European Journal of Psychotraumatology最新文献

{"title":"The psychological impact of spending a prolonged time awaiting asylum.","authors":"Aleena Shahzad, Cornelius Katona, Naomi Glover","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2506189","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2506189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background and objectives:</b> In the last decade, Europe has witnessed a substantial increase in asylum applications, resulting in a growing backlog of cases. The prolonged wait has been associated with elevated risks of mental disorders, diminished psychological well-being, and reduced quality of life. Existing systematic reviews focus on multiple post-migration factors; however, delay was identified as a key contributor to poor mental health and decreased emotional wellbeing. Our review focuses on this factor and builds on existing literature.<b>Methods:</b> We conducted a systematic review and narrative synthesis focusing on the impact of extended waiting periods on the mental health of asylum seekers. Searches were conducted on MEDLINE and PsycINFO, resulting in a total of sixteen studies. These studies were qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods designs, all focusing on the duration of the asylum process and its effects on mental well-being. The overall quality of these studies ranged from adequate to low.<b>Results:</b> Several adverse mental health outcomes associated with prolonged asylum waiting times were identified, including an increased risk of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder, and worsening of pre-existing mental illnesses. The extended wait exacerbated suicidal ideation due to frustration stemming from an inability to engage in meaningful activities, social isolation, and perceived discrimination from others. The ambiguity surrounding asylum procedures, caseworker reluctance to provide updates or clear timelines, and prolonged family separation also negatively impacted asylum seekers' mental health.<b>Conclusion:</b> These findings highlight the importance of reforming current asylum procedures to create a more humane and efficient process that protects the mental health of asylum seekers.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2506189"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12152982/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144265761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond one-cutoff-fits-all: determining cutoff values for the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5).","authors":"Amelie Pettrich, Julia Schellong, Anne Dyer, Thomas Ehring, Christine Knaevelsrud, Antje Krüger-Gottschalk, Yuriy Nesterko, Ingo Schäfer, Heide Glaesmer","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2514878","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2514878","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> There is no universally optimal cutoff score for identifying probable PTSD, which makes reliable PTSD diagnosis challenging not only across different populations but also in different settings. Reliable outcomes require tailoring cutoff scores to the population, intended use (clinical, research, or prevalence estimation), and appropriate statistical methods to ensure their validity.<b>Objective:</b> While previously little emphasis has been placed on thorough methodological evaluation and purpose-driven cutoff selection, this work addresses these gaps by evaluating optimal PCL-5 cutoff scores for clinical use, prevalence estimation, and research in a German-speaking clinical sample.<b>Methods:</b> Previously published data from 443 trauma-exposed individuals in Germany were re-analyzed for this purpose. PTSD was assessed using the PCL-5 and with CAPS-5 clinical interview. Optimal cutoffs were identified using ROC analysis, applying standard estimation methods and prioritising diagnostic utility based on specific objectives.<b>Results:</b> After evaluating various cutoff points for different purposes, we identified the following as most suitable for this sample: a cutoff of 34 for clinical use (sensitivity: 0.892, specificity: 0.645, PPV: 0.824, NPV: 0.763); 38 for prevalence estimation (sensitivity: 0.840, specificity: 0.703, PPV: 0.840, NPV: 0.703); and 42 or 43 for identifying clear-cut cases in research or resource-limited settings (sensitivity: 0.774-0.760, specificity: 0.742-0.761, PPV: 0.848-0.855, NPV: 0.639-0.631). The originally intended cutoffs of 31-33 yielded acceptable to excellent diagnostic utility parameters but were not identified as optimal for any specific purpose.<b>Conclusion:</b> This study highlights the variability in optimal PCL-5 cutoffs, linking selection to specific clinical or research aims. It provides validated cutoffs for PTSD prevalence in a German clinical sample, with limitations regarding generalizability to lower-prevalence populations. Future research should refine cutoffs for diverse populations and improve diagnostic precision.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2514878"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12210402/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing change and persistence of specific post-traumatic stress symptoms among youth in trauma treatment.","authors":"Anna Naterstad Harpviken, Tine Kristin Jensen, Sverre Urnes Johnson, Silje Mørup Ormhaug, Marianne Skogbrott Birkeland","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2515683","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2515683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Even though evidence-based treatments are generally effective in reducing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in youth, many still experience elevated symptoms after treatment. A better understanding of how PTSD develops throughout treatment can increase efficiency and reduce residual symptoms.<b>Objective:</b> This study investigated which PTSD symptom clusters and symptoms within these clusters changed the most and least through trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT), and identified common residual symptoms after treatment.<b>Method:</b> Latent growth curve modelling was used to identify differences in intercepts and slopes of symptoms, and residual symptoms were identified with McNemar tests in a sample of 517 youth (aged 6-19 years, 75.6% girls) receiving TF-CBT.<b>Results:</b> We found small but statistically significant differences in slopes across clusters. Avoidance both reduced the most and demonstrated most residual symptoms. Also, within clusters, many of the symptoms that reduced the most, such as psychological cue reactivity, persistent negative emotional state, and difficulties sleeping and concentrating, had the highest symptom levels before treatment and the most residual symptoms after treatment.<b>Conclusions:</b> Overall, symptoms of PTSD were reduced throughout TF-CBT. Symptoms rated highest at treatment start decreased the most but also tended to persist as common residual symptoms. Symptoms such as psychological cue reactivity, persistent negative emotional state, and negative beliefs that were common residual symptoms and are known to be central in the development and maintenance of PTSD are of particular clinical relevance. Research based on frequent symptom measurements during treatment could capture subtler changes, increasing understanding of the mechanisms of effective trauma treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2515683"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12243018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dialectical behavior therapy skills training for African American pregnant women with ACEs: a pilot study of feasibility, acceptability, and mental health barriers and attitudes.","authors":"Abigail Powers, Imani Belton, Rebecca Lipschutz, Emma Lathan, Yara Mekawi, Shimarith Wallace, Ahana Narayanan, Briana Woods-Jaeger","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2544407","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2544407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Toxic stress contributes to socioeconomic and racial health disparities that persist across generations. Developing and implementing prenatal interventions that reduce toxic stress and associated comorbidities is warranted. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Skills Training group interventions have demonstrated efficacy for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and are scalable in diverse settings. Implementing DBT skills group interventions for African American pregnant women with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and current depression or PTSD symptoms is novel and has the potential to interrupt the intergenerational cycle of toxic stress by improving maternal mental health. Yet, much remains to be understood about barriers that may impact feasibility.<b>Objective:</b> This mixed-method pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) examined barriers and attitudes toward mental health treatment, feasibility, and acceptability of an adapted 8-week DBT Skills Training group for mothers-to-be (DBTMTB) compared to waitlist control (WLC) for African American pregnant women with a history of expanded ACEs and current depression or PTSD symptoms (<i>n</i> = 30; <i>n</i> = 15 for DBTMTB, <i>n</i> = 15 for WLC).<b>Methods:</b> The study was delivered in a prenatal clinic of an urban public hospital or virtually. Pre-treatment quantitative and qualitative measures of treatment barriers and attitudes toward mental health treatment were obtained. Feasibility was measured through treatment and study retention rates. Acceptability was measured through qualitative responses on intervention acceptability.<b>Results:</b> We found a high level of barriers identified by women; stigma and time constraints were endorsed most often. Approximately half of women were receiving professional help and many reported stigma about asking others for help. Feasibility (treatment retention) was poor; only 26.7% (<i>n</i> = 4) of participants randomized to DBTMTB completed the intervention (≥6 sessions). Acceptability among treatment completers was high.<b>Conclusions:</b> Poor completion rates suggest challenges to feasibility and acceptability of DBTMTB in this population that must be addressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2544407"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12406314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The vulnerable role of empathy in children who live in conflict zones.","authors":"Eliya Kab, Shir Porat-Butman, Moriya Rachmani, Einat Levy-Gigi","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2527548","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2527548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Children in conflict zones face repeated and cumulative trauma exposure, increasing their risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite the critical role of empathy in coping with trauma, research on how children's cognitive and affective empathy relates to their psychological adjustment remains limited. Adult studies suggest that cognitive empathy may support better coping, whereas affective empathy could increase vulnerability to PTSD symptoms. However, it remains unclear whether this differential pattern holds in children and how it interacts with levels of trauma exposure. This study investigated the moderating role of cognitive and affective empathy in the relationship between cumulative trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms in children.<b>Method:</b> Sixty-two children (Mean age = 9.64, SD = 1.15) from regions with varying proximity to conflict zones completed self-report questionnaires to evaluate cumulative trauma exposure, empathy, and anxiety, and were interviewed to assess PTSD symptoms.<b>Results:</b> While cognitive empathy moderated the relationship between cumulative trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms, it did not serve as a protective factor as hypothesised. Specifically, children with low cognitive empathy demonstrated a positive relationship between trauma exposure and PTSD symptom severity, whereas those with high cognitive empathy exhibited consistently high PTSD symptoms, regardless of exposure level. Affective empathy did not moderate this relationship but was positively associated with PTSD.<b>Conclusions:</b> High cognitive and affective empathy emerged as vulnerability factors for PTSD, potentially due to developmental challenges in its adaptive use during childhood. These findings question the traditional view of cognitive empathy as universally protective, highlighting the need to monitor its role throughout development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2527548"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12409857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of a new yearning induction task: a cross-cultural study of Chinese and Swiss bereaved.","authors":"Jun Wen, Guangyuan Shi, Xin Xu, David Eberle, Wenli Qian, Jianping Wang, Andreas Maercker","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2545660","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2545660","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Yearning is a core symptom of prolonged grief disorder (PGD), typically manifesting as vivid counterfactual thoughts and bittersweet emotions. However, current self-report measures fail to capture the dynamic nature of yearning and are often compromised by social desirability bias. This highlights the critical need for accurate and objective tools to assess this complex emotional experience.<b>Objective:</b> This study aimed to develop and validate the Yearning Induction Task (YIT), an innovative experimental paradigm designed to induce yearning in bereaved individuals from China and Switzerland. We also sought to explore how cultural differences shape emotional and cognitive responses following experimentally induced yearning.<b>Methods:</b> A total of 231 bereaved participants (130 from China and 101 from Switzerland) were recruited. After completing baseline measures, participants were randomly assigned to either the yearning or control condition of the YIT. Momentary yearning and emotion responses were assessed both pre- and post-induction. Data were analysed using ANCOVA to examine cultural differences in the induction effect of the task.<b>Results:</b> The task demonstrated good interrater reliability across cultures but did not significantly alter momentary yearning levels. However, significant cultural differences emerged in emotional responses. Swiss participants predominantly showed increases in negative emotions, such as sadness, anger, and loneliness, following the yearning induction. In contrast, Chinese participants experienced a decrease in positive emotions, including happiness. In the control condition, Swiss participants reported declines in positive emotions (e.g. gratitude, love), while Chinese participants experienced an increase in happiness and a reduction in overall negative emotions.<b>Conclusion:</b> This study provided preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of a novel task to induce yearning among Swiss and Chinese bereaved individuals. Cultural differences emerged in emotional responses to induced yearning, although construct validity was only partially supported. These findings highlight the importance of culturally sensitive assessment tools and interventions for yearning in PGD.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2545660"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12409917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a training programme for interpreters in the field of trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy - one year follow-up.","authors":"Monja Lucia Herold, Lauritz Rudolf Floribert Müller, Rita Rosner","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2525724","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2525724","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> If the patient does not speak the national language, access to the healthcare system is usually only possible via an interpreter. The need for evaluated training for interpreters working in this field is emphasized in the literature, particularly in the context of psychotherapeutic treatment. This study evaluates a TF-CBT-specific training course for interpreters over a period of one year.<b>Methods:</b> The TF-CBT-specific training was conducted in the form of webinars via the online communication provider Zoom in 10 sessions with 10-15 participants each. The content of the training included the topics of trauma and PTSD, how to establish a constructive working relationship with the therapist, and the modules of TF-CBT with an explanation of the therapeutic principles. In a previous study knowledge gain and a change of an attitude that is more conductive to good cooperation was archived by the workshop in prä-post-tests. In this study the training was evaluated at the 6-month and 12-month follow-up using hierarchical linear regression.<b>Results:</b> Results show that attitude change remained stable over the one-year period. Knowledge and psychotherapy support were statistically significant predictors. Knowledge gained during training decreased over time. Attitude and psychotherapy support were identified as statistically significant predictors.<b>Discussion:</b> The evaluated training for interpreters, who were willing to interpret in a TF-CBT for children and adolescents, showed a stable improvement in attitudes regarding good cooperation with the therapist. Knowledge about PTSD and TF-CBT, did not remain stable over the period of one year after the training. In other comparable training courses, this could be compensated for by consolidation in supervision meetings.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2525724"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144636633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"8-day intensive treatment programme for PTSD and complex PTSD vs treatment as usual: a clinical trial.","authors":"Hannes Gahnfelt, Sandra Weineland, Per F G Carlsson, Christina Blomdahl","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2553422","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2553422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Intensive treatment programmes (ITP) have emerged as a treatment option for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) during the last decade. Results are promising, but further studies with control group are needed.<b>Objective:</b> To compare the effect of an 8-day ITP with traditionally spaced treatments for PTSD.<b>Method:</b> Participants with PTSD or CPTSD (<i>n</i> = 101) in a Swedish psychiatric outpatient clinic received either 8-day ITP, including prolonged exposure, eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy, physical activity and psychoeducation, or traditionally spaced treatment (TAU). Participants were allocated by shared decision-making.<b>Results:</b> A significant reduction in PTSD symptoms was observed at posttreatment, with large effect sizes in both conditions. Symptom reduction was maintained at follow-up. There was no significant difference between treatment groups in degree of symptom reduction at posttreatment and follow-up. In the ITP, 73.3% did not meet criteria for PTSD at follow-up, and 74.4% in TAU. There was a significant difference in dropout rates between treatment groups: 4.3% in ITP and 24.1% in TAU.<b>Conclusions:</b> Results indicate that ITP can be considered an effective treatment in healthcare settings where multiple treatment options are available. Randomised control studies to isolate treatment effects and finding underlying factors explaining the difference in dropout rates are important directions for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2553422"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12444955/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145069243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental health during and after the COVID-19 pandemic - a longitudinal study over 42 months in five European countries.","authors":"Irina Zrnić Novaković, Dean Ajduković, Marina Ajduković, Laura Kenntemich, Annett Lotzin, Ingo Schäfer, Xenia Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous, Eleftheria Evgeniou, Camila Borges, Margarida Figueiredo-Braga, Moritz Russo, Brigitte Lueger-Schuster","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2488700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2488700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is well documented. However, only a few studies investigated mental health in later phases of the pandemic and after its official end. Moreover, little is known about people's psychological burden related to the pandemic and other global crises post-pandemic.<b>Objective:</b> Study's first objective was to compare mental health outcomes in the general population over the course of the pandemic and ten months post-pandemic. The second objective was to explore people's psychological burden regarding the pandemic, in comparison to current wars, climate crises, inflation, and poor government management and/or corruption in the post-pandemic era.<b>Method:</b> Participants from the general population of Austria, Croatia, Germany, Greece, and Portugal (68.8% female, <i>M_age</i> = 41.55) were assessed online up to four times between June 2020 and March 2024 (baseline sample: <i>N</i> = 7913). <i>Adjustment Disorder New Module - 8</i> (ADNM-8), <i>Patient Health Questionnaire</i> (PHQ-2), and <i>World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index</i> (WHO-5) were used to measure adjustment disorder, depression, and well-being. Prevalence rates were calculated and repeated measures ANOVAs applied to assess mental health at four time points. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was run to explore how the different global crises were related to participants' burden.<b>Results:</b> Temporal variations in mental health were evident across four assessment waves, with highest levels of probable adjustment disorder and depression in winter 2020/2021 (T2). A slight improvement of mental health was found at later time points. Current wars and inflation were the greatest sources of psychological burden at the post-pandemic assessment, revealing some cross-country differences.<b>Conclusion:</b> Although mental health differences in the general population were not as pronounced as in the acute phase of the pandemic, psychosocial support is still needed post-pandemic. This is likely to be due to other global crises that take a toll on people's mental health.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2488700"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12016253/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143957359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polish adaptation and validation of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for PTSD and cPTSD according to ICD-11 in non-clinical and clinical samples.","authors":"Dorota Draczyńska, Łukasz Mokros, Agnieszka Nowakowska, Marta Anczewska","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2468116","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2468116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) is a validated measure supporting the diagnosis of ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (cPTSD). It has been translated into 35 languages, also into Polish. Due to the lack of information in the literature about its validation, new Polish version has been re-adapted and validated in the Polish non-clinical and clinical samples of the present study.<b>Objective:</b> The study aimed (1) to adapt the ITQ for use in Polish, (2) to assess the construct validity of ICD-11 PTSD and cPTSD in the Polish ITQ, and (3) to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the Polish ITQ.<b>Method:</b> The study sample comprised of 452 adults: a non-clinical sample, <i>N</i> = 314, (completed the online version of the questionnaire) and a clinical sample, <i>N</i> = 138, (used a pen-and-paper version). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Latent Class Analysis (LCA) were performed to assess the structure of the ITQ.<b>Results:</b> The CFA supported a two-factor second-order model as the best fit to the data. All factor loadings were statistically significant and reached a satisfactory level. Cronbach's alpha for ITQ (<i>α</i> = 0.887), PTSD (<i>α</i> = 0.810) and DSO (<i>α</i> = 0.875) were good. The LPA revealed four classes: (1) a cPTSD class with elevated PTSD and DSO symptoms; (2) a PTSD class with elevated PTSD symptoms but low scores on the DSO; (3) a DSO class with elevated DSO symptoms but low scores on the PTSD; and (4) a low symptom class with low scores on all symptoms.<b>Conclusion:</b> The amended Polish ITQ has good internal consistency and psychometric properties. The model is well fitted to differentiating PTSD/cPTSD diagnoses according to ICD-11 and is a reliable measure of support for the making of a PTSD/cPTSD diagnosis in the conduct of clinical interview.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2468116"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11951321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143717978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}