogenous growth signalling activities critically affect tumorigenesis. Dissecting various types of oncogenic cell-cell interactions at the single-cell level in <i>Drosophila</i> will greatly increase our understanding of how tumours progress in living animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":12128,"journal":{"name":"Fly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9683056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10479263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FlyPub Date : 2022-05-17DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2074783
Daiki Umetsu
{"title":"Cell mechanics and cell-cell recognition controls by Toll-like receptors in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis","authors":"Daiki Umetsu","doi":"10.1080/19336934.2022.2074783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19336934.2022.2074783","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Signal transduction by the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is conserved and essential for innate immunity in metazoans. The founding member of the TLR family, Drosophila Toll-1, was initially identified for its role in dorsoventral axis formation in early embryogenesis. The Drosophila genome encodes nine TLRs that display dynamic expression patterns during development, suggesting their involvement in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Recent progress on the developmental functions of TLRs beyond dorsoventral patterning has revealed not only their diverse functions in various biological processes, but also unprecedented molecular mechanisms in directly regulating cell mechanics and cell-cell recognition independent of the canonical signal transduction pathway involving transcriptional regulation of target genes. In this review, I feature and discuss the non-immune functions of TLRs in the control of epithelial tissue homeostasis, tissue morphogenesis, and cell-cell recognition between cell populations with different cell identities.","PeriodicalId":12128,"journal":{"name":"Fly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45632648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FlyPub Date : 2022-05-13DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2073158
Makoto Sato, Takumi Suzuki
{"title":"Cutting edge technologies expose the temporal regulation of neurogenesis in the Drosophila nervous system","authors":"Makoto Sato, Takumi Suzuki","doi":"10.1080/19336934.2022.2073158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19336934.2022.2073158","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During the development of the central nervous system (CNS), extremely large numbers of neurons are produced in a regular fashion to form precise neural circuits. During this process, neural progenitor cells produce different neurons over time due to their intrinsic gene regulatory mechanisms as well as extrinsic mechanisms. The Drosophila CNS has played an important role in elucidating the temporal mechanisms that control neurogenesis over time. It has been shown that a series of temporal transcription factors are sequentially expressed in neural progenitor cells and regulate the temporal specification of neurons in the embryonic CNS. Additionally, similar mechanisms are found in the developing optic lobe and central brain in the larval CNS. However, it is difficult to elucidate the function of numerous molecules in many different cell types solely by molecular genetic approaches. Recently, omics analysis using single-cell RNA-seq and other methods has been used to study the Drosophila nervous system on a large scale and is making a significant contribution to the understanding of the temporal mechanisms of neurogenesis. In this article, recent findings on the temporal patterning of neurogenesis and the contributions of cutting-edge technologies will be reviewed.","PeriodicalId":12128,"journal":{"name":"Fly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49020058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FlyPub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2066953
Yuki Ishikawa, M. Kimura, M. Toda
{"title":"Biology and ecology of the Oriental flower-breeding Drosophila elegans and related species","authors":"Yuki Ishikawa, M. Kimura, M. Toda","doi":"10.1080/19336934.2022.2066953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19336934.2022.2066953","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Animals adapt to their environments in the course of evolution. One effective approach to elucidate mechanisms of adaptive evolution is to compare closely related species with model organisms in which knowledge of the molecular and physiological bases of various traits has been accumulated. Drosophila elegans and its close relatives, belonging to the same species group as the model organism D. melanogaster, exhibit various unique characteristics such as flower-breeding habit, courtship display, territoriality, sexual dimorphism, and colour polymorphism. Their ease of culturing and availability of genomic information makes them a useful model for understanding mechanisms of adaptive evolution. Here, we review the morphology, distribution, and phylogenetic relationships of D. elegans and related species, as well as their characteristic flower-dependent biology, food habits, and life-history traits. We also describe their unique mating and territorial behaviours and note their distinctive karyotype and the genetic mechanisms of morphological diversity that have recently been revealed.","PeriodicalId":12128,"journal":{"name":"Fly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43806870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FlyPub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2040316
Hanna Antson, Tambet Tõnissoo, O. Shimmi
{"title":"The developing wing crossvein of Drosophila melanogaster: a fascinating model for signaling and morphogenesis","authors":"Hanna Antson, Tambet Tõnissoo, O. Shimmi","doi":"10.1080/19336934.2022.2040316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19336934.2022.2040316","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Drosophila wing has been used as a model for studying tissue growth, morphogenesis and pattern formation. The wing veins of Drosophila are composed of two distinct structures, longitudinal veins and crossveins. Although positional information of longitudinal veins is largely defined in the wing imaginal disc during the larval stage, crossvein primordial cells appear to be naive until the early pupal stage. Here, we first review how wing crossveins have been investigated in the past. Then, the developmental mechanisms underlying crossvein formation are summarized. This review focuses on how a conserved trafficking mechanism of BMP ligands is utilized for crossvein formation, and how various co-factors play roles in sustaining BMP signalling. Recent findings further reveal that crossvein development serves as an excellent model to address how BMP signal and dynamic cellular processes are coupled. This comprehensive review illustrates the uniqueness, scientific value and future perspectives of wing crossvein development as a model.","PeriodicalId":12128,"journal":{"name":"Fly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47870403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FlyPub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2043095
P. Ferree, Maggie Xing, Jenny Zhang, Stefano Di Talia
{"title":"Structure-function analysis of Cdc25Twine degradation at the Drosophila maternal-to-zygotic transition","authors":"P. Ferree, Maggie Xing, Jenny Zhang, Stefano Di Talia","doi":"10.1080/19336934.2022.2043095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19336934.2022.2043095","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Downregulation of protein phosphatase Cdc25Twine activity is linked to remodelling of the cell cycle during the Drosophila maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). Here, we present a structure-function analysis of Cdc25Twine. We use chimeras to show that the N-terminus regions of Cdc25Twine and Cdc25String control their differential degradation dynamics. Deletion of different regions of Cdc25Twine reveals a putative domain involved in and required for its rapid degradation during the MZT. Notably, a very similar domain is present in Cdc25String and deletion of the DNA replication checkpoint results in similar dynamics of degradation of both Cdc25String and Cdc25Twine. Finally, we show that Cdc25Twine degradation is delayed in embryos lacking the left arm of chromosome III. Thus, we propose a model for the differential regulation of Cdc25 at the Drosophila MZT.","PeriodicalId":12128,"journal":{"name":"Fly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47968196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FlyPub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2021.1911286
Hans S Bell, John Tower
{"title":"In vivo assay and modelling of protein and mitochondrial turnover during aging.","authors":"Hans S Bell, John Tower","doi":"10.1080/19336934.2021.1911286","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19336934.2021.1911286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To maintain homoeostasis, cells must degrade damaged or misfolded proteins and synthesize functional replacements. Maintaining a balance between these processes, known as protein turnover, is necessary for stress response and cellular adaptation to a changing environment. Damaged mitochondria must also be removed and replaced. Changes in protein and mitochondrial turnover are associated with aging and neurodegenerative disease, making it important to understand how these processes occur and are regulated in cells. To achieve this, reliable assays of turnover must be developed. Several methods exist, including pulse-labelling with radioactive or stable isotopes and strategies making use of fluorescent proteins, each with their own advantages and limitations. Both cell culture and live animals have been used for these studies, in systems ranging from yeast to mammals. In vivo assays are especially useful for connecting turnover to aging and disease. With its short life cycle, suitability for fluorescent imaging, and availability of genetic tools, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> is particularly well suited for this kind of analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12128,"journal":{"name":"Fly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143256/pdf/KFLY_15_1911286.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38993629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FlyPub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2021.1915683
Spencer E Escobedo, Aashka Shah, Alyssa N Easton, Hana Hall, Vikki M Weake
{"title":"Characterizing a gene expression toolkit for eye- and photoreceptor-specific expression in Drosophila.","authors":"Spencer E Escobedo, Aashka Shah, Alyssa N Easton, Hana Hall, Vikki M Weake","doi":"10.1080/19336934.2021.1915683","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19336934.2021.1915683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Binary expression systems are a powerful tool for tissue- and cell-specific research. Many of the currently available <i>Drosophila</i> eye-specific drivers have not been systematically characterized for their expression level and cell-type specificity in the adult eye or during development. Here, we used a luciferase reporter to measure expression levels of different drivers in the adult <i>Drosophila</i> eye, and characterized the cell type-specificity of each driver using a fluorescent reporter in live 10-day-old adult males. We also further characterized the expression pattern of these drivers in various developmental stages. We compared several Gal4 drivers from the Bloomington <i>Drosophila</i> Stock Center (BDSC) including <i>GMR-Gal4, longGMR-Gal4</i> and <i>Rh1-Gal4</i> with newly developed Gal4 and QF2 drivers that are specific to different cell types in the adult eye. In addition, we generated drug-inducible <i>Rh1-GSGal4</i> lines and compared their induced expression with an available <i>GMR-GSGal4</i> line. Although both lines had significant induction of gene expression measured by luciferase activity, <i>Rh1-GSGal4</i> was expressed at levels below the detection of the fluorescent reporter by confocal microscopy, while <i>GMR-GSGal4</i> showed substantial reporter expression in the absence of drug by microscopy. Overall, our study systematically characterizes and compares a large toolkit of eye- and photoreceptor-specific drivers, while also uncovering some of the limitations of currently available expression systems in the adult eye.</p>","PeriodicalId":12128,"journal":{"name":"Fly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19336934.2021.1915683","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38908488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FlyPub Date : 2021-12-01Epub Date: 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2020.1851586
Bih-Hwa Shieh, Lucinda Nuzum, Inga Kristaponyte
{"title":"Exploring Excitotoxicity and Regulation of a Constitutively Active TRP Ca<sup>2+</sup> Channel in Drosophila.","authors":"Bih-Hwa Shieh, Lucinda Nuzum, Inga Kristaponyte","doi":"10.1080/19336934.2020.1851586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19336934.2020.1851586","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unregulated Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx affects intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> homoeostasis, which may lead to neuronal death. In <i>Drosophila</i>, following the activation of rhodopsin the TRP Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel is open to mediate the light-dependent depolarization. A constitutively active TRP channel triggers the degeneration of <i>Trp<sup>P365</sup></i> /+ photoreceptors. To explore retinal degeneration, we employed a multidisciplinary approach including live imaging using GFP tagged actin and arrestin 2. Importantly, we demonstrate that the major rhodopsin (Rh1) was greatly reduced before the onset of rhabdomere degeneration; a great reduction of Rh1 affects the maintenance of rhabdomere leading to degeneration of photoreceptors. <i>Trp<sup>P365</sup></i> /+ also led to the up-regulation of CaMKII, which is beneficial as suppression of CaMKII accelerated retinal degeneration. We explored the regulation of TRP by investigating the genetic interaction between <i>Trp<sup>P365</sup></i> /+ and mutants affecting the turnover of diacylglycerol (DAG). We show a loss of phospholipase C in <i>norpA<sup>P24</sup></i> exhibited a great reduction of the DAG content delayed degeneration of <i>Trp<sup>P365</sup></i> /+ photoreceptors. In contrast, knockdown or mutations in DAG lipase (InaE) that is accompanied by slightly reduced levels of most DAG but an increased level of DAG 34:1, exacerbated retinal degeneration of <i>Trp<sup>P365</sup></i> /+. Together, our findings support the notion that DAG plays a role in regulating TRP. Interestingly, DAG lipase is likely required during photoreceptor development as <i>Trp<sup>P365</sup></i> /+; <i>inaE<sup>N125</sup></i> double mutants contained severely degenerated rhabdomeres.</p>","PeriodicalId":12128,"journal":{"name":"Fly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19336934.2020.1851586","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38611004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}