Fibers Pub Date : 2023-09-08 DOI: 10.3390/fib11090075

Flávio A. Marter Diniz, Tim Röding, Mohamed Bouhrara, Thomas Gries

{"title":"The Production of Ultra-Thin Polyethylene-Based Carbon Fibers out of an “Islands-in-the-Sea” (INS) Precursor","authors":"Flávio A. Marter Diniz, Tim Röding, Mohamed Bouhrara, Thomas Gries","doi":"10.3390/fib11090075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11090075","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon fibers (CF) and their composites (CC) are one of the world’s most promising and avant-garde high-performance materials, as they combine excellent mechanical characteristics with high weight reduction potential. Polyethylene (PE) is the perfect alternative precursor for CF as it combines widespread availability, low cost, high carbon content, and, most importantly, precursor fibers that can be produced via melt-spinning. PE-based CF production involves a challenging and time-consuming diffusion-limited chemical stabilization step. The work presented in this article tackles the challenge of reducing the chemical stabilization process time by converting a bicomponent island-in-the-sea fiber, consisting of PA6 as sea matrix and HDPE as island material, into an ultra-thin PE-precursor fiber. The produced precursor fiber is then successfully converted into an ultra-thin PE-based CF through sulfonation and subsequent carbonization in a continuous set-up. The resulting CF has a smooth surface with no observable surface defects and a filament diameter of around 3 µm. The successful conversion to ultra-thin CF is shown in both batch and continuous processes. Additionally, a reduction in sulfonation reaction time from 4 h to 3 h is achieved.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136362369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Recycled Tire Fibers used as Reinforcement for Recycled Polyethylene Composites 再生轮胎纤维用于再生聚乙烯复合材料的增强

IF 3.9

Fibers Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.3390/fib11090074

H. Kazemi, A. Fazli, Jean Philippe Ira, D. Rodrigue

{"title":"Recycled Tire Fibers used as Reinforcement for Recycled Polyethylene Composites","authors":"H. Kazemi, A. Fazli, Jean Philippe Ira, D. Rodrigue","doi":"10.3390/fib11090074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11090074","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a simple approach to separate most rubber particles from recycled tire fibers (RTFs) and to determine their rubber content using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/calcination. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses are used to investigate the separation process and materials compositions. Afterwards, a series of composites based on recycled post-consumer low-density polyethylene (rLDPE) with clean fiber (CF) and residual ground rubber particles (GR) is prepared at different filler concentrations (0–30%) via extrusion compounding before using compression molding and injection molding for comparison. In all cases, injection molding leads to higher strength and modulus but lower elongation at break. The results show that incorporating 30 wt.% of CF into rLDPE yields a remarkable improvement in tensile strength (15%), tensile modulus (192%) and flexural modulus (142%). On the other hand, the incorporation of up to 30 wt.% of GR results in a reduction in both tensile strength and flexural modulus by 15%, confirming the critical role of the cleaning process for RTF in achieving the best results.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48141806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing the Thermal Comfort of Woven Fabrics and Mechanical Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Composites Using Multiple Weave Structures 复合编织结构增强机织物的热舒适性和纤维增强复合材料的力学性能

IF 3.9

Fibers Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.3390/fib11090073

Zafar Arshad, Salman S. Alharthi

{"title":"Enhancing the Thermal Comfort of Woven Fabrics and Mechanical Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Composites Using Multiple Weave Structures","authors":"Zafar Arshad, Salman S. Alharthi","doi":"10.3390/fib11090073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11090073","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the different effects of weave structure on the comfort properties of fabrics and the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composites were investigated. Fabrics were developed using one type of material (flax spun yarn) in the warp direction and three different materials (flax, sisal and cotton spun yarn) in the weft directions. Four different types of weaves (plain, twill, matt and mock leno) were produced in each type of material. Twelve specimens were produced on a sample weaving machine. These fabrics with multiweave combinations give the wearer a comfort zone for sportswear and outdoor applications. These fabrics maintain the temperature of wearers in extreme weather conditions. But these weaves have different effects when interlaced with different types of weft yarns. Air permeability, overall moisture management, stiffness and thermal resistance were investigated for these fabric specimens. The hybrid fabric produced with pure flax warp and weft cotton/sisal exhibited the highest value of air permeability, overall moisture management capability and thermal resistance followed by flax–sisal and flax–flax. The hybrid fabric produced with the mock leno weave also presented a higher value of air permeability compared to the twill, mat and plain weaves. Bending stiffness was observed to be higher in those fabrics produced with flax/sisal compared to pure flax and flax–cotton. The outerwear fabric produced with a blend of flax yarn in the warp and cotton/sisal spun yarn in the weft exhibited improved properties when compared to the fabric produced with flax/sisal and pure flax yarns. In composites, flax/flax showed enhanced mechanical properties, i.e., tensile and flexural strength. In other combinations, the composites with longer weaves possessed prominent mechanical characteristics. The composites with enhanced mechanical properties can be used for window coverings, furniture upholstery and sports equipment. These composites have the potential to be used in automotive applications.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42202901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Visible to Mid-IR Supercontinuum Generation in Cascaded PCF-Germanate Fiber Using Femtosecond Yb-Fiber Pump 利用飞秒镱光纤泵浦级联PCF-Germanate光纤中可见中红外超连续光谱的产生

IF 3.9

Fibers Pub Date : 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.3390/fib11090072

M. Koptev, Alexander E. Zaprialov, A. Kosolapov, A. Denisov, M. Muravyeva, S. Semjonov, S. Muravyev, A. Kim

{"title":"Visible to Mid-IR Supercontinuum Generation in Cascaded PCF-Germanate Fiber Using Femtosecond Yb-Fiber Pump","authors":"M. Koptev, Alexander E. Zaprialov, A. Kosolapov, A. Denisov, M. Muravyeva, S. Semjonov, S. Muravyev, A. Kim","doi":"10.3390/fib11090072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11090072","url":null,"abstract":"Broadband supercontinuum (SC) fiber sources covering the mid-IR range have many significant applications, largely due to their compactness, reliability, and ease of use. However, most of the existing SC fiber sources cannot boast of either high reliability or a wide bandwidth. Thus, supercontinuum sources based on silica fibers are robust, but are not capable of generating SC in the mid-IR range. Sources based on soft glasses (tellurite, chalcogenide, etc.) generate broadband SC in the mid-IR range but are not used commercially, due to the poor mechanical and chemical characteristics of such fibers. In this work, we propose a new approach consisting of cascade generation of a supercontinuum sequentially in a silica photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and a germanate fiber. Using a standard ytterbium chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) laser system for pumping, we have demonstrated a supercontinuum in the range of 450–2950 nm in PCF and germanate fiber firmly connected by a standard fusion splicing technique. Further optimization of the cascade pump will make it possible to create a compact and reliable all-fiber SC source from the visible to mid-IR range.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48859293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fabrication of Ultra-High-Performance PVDF-HFP Air Filters by Electrospinning 静电纺丝制备高性能PVDF-HFP空气过滤器

IF 3.9

Fibers Pub Date : 2023-08-21 DOI: 10.3390/fib11080071

Iman Azarian Borojeni, Greg Gajewski, A. Jenab, M. Sanjari, Charles Boudreault, R. Riahi

{"title":"Fabrication of Ultra-High-Performance PVDF-HFP Air Filters by Electrospinning","authors":"Iman Azarian Borojeni, Greg Gajewski, A. Jenab, M. Sanjari, Charles Boudreault, R. Riahi","doi":"10.3390/fib11080071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11080071","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to fabricate hydrophobic electrospun air filters with ultra-high performance against virions. In order to achieve this goal, constant basis weight electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) with low-bead, high-bead, and ultra-high-bead fibre structures were used to fabricate single and multilayer filters by controlling the Dimethylformamide (DMF)-to-acetone ratio of the solvent. The water contact angle of the fabricated layers ranged from 131° for low-bead structures to 135° for ultra-high-bead structures, indicating their overall high hydrophobicity. The size-resolved filtering efficiency and pressure drop tests on the fabricated filters showed that low-bead structure for both single and multilayer filters and high-bead structure for single-layer filters enhance the quality factor remarkably. The results showed that the single-layer ultra-high-bead structure air filters had a filtering efficiency of 99.33%, superior to N95 air filters (96.54%) and comparable to double N95 filters (99.86%). However, the electrospun air filter showed a pressure drop of 169.3 Pa and a quality factor of 27.6×10−3 Pa−1compared to a pressure drop of 388 Pa and quality factor of 16.9×10−3 Pa−1 for double N95 air filters. Therefore, it has a high potential to be used as the filtration media in hospitals, long-term care centers, and masks to provide superior protection against virions for healthcare providers and patients.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42883766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Accelerated Zero-Stress Hydrothermal Aging of Dry E-Glass Fibers and Service Life Prediction Using Arrhenius Model 干燥E-玻璃纤维的加速零应力水热老化及其使用寿命的Arrhenius模型预测

IF 3.9

Fibers Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.3390/fib11080070

John Sunny, Hadi Nazaripoor, Jorge Palacios Moreno, P. Mertiny

{"title":"Accelerated Zero-Stress Hydrothermal Aging of Dry E-Glass Fibers and Service Life Prediction Using Arrhenius Model","authors":"John Sunny, Hadi Nazaripoor, Jorge Palacios Moreno, P. Mertiny","doi":"10.3390/fib11080070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11080070","url":null,"abstract":"Comprehending the degradation of glass fibers is crucial for service applications involving dry and wet conditions, especially when prolonged contact with water above room temperature is present. Depending on the polymer material, both thermosetting and thermoplastic matrices can permit the ingress of moisture. Therefore, fiber reinforcements embedded in the polymer matrix may experience moisture exposure. Additionally, some structural applications use fiber devoid of any matrix (dry fibers), in which water exposure must be avoided. In all of these cases, moisture may, therefore, have a significant impact on the reinforcing elements and the rate of degradation. The present work focuses on the effects of hydrothermal aging on the mechanical durability of long E-glass fibers by immersion in water at 60 °C, 71 °C, and 82 °C. A service life forecast model was created utilizing the Arrhenius technique, and a master curve of strength variation with exposure time was created for E-glass fibers at 60 °C. Using this modeling approach, it is possible to approximate the amount of time it will take to attain a given degradation level over a specified range of temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate morphological changes in fiber surfaces due to hydrothermal exposure, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mass dissolution studies were used to elucidate the mechanism of the strength loss.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45466603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Antimicrobial Properties of AgNP/TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofiber/Chitosan Composite Fibers AgNP/TEMPO氧化纤维素纳米纤维/壳聚糖复合纤维的抗菌性能

IF 3.9

Fibers Pub Date : 2023-08-14 DOI: 10.3390/fib11080069

Duangkamol Dechojarassri, Kazuki Komatsu, A. Sawara, H. Tamura, T. Furuike

{"title":"Antimicrobial Properties of AgNP/TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofiber/Chitosan Composite Fibers","authors":"Duangkamol Dechojarassri, Kazuki Komatsu, A. Sawara, H. Tamura, T. Furuike","doi":"10.3390/fib11080069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11080069","url":null,"abstract":"This study successfully synthesized functionalized silver nanoparticle/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber/chitosan (AgNP/TOCN/CS) composite fibers. First, the TOCN/CS composite fibers were prepared through the wet-spinning technique, yielding Ag/TOCN/CS composite fibers after immersion in a 5 mM AgNO3 aqueous solution for 3 h, followed by washing with 100 mL of deionized water five times. Second, upon heat treatment without adding other reducing agents, TOCN reduced the Ag+ in the Ag/TOCN/CS composite fibers to AgNP/TOCN/CS composite fibers on the surface of the CS fibers. The fiber color changed from white to yellow-orange when the temperature changed from 100 to 170 °C. In addition, the results suggest that the heat treatment at 130 °C for 20 min was the optimal heat treatment condition. Meanwhile, soaking the fibers in 50 mM ascorbic acid for 1 min is the best condition for ascorbic acid reduction. The antibacterial test results showed that the AgNP/TOCN/CS composite fibers formed via ascorbic acid reduction exhibited better antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis than those produced via heat treatment. In summary, AgNPs formed on the fiber surface of AgNP/TOCN/CS composite fibers and showed antibacterial activity, confirming the successful addition of antibacterial properties to TOCN/CS composite fibers.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43701461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sensitivity of Offline and Inline Indicators for Fiber Stretching in Continuous Polyacrylonitrile Stabilization 连续聚丙烯腈稳定中纤维拉伸的离线和在线指标的敏感性

IF 3.9

Fibers Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.3390/fib11080068

Mohsen Sadeghi Bogar, Jan Wolf, D. S. Wolz, Robert Seidel-Greiff, Evgenia Dmitrieva, Noel Israel, Marco Rosenkranz, Thomas Behnisch, Michael Thomas Müller, Maik Gude

{"title":"Sensitivity of Offline and Inline Indicators for Fiber Stretching in Continuous Polyacrylonitrile Stabilization","authors":"Mohsen Sadeghi Bogar, Jan Wolf, D. S. Wolz, Robert Seidel-Greiff, Evgenia Dmitrieva, Noel Israel, Marco Rosenkranz, Thomas Behnisch, Michael Thomas Müller, Maik Gude","doi":"10.3390/fib11080068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11080068","url":null,"abstract":"In carbon fiber (CF) production, the stabilization process step is the most energy- and time-consuming step in comparison with carbonization and graphitization. To develop optimization routes for energy and productivity, the stabilization needs to be monitored continuously via inline analysis methods. To prognose the evolution of high-performance CF, the density of stabilized fibers has been identified as a robust pre-indicator. As the offline analysis of density is not feasible for inline analysis, a density-soft sensor based on the stabilization indices of Fourier Transform Infrared spectrum (FTIR)-analysis and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy could potentially be used for inline monitoring. In this study, a Polyacrylonitrile-based precursor fiber (PF) stabilized in a continuous thermomechanical stabilization line with varying stretching profiles was incrementally analyzed using density, FTIR-based relative cyclization index (RCI), and EPR-based free radical concentration (FRC). Our findings show RCI and EPR dependencies for density, correlated for RCI with sensitivity by stretching to cubic model parameters, while FRC exhibits linear relationships. Therefore, this study identifies two possible soft sensors for inline density measurement, enabling autonomous energy optimization within industry 4.0-based process systems.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42601826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analytical Methods for the Identification and Quantitative Determination of Wool and Fine Animal Fibers: A Review 羊毛及动物细纤维的鉴别与定量分析方法综述

IF 3.9

Fibers Pub Date : 2023-08-02 DOI: 10.3390/fib11080067

M. Zoccola, Parag S. Bhavsar, Anastasia Anceschi, A. Patrucco

引用次数: 0

Fiber Spinning of Polyacrylonitrile Terpolymers Containing Acrylic Acid and Alkyl Acrylates 含丙烯酸和丙烯酸烷基酯的聚丙烯腈三元聚合物的纤维纺丝

IF 3.9

Fibers Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.3390/fib11070065

I. Skvortsov, M. S. Kuzin, A. F. Vashchenko, R. Toms, L. Varfolomeeva, E. Chernikova, G. Shambilova, V. Kulichikhin

{"title":"Fiber Spinning of Polyacrylonitrile Terpolymers Containing Acrylic Acid and Alkyl Acrylates","authors":"I. Skvortsov, M. S. Kuzin, A. F. Vashchenko, R. Toms, L. Varfolomeeva, E. Chernikova, G. Shambilova, V. Kulichikhin","doi":"10.3390/fib11070065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11070065","url":null,"abstract":"Terpolymers of acrylonitrile with acrylic acid and alkyl acrylates, including methyl-, butyl-, 2-ethylhexyl-, and lauryl acrylates, were synthesized using the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer method. In this study, the focus was on the investigation of the impact of different monomer addition methods (continuous and batch) on both the rheological behavior of the spinning solutions and the mechanical properties of the resulting fibers. Our findings revealed that the method of monomer addition, leading either to non-uniform copolymers or to a uniform distribution, significantly influences the rheological properties of the concentrated solutions, surpassing the influence of the alkyl-acrylate nature alone. To determine the optimal spinning regime, we examined the morphology and mechanical properties at different stages of fiber spinning, considering spin-bond and orientation drawings. The fiber properties were found to be influenced by both the nature and introducing method of the alkyl-acrylate comonomer. Remarkably, the copolymer with methyl acrylate demonstrates the maximum drawing ratios and fiber tensile strength, reaching 1 GPa. Moreover, we discovered that continuous monomer addition allows for reaching the higher drawing ratios and superior fiber strength compared to the batch method.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43938012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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