European Journal of Psychotraumatology最新文献

{"title":"The factor structure of the International Trauma Questionnaire - Heywood cases in confirmatory factor analysis.","authors":"Karen-Inge Karstoft, Erik Vindbjerg, Anni B S Nielsen, Søren Bo Andersen, Sofie Folke","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2024.2444745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2024.2444745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> A number of studies have tested the factor structure of the suggested ICD-11 symptom criteria for PTSD and complex PTSD (CPTSD) across various trauma populations, finding support for two different models in line with the ICD-11 theoretical rationale.<b>Objective:</b> Here, we aim to explore the factor structure of the Danish version of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) by testing two alternative factor models that have previously gained support in a large sample of treatment-seeking veterans.<b>Method:</b> Treatment-seeking Danish soldiers and veterans (<i>N</i> = 599) recruited from the Military Psychology Department in the Danish Defence completed the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess fit of a first-order and a second-order model.<b>Results:</b> Both models fit the data well but displayed latent variable correlations above 1 and negative variances (known as Heywood cases), indicating model misspecification or other problems. The specification problems included the latent variable Affect Dysregulation.<b>Conclusions:</b> Based on our results and results reported in previous CFAs of the ITQ, we suggest consideration of the proposed models. While many previous studies did find support for the models with no indications of misfit, others find Heywood cases concerning the same items and latent variables as our analysis. Hence, models of (C)PTSD based on the ITQ should be carefully evaluated and interpreted.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2444745"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142920806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of congruent and incongruent appetitive and aversive well-being comparisons on depression, post-traumatic stress, and self-esteem.","authors":"Emily N Keppler, Nexhmedin Morina, Pascal Schlechter","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2454193","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2454193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> People compare their current well-being to different comparison standards (e.g. social or temporal comparisons). These standards are considered as aversive if perceived as threatening to self-motives or appetitive if perceived as consistent with self-motives. However, it remains unknown whether the congruence (vs. incongruence) of aversive and appetitive well-being comparisons (high levels of both vs. preponderance of aversive comparisons over appetitive comparisons) is differentially related to symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and self-esteem.<b>Methods:</b> We conducted response surface analysis (RSA) on data from a study with two-timepoints three months apart (<i>N</i> = 921). RSA tests whether the degree of (in-)congruence of two variables is positively or negatively related to an outcome variable. Here, baseline aversive and appetitive well-being comparisons (comparison frequency, discrepancy, and affective impact) served as the two predictor variables, while depression, PTSD, and self-esteem three months later served as outcomes.<b>Results:</b> Findings partially confirmed our hypotheses. Congruently high (vs. low) levels of aversive and appetitive comparison frequency and discrepancy predicted more depressive/PTSD symptoms and lower self-esteem. Some evidence indicated more pronounced depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem (but not PTSD) for the preponderance of aversive over appetitive comparisons.<b>Conclusions:</b> The effects of congruent and incongruent aversive and appetitive comparisons as well as a potentially more crucial role of aversive than appetitive well-being comparisons in depression and self-esteem align with comparison theory.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2454193"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11792150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143122488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using genomic structural equation modeling to examine the genetic architecture of PTSD and life satisfaction phenotypes.","authors":"Shannon E Cusack, Anna W Wright, Peter B Barr, Emily Notari, Kaitlin E Bountress, Ananda B Amstadter","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2463187","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2463187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and life satisfaction phenotypes are inversely related on a phenotypic level. Given these established relations, researchers have begun to examine possible shared genetic contributions to these outcomes, though the existing genetic literature is sparse and examines these relations via univariate methods. We sought to examine the genetic architecture of PTSD and six life satisfaction and well-being phenotypes (i.e. subjective well-being, friend satisfaction, life satisfaction, family satisfaction, work satisfaction, and financial satisfaction) using a multivariate approach.<b>Method:</b> We used Genomic Structural Equation Modeling (gSEM) to analyze summary-level genetic data from large-scale GWAS of the European Ancestry.<b>Results:</b> Findings show that a two, correlated factors model fit the data best, in which PTSD and life satisfaction phenotypes load on separate but correlated factors.<b>Conclusions:</b> Findings suggest that, using multivariate methods, a latent factor capturing many different positive phenotypes is genetically related to PTSD. This finding confirms and extends prior phenotypic work demonstrating that PTSD and positive phenotypes are inversely related.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2463187"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11823395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143398677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating dual crises: mental health of Czech health care workers during the Ukrainian refugee influx and COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Miroslava Janoušková, Jana Šeblová, Pavla Brennan Kearns, Matěj Kučera, Marie Kuklová, Jaroslav Pekara, Dominika Seblova","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2455247","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2455247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>ABSTRACT</b><b>Background</b>: European health care workers recently experienced serious challenges to their mental health. Following the extremely stressful experience of the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine caused a humanitarian influx of refugees in need of social and healthcare. We aimed to explore: (1) how working with refugees has affected the mental well-being of health care workers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) the nature of health care workers' emotional strain related to the refugee situation and the war in Ukraine.<b>Methods</b>: We used a combination of quantitative regression analyses and qualitative content analysis to assess data collected by an online questionnaire in 2022. The study included 1121 health care workers from the Czech arm of the international HEROES Study.<b>Results</b>: Quantitative findings did not indicate that working with Ukrainian refugees was reliably associated with a greater occurrence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, distress, or burnout. Qualitative analysis revealed five categories of emotional strain: impacts on working conditions, emotional reactions to refugees and the war, comparisons with the COVID-19 pandemic, and coping strategies.<b>Conclusions</b>: This study highlights the resilience of health care workers but also points to the need for ongoing support to address the complex emotional challenges they face during health crises.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2455247"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11795749/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143188650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trait dissociation in borderline personality disorder: influence on immediate therapy outcomes, follow-up assessments, and self-harm patterns.","authors":"Ana Macchia, David Mikusky, Cedric Sachser, Annabel Sandra Mueller-Stierlin, Sandra Nickel, Niklas Sanhüter, Birgit Abler","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2461965","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2461965","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Dissociative symptoms are suggested to compete with the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic treatment and frequently co-occur with early life trauma and self-harm patterns, including self-injury, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts, which are characteristic for borderline personality disorder (BPD).<b>Objective:</b> We explore the connections between dissociation and other BPD features like self-harm and childhood traumatization and examine the impact of trait dissociation on both immediate and follow-up psychotherapy outcomes.<b>Method:</b> In this naturalistic prospective evaluation study, we investigated psychopathology including general psychological distress (SCL-90), depression (BDI-II), and borderline-specific pathology (BSL) in 131 patients with BPD pre and post of a certified 8-week inpatient Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), as well as 3- and 6-month post inpatient treatment. Prior to therapy, we evaluated trait dissociation (Dissociative Experience Scale), early life trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire), and self-harm patterns (clinical interview). We performed a network analysis to explore the interplay between dissociation, self-harm, and childhood traumatization. To analyse the influence of dissociation on treatment outcomes, we employed linear mixed models.<b>Results:</b> Psychopathology (SCL-90, BDI-II and BSL) exhibited significant reductions at post-treatment and follow-up assessments when compared to baseline measurements. Higher levels of trait dissociation were consistently related to higher psychopathology but did not suggest poorer symptom reduction during DBT. However, trait dissociation predicted reduced 6-month follow-up benefits from DBT, regardless of the baseline symptom burden. The network analysis revealed a close association between self-injury and derealization/depersonalization, while the frequency of suicide attempts was more closely connected to childhood emotional abuse, which was identified as a central node of the network.<b>Conclusions:</b> Dissociation was not related to poorer outcomes regarding inpatient DBT. However, trait dissociation predicted reduced follow-up benefits, highlighting the need to address dissociation during psychotherapeutic interventions. Based on the estimated network structure, treating dissociative symptoms could potentially mitigate self-injury while especially childhood emotional abuse was linked with suicide attempts.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2461965"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11884097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143566365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of childhood trauma on social media-induced secondary traumatic stress among college students: the chain mediating effect of self-compassion and resilience.","authors":"Xiqin Liu, Ye Yao, Siyu Zhu, Qiyong Gong","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2456322","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2456322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Studies have shown that media exposure to critical public events can lead to secondary traumatic stress (STS). Personal trauma history, self-compassion and resilience are important factors influencing STS in healthy professionals. However, whether these variables are associated with social media-induced STS in college students and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the complex relationship linking childhood trauma to social media-induced STS in a large sample of college students.<b>Methods:</b> A total of 1151 Chinese college students from Chengdu, Sichuan Province of China completed a web-based cross-sectional survey, which included standard assessments of childhood trauma, self-compassion, resilience and social media-induced STS, as well as sociodemographic questionnaires. The chain mediation model was tested using the PROCESS macro programme in SPSS software.<b>Results:</b> There was a moderate correlation between childhood trauma and social media-induced STS (<i>r = </i>0.34, <i>p </i>< .001). This association was significantly mediated by self-compassion (indirect effect [95% CI] = 0.14[0.11, 0.17]) and resilience (indirect effect = 0.03[0.01, 0.04]), respectively. Further, a chained mediating effect was observed with self-compassion and resilience consecutively mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and social media-induced STS (indirect effect = 0.02[0.01, 0.03]). These results persisted after sociodemographic characteristics were included as controlling variables.<b>Conclusions:</b> Early life trauma impacts STS induced by exposure to traumatic materials on social media through self-compassion and resilience among Chinese college students. Psychological interventions targeting self-compassion and resilience can be implemented to reduce the risk of STS, especially in vulnerable individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2456322"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11792160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143122508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding and supporting parenting in parents seeking PTSD treatment: a qualitative study.","authors":"Laurien Meijer, Kathleen Thomaes, Buket Karadeniz, Catrin Finkenauer","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2468039","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2468039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Parental post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can impact parenting and child psychosocial wellbeing. Complementing trauma-focused psychotherapy with parenting interventions can thus have important preventive value. Understanding parents' lived experiences is necessary to tailor such interventions to their needs.<b>Objective:</b> This study addressed the question: how can preventive parenting support be shaped to the needs of parents entering specialized psychotherapy for PTSD? To answer this question, we investigated parenting challenges, parent-child communication about PTSD, strengths, and social support experiences of parents with PTSD.<b>Method:</b> The sample included 14 parents seeking PTSD treatment at a tertiary mental healthcare institution, while parenting children aged 4-17. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.<b>Results:</b> On the one hand, parental dysregulation (e.g. exploding or shutting down) was an important challenge. On the other hand, parents' attempts to remain regulated (e.g. through overcontrol and overprotectiveness) also affected family life. When talking to their child about PTSD, parents were guided by what they considered beneficial for the child to know. An important strength was that parents tried to remain attuned to the child's needs, regardless of their own struggles. Parents also described experiences that could be understood as post-traumatic growth through parenting. Generally, parents experienced a lack of social support.<b>Conclusion:</b> Our findings illustrate that parents entering PTSD treatment are highly motivated to do what is best for their child. Based on parents' lived experiences, preventive parenting interventions should address the impacts of both dysregulation and overcontrolling regulation attempts. Another important goal is reducing feelings of incompetence. Integrating the parenting role in psychotherapy for PTSD could also be beneficial. For example, setting parenting-related therapy goals can be motivating. Furthermore, parent-child interactions can be a mirror that reflects the parents' inner state: considering these interactions can help recognize changes in symptomatology.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2468039"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11869331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of immersive VR therapy in reducing stress-associated symptoms in Ukraine.","authors":"Olga Kukharuk, Kateryna Tkalich, Nadia Kamash, Orestis Georgiou","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2488097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2488097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The ongoing conflict in Ukraine has led to a rise in stress-related symptoms, including anxiety and depression, among veterans, necessitating accessible and effective mental health interventions. Traditional rehabilitation resources are often limited, prompting exploration into alternative therapies.<b>Objective:</b> This paper aims to assess the effectiveness of immersive 360° video-based Virtual Reality (VR) therapy as an enhancement to standard rehabilitation programmes for Ukrainian veterans experiencing anxiety and depression.<b>Method</b>: A randomised controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with 69 participants, who were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (<i>n</i> = 34), receiving daily VR sessions alongside standard rehabilitation, or the control group (<i>n</i> = 35), following standard rehabilitation alone. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) both at baseline and post-intervention. Additionally, momentary changes in anxiety and mood were measured immediately before and after each VR session to evaluate the immediate effects. The VR intervention was designed with veteran and expert feedback to enhance emotional regulation and stress resilience, integrating evidence-based psychotherapeutic techniques.<b>Results:</b> Results demonstrate significant rapid improvement in mood and reduction in anxiety following each session, along with significant reductions in anxiety (up to 14.5%) and depression (up to 12.3%) upon programme completion. Consistent results across all study iterations confirmed the reliability and scalability of 360-VR therapy as a short-term rehabilitation tool.<b>Conclusions:</b> Immersive VR therapy presents an effective, accessible solution for managing the psychological impact of war, particularly within the limitations of Ukraine's healthcare system.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2488097"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12016277/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143989965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric evaluation of a novel measure of trauma-related cannabis use to cope.","authors":"Sage E Hawn, Terrell A Hicks, Christopher Latourrette, Anita Thomas, Daniela Chaname, Sarah Ehlke, Abigail Powers Lott","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2500141","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2500141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cannabis use disorder (CUD) are commonly comorbid and are associated with many negative public health outcomes. One plausible explanation for this comorbidity comes from a self-medication framework, which suggests people use cannabis to cope with PTSD symptoms. Despite theoretical and empirical evidence for PTSD-related cannabis use to cope, no measure of this construct exists.<b>Objective:</b> We sought to address this gap by developing and validating a novel measure of PTSD-specific cannabis self-medication, which we have termed the Trauma-Related Cannabis Use to Cope (TRCU) questionnaire.<b>Method:</b> The psychometric properties of the TRCU and how it relates to relevant constructs were examined among a diverse sample of 345 trauma-exposed undergraduate cannabis users (<i>M_age</i> = 22.19, <i>SD</i> = 6.45; 46.7% White; 79.7% woman-identifying) using structural equation modelling in Mplus.<b>Results:</b> Study findings indicate that the TRCU is a more precise and targeted measure of cannabis use to cope with PTSD symptomology, as compared to existing measures of cannabis coping motives. Furthermore, our data support the use of the TRCU as a four-factor scale, assessing cannabis use to cope with the four <i>DSM-5</i> PTSD symptom clusters (<i>χ</i>²(164) = 257.83, <i>p</i> < .001; CFI = .969; TLI = .965; RMSEA = .041). We also found strong evidence supporting the construct and criterion validity of the TRCU, specifically in relation to PTSD symptoms, cannabis use, and cannabis-related issues and dependence.<b>Conclusions:</b> Results support the use of the TRCU in future self-medication research and as a clinically useful screening tool for identifying individuals with PTSD who are at risk for developing CUD.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2500141"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12077481/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143989797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychotherapists' readiness to treat PTSD: the influence of refugees' country of origin.","authors":"Pia Maria Schwegler, Katharina Gossmann, Theresa Neumann, Anne Moser, Theresa Speth, Rita Rosner","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2456381","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2456381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b><i>:</i> Previous research suggests that psychotherapists' readiness to treat traumatized patients varies according to patient and therapist characteristics, including the patient's refugee background.<b>Objective</b>: This study aims to examine the relationship between psychotherapists' readiness to treat patients with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and various patient and therapist characteristics, including refugee background and country of origin.<b>Method</b>: In our vignette study with a nationwide online survey in Germany (<i>N</i> = 871), we assessed the readiness of licensed psychotherapists (LPTs) and therapists in training (PiTs) to treat patients with PTSD. Vignettes described patients with PTSD who differed in gender, refugee background, and country of origin (Syria vs. Ukraine). Participants rated treatment readiness and expected treatment success based on the vignette they received.<b>Results</b>: Treatment readiness and expected success were significantly lower for refugee patients. There was no difference in treatment readiness between refugees from Syria and Ukraine, but therapists expected less therapeutic success for Syrian patients compared to Ukrainian patients. Gender did not influence the results.<b>Conclusions</b><i>:</i> The study shows that refugee background and country of origin influence psychotherapists' readiness to treat PTSD and their expectations of treatment success. These findings highlight potential reasons for the undertreatment of refugees and suggest opportunities for intervention and training, such as informing therapists about effective treatments for refugee patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"16 1","pages":"2456381"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11809162/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143363839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}