European Journal of Psychotraumatology最新文献

{"title":"Prolonged exposure in routine outpatient care: a naturalistic study of feasibility, safety and effectiveness.","authors":"Théo Rascol, Pierre-André Gosselin, Delphine Avrillon, Laurent Brodin, Hélène Chauvel, Noémie Dujardin, Bruna Gomes Lopes, Nathalie Laplante, Céline Ponty, Quentin Sagols, Annabelle Cousin, Emma Kheng, Bérengère Guillery, Laura Charretier, Eric Bui","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2699492","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2699492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Prolonged Exposure (PE) is a first-line evidence-based treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), with well-established efficacy in randomised controlled trials. However, its implementation in routine care remains limited, particularly in outpatient clinics where evidence-based psychotherapies are not widely adopted.<b>Objective:</b> This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, safety and effectiveness of PE therapy delivered in a real-world outpatient setting.<b>Method:</b> Data were obtained from 95 adults diagnosed with PTSD using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) who received PE in a French outpatient clinic. The sample was characterised by a mean age of 35.65 years (SD = 13.16), 76% women (<i>n</i> = 72), a mean CAPS-5 score of 38 (SD = 9.4), and 61% reporting sexual trauma as the index event. PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - Self-Report (QIDS-16-SR) were assessed at intake, pre-treatment, post-treatment and three-month follow-up. Mean changes were estimated using a linear mixed-effects model.<b>Results:</b> Patients received an average of 8 sessions of PE (SD = 3.75). Scores consistent with probable remission (PCL-5 < 33) was observed in 75.53% of patients, and 79.78% demonstrated a clinically significant improvement (≥10-point reduction on the PCL-5). A large decrease in PTSD symptoms was observed from pre- to post-treatment (Δ = 25.57, <i>d</i> = 1.88, <i>p</i> < .001), and to 3-month follow-up (<i>d</i> = 2.17, <i>p</i> < .001), exceeding the small effect found during the waiting-list phase (<i>d</i> = 0.33, <i>p</i> = .01). Similar improvements were found for depressive symptoms. Only 1% of patients showed a reliable clinical symptom worsening (≥10-points increase on the PCL-5) and the dropout rate was 9.47% (fewer than eight sessions completed without remission).<b>Conclusion:</b> These findings suggest that PE may be feasibly and safely delivered in routine outpatient care and may be associated with substantial reductions in PTSD symptoms. They highlight the potential for successful Implementation of evidence-based trauma treatments in real-world clinical settings where structured psychotherapies are not yet widely integrated.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"17 1","pages":"2699492"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149016159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network analysis of changes in post-migration stressors during treatment for refugees with PTSD.","authors":"Maja Bruhn, Henriette Laugesen Attardo, Tobias Spiller, Carsten Hjorthøj, Lene Falgaard Eplov, Jessica Carlsson","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2613554","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2613554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Refugees resettled in high-income countries are at high risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and often face multiple post-migration stressors that can influence symptom severity. While individual and cumulative effects of these stressors have been examined, little is known about how they interact and change during treatment.<b>Objective:</b> To investigate changes in the structure and interconnections of post-migration stressors among refugees with PTSD before and after mental health treatment.<b>Method:</b> Participants were refugees with PTSD receiving multidisciplinary treatment at a specialised mental health clinic in Denmark, as part of a randomised controlled trial. The Post-Migration Living Difficulties Checklist (17-item Danish version) (PMLD) was completed pre- and post-treatment. Partial correlation networks were estimated for each time point, with network comparison test assessing changes in global network connectivity. Predictability of individual stressors and paired-sample t-tests for item-level change were also conducted.<b>Results:</b> Global network connectivity increased significantly from pre- to post-treatment (<i>p</i> = .004), suggesting stronger interrelations among stressors over time. Overall PMLD score did not change from pre- to post-treatment, but on item-level, financial and housing-related stress decreased (<i>p</i> = .006; <i>p</i> = .028), while concerns about returning to the country of origin in an emergency increased (<i>p</i> = .028).<b>Discussion:</b> Post-migration stressors became more interconnected during treatment, underscoring the need to address them not as isolated issues but as interdependent, mutually reinforcing challenges shaped by cultural and structural contexts. Clinically, effective support for trauma-affected refugees requires multi-level interventions that integrate legal, social, and economic determinants alongside mental health care.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"17 1","pages":"2613554"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12836408/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146046313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual rescripting after loss using deepfake technology in prolonged grief treatment: a study protocol for a multiple baseline design.","authors":"Michele Petkovski, Rik Knipschild, Theo Gevers, Lonneke I M Lenferink","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2643984","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2643984","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is characterized by severe and persistent grief that impairs daily functioning. Cognitive behavioural therapy is the first-line treatment but yields only small-to-moderate effects. Imagery rescripting, which targets distressing loss-related memories, is increasingly used for PGD and related trauma complaints. Incorporating deepfake technology into imagery rescripting, i.e. virtual rescripting, may increase emotional engagement and facilitate processing of the loss, potentially improving treatment outcomes. However, this approach has not yet been empirically examined for PGD.<b>Objective:</b> This study aims to explore the potential effectiveness of virtual rescripting in reducing prolonged grief intensity, loss-related unfinished business, grief rumination, guilt, regret, and negative affect, and increasing well-being and positive affect.<b>Methods:</b> A multiple baseline design will be employed (ethics ID: NL-010145). Nine participants will be randomly assigned to a baseline length of five, six, or seven weeks. The intervention phase will span five weeks and include three therapist-guided sessions: (1) introduction, (2) virtual rescripting, and (3) evaluation. Participants will complete weekly questionnaires during both the baseline and intervention phases. Data will be analyzed using randomization tests to compare the intensity levels of the outcomes of interest between the baseline and intervention phases.<b>Conclusions:</b> This is the first study to explore the potential effectiveness of virtual rescripting in PGD treatment, providing preliminary evidence for future large-scale trials to improve bereavement care.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"17 1","pages":"2643984"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13047716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147590881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grief modular group therapy: theoretical bases and pilot study of a new bereavement intervention programme in China.","authors":"Ningning Zhou, Suqin Tang, Jiaqi Zhou, Liping Guo, Lang Junlian, Bowen Situ, Xinxian Liu","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2651656","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2651656","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Bereavement is a major life stressor, with millions of Chinese individuals experiencing grief each year. Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are prevalent among bereaved people in China, yet culturally appropriate interventions are scarce. Existing Western-based protocols often showed limited cross-cultural applicability when implemented in the Chinese context, highlighting the need for evidence-based, culturally adapted interventions.<b>Objective:</b> This study aimed to introduce and evaluate the effectiveness of a newly developed structured Grief Modular Group Therapy (GMGT), designed under the framework of the Dual Process Model and integrating multiple therapeutic elements and culturally relevant practices.<b>Method:</b> A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted. Trained therapists delivered a 10-session GMGT protocol to bereaved individuals with prolonged grief symptoms (<i>N</i> = 69). Their outcomes were compared with those of a blank (non-intervention) control group (<i>N</i> = 64). Symptoms of PGD and PTSD were measured at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. GMGT showed high acceptability, with 79.8% of participants completing the programme.<b>Result:</b> Compared with the control group, the intervention group demonstrated significant reductions in PGD symptom severity to a clinically significant extent (Cohen's <i>d</i> = 0.85). Improvements were maintained at follow-up (Cohen's <i>d</i> = 0.86). GMGT also reduced posttraumatic stress symptoms, though with smaller effect sizes.<b>Conclusion:</b> These findings suggest that GMGT is a promising, culturally sensitive, structured, and scalable intervention that could be remotely delivered for bereaved individuals in China, with potential applicability in other cultural contexts facing similar resource limitations in mental health care. Further randomized controlled trials are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"17 1","pages":"2651656"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13081348/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147671786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in children and adolescents.","authors":"Irada Meoon, Aungsana Khlaisuk, Siriyupa Nansunanon, Teerapon Dhippayom","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2731855","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2731855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent among children and adolescents, with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) widely used treatment options. This study compared the effects of CBT and EMDR in children and adolescents using a meta-analysis approach.<b>Methods:</b> PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, and PsycInfo were searched in March 2025. Randomized controlled trials that compared the effectiveness of CBT and EMDR on PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years who had been exposed to traumatic events were included. The Cochrane Risk of Bias version 2 was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. A random-effects model was applied to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) along with 95% confidence interval (CI), and the <i>I²</i> statistic was used to quantify statistical heterogeneity.<b>Results:</b> Five trials (248 participants) were included. There was no statistically significant difference in PTSD symptoms between the CBT and EMDR groups, whether reported by children (SMD: 0.18; 95% CI: -0.07-0.43; <i>I²</i>= 0%) or by parents (SMD: 0.23; 95% CI: -0.02-0.48; <i>I²</i>= 0%). For anxiety, the pooled estimate did not reach statistical significance (SMD: 0.44; 95% CI: -0.19-1.07; <i>I²</i>= 69%). Depression symptoms were higher in the CBT group than in the EMDR group (SMD: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.13-0.76; <i>I²</i>= 0%).<b>Conclusion:</b> The comparative effects of CBT and EMDR in reducing PTSD and anxiety symptoms remain inconclusive. Although CBT was associated with higher depression symptoms compared with EMDR, the current evidence is based on a small number of trials, and the pooled estimates should be interpreted with caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"17 1","pages":"2731855"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13644439/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149106169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brief internet intervention for grieving children and adolescents: co-design and trial protocol.","authors":"Sarah J Egan, Elizabeth Bills, Amy O'Brien, Danyelle Greene, Sian B Pauley-Gadd, Tamara Zammit, Paul A Boelen, Bronwyn Myers, Kirsten V Smith, Jennifer Wild, Michael Duffy, David Trickey, Christopher Hall, James Clarke, Roanna Lobo, Daniel Rudaizky, Lauren J Breen","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2735203","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2735203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Internet interventions may improve access to help for grieving young people. In feedback from recent trials of internet interventions for grief, youth emphasised treatments should be shorter to address lack of time, which was the main barrier to uptake.<b>Objective:</b> The aim was to co-design a new brief internet intervention for grieving children and adolescents, and to outline a protocol for a pilot feasibility randomised controlled trial.<b>Method:</b> Nine children and adolescents (mean age =   15.22, 77.7% female, 33.3% male) co-designed the brief internet intervention.<b>Results:</b> A randomised controlled trial is planned where six- to 18-year-olds will be randomly allocated to the intervention or waitlist control. The intervention will consist of a brief single-session online programme. Outcomes will be assessed at pre, post-treatment and one-month follow-up. The primary outcome is symptoms of anxiety; secondary outcomes are well-being, symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress, and prolonged grief. Feasibility and acceptability will be assessed through recruitment rates, attrition and qualitative responses.<b>Conclusions:</b> Improving access to treatments for grief is important to address.<b>Trial registration:</b> ISRCTN.org identifier: ISRCTN21132251.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"17 1","pages":"2735203"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13656692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149127065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trauma exposure and traumatic stress in foster carers: a scoping review.","authors":"Sanne G Helder, Sander J A de Vries, Petra Helmond, Joost Daams, Ramón J L Lindauer, Irma M Hein","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2616986","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2616986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Foster carers provide care for children who have been removed from their primary caregivers due to serious adverse experiences. While considerable research focuses on trauma among foster children, little is known about the traumatic experiences and resulting (secondary) traumatic stress in foster carers themselves.<b>Objective</b>: To review existing literature on traumatic experiences and traumatic stress among foster carers. Methods: We conducted a scoping review following the methodological framework developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute [Peters, M. D. J., Marnie, C., Tricco, A. C., Pollock, D., Munn, Z., Alexander, L., McInerney, P., Godfrey, C. M., & Khalil, H. (2020). Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews<i>. JBI Evidence Synthesis</i>, 18(10), 2119-2126. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-20-00167] and reported it in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines and checklist. We searched for literature in MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO.<b>Results</b>: We included nine studies (2005-2024) involving over 2,200 foster carers. Results indicate that (1) many foster carers have personally experienced adverse childhood experiences; (2) carers report indirect trauma exposure through their children's narratives and direct exposure, such as threats or violence; (3) a notable portion experience high levels of secondary traumatic stress; and (4) higher levels of trauma exposure are related to higher levels of secondary traumatic stress.<b>Conclusions</b>: The findings highlight the need for mental health screening, ongoing training, and systemic support for foster carers. Acknowledging carers as both caregivers and trauma-affected individuals is essential to trauma-informed care, as it contributes to the wellbeing of both foster children and foster carers, and helps ensure stable foster placements. Given the limited number of studies, future research should further explore the specific trauma foster carers encounter in their caregiving role, the nature and severity of their secondary traumatic stress symptoms, and how these factors influence their caregiving capacity and the stability of foster placements.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"17 1","pages":"2616986"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12849806/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146060933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Augmenting virtual reality exposure for PTSD with physical activity: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial.","authors":"Rick de Haart, Judith K Daniels, Marieke E Timmerman, Danielle C Cath, Miriam J J Lommen","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2605803","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2025.2605803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Physical activity is increasingly incorporated in trauma-focused treatments as an augmentation strategy to improve treatment outcome. In a novel VR exposure treatment known as 3MDR (Multi-modal Motion-assisted Memory Desensitization and Reconsolidation), patients engage in low-intensity physical activity by walking on a treadmill throughout the therapy session, approaching trauma-related pictures that progressively enlarge until fully displayed in a VR environment. Physical activity is considered a key augmentation strategy in this treatment, with the proposed mechanism that walking toward a trauma-related picture facilitates the reduction of trauma-related avoidance, thereby improving treatment outcome. However, neither the specific effect of walking during this treatment nor the proposed working mechanism have been scientifically examined yet.<b>Objective:</b> In this paper we describe the rationale and study design of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to examine the specific effect of walking toward trauma-related stimuli during VR exposure on treatment outcome. In addition, we will test whether walking toward trauma-related pictures facilitates a greater reduction in trauma-related avoidance.<b>Method:</b> Patients with PTSD (<i>N</i> = 158) are randomised to two treatment conditions: <b>walking</b> (VR exposure while walking) or <b>stationary</b> (VR exposure without walking), while keeping all other treatment aspects constant. Participants in both conditions receive two preparatory treatment sessions, 6 or 12 VR exposure sessions, and one closure session. The primary outcome is clinician-rated PTSD symptom severity. Secondary outcomes are both clinician-rated- and self-reported trauma-related avoidance symptom severity, as well as self-reported PTSD symptom severity. Assessments take place pre- and after 6 and 12 VR exposure sessions (posttreatment), and at 3-, 6-, 12- and 18- months follow-up.<b>Conclusion:</b> This RCT aims to examine whether incorporating walking during trauma-focused treatment in a VR exposure environment augments the treatment of patients with PTSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"17 1","pages":"2605803"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12863069/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146017914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doubt regarding abuse-related appraisals and identification with the aggressor as predictors of complex PTSD in female child abuse survivors.","authors":"Yael Lahav, Marylene Cloitre, Mark Shevlin, Menachem Ben-Ezra, Thanos Karatzias","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2629213","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2629213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Child abuse (CA) is a significant risk factor for trauma-related psychopathology, with potential outcomes that extend beyond posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to include complex PTSD (CPTSD) - a condition characterized by disturbances in self-organization (DSO). This trauma can also lead to identification with the aggressor (IWA), where survivors internalize the perpetrator's beliefs, perspectives, and behaviors, as well as doubt regarding abuse-related appraisals (DARA), which reflects uncertainty in interpreting aspects of the abuse. Although IWA and DARA have been proposed as potential contributors to trauma-related symptomatology, their predictive roles have not been empirically examined.<b>Objective:</b> This two-wave study explored the implications of IWA and DARA for subsequent PTSD and DSO symptoms.<b>Method:</b> The current study was conducted among 273 adult female CA survivors, aged 18-53 (M = 33.01, SD = 9.78). Participants completed online self-report measures assessing IWA and DARA at the first measurement (T1) and PTSD and DSO symptoms at two time points (T1 and T2).<b>Results:</b> The results revealed positive associations between IWA and DARA at T1 and PTSD and DSO symptoms at T2. Analyses further indicated that the IWA component, which involves the replacement of one's agency with that of the perpetrator at T1, predicted variance in PTSD and DSO at T2 (ES = 0.15 and 0.15, respectively). Additionally, the DARA component, which reflects doubt regarding the abuse at T1, predicted variance in DSO symptoms at T2 (ES = 0.17). These effects remained significant even after accounting for polyvictimization, PTSD, and DSO at T1.<b>Conclusions:</b> IWA and DARA may be important psychological factors contributing to survivors' vulnerability to trauma-related psychopathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"17 1","pages":"2629213"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12961711/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147354321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to war-related trauma and symptoms of complex posttraumatic stress disorder among children and adolescents in Gaza.","authors":"Basel El-Khodary, Rawan Iriqat, Abdallah Abo-Shamla, Mahmoud Ali, Wael Al-Delaimy","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2665509","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2026.2665509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The war in Gaza has exposed children and adolescents to extreme trauma, violence, and loss, yet little empirical data exist on its psychological impact. This study examines war-trauma exposure and associated mental health outcomes, including probable PTSD, probable complex PTSD (cPTSD), depression, anxiety, and stress.<b>Objective:</b> This study aimed to assess the psychological impact of prolonged and repeated war-related trauma on post-traumatic symptoms among children and adolescents in Gaza during the ongoing war, with the goal of informing public mental health and humanitarian interventions.<b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional study was conducted with 250 participants aged 12-18 displaced into refugee camps during the war in Gaza. War-related trauma was assessed using the Gaza <i>Traumatic Event Checklist (GTEC)</i>. PTSD and cPTSD symptoms were measured with the <i>International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ)</i>, and depression, anxiety, and stress were assessed using the <i>Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale for Youth (DASS-Y).</i><b>Results:</b> The results showed that all participants are exposed to at least three war traumatic events. Males exposed to more war trauma compared to females. Exposure to war-related trauma has a positive significant correlation with PTSD, cPTSD, stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms. Furthermore, no gender differences were found regarding PTSD and cPTSD diagnosis. Older adolescents reported higher stress, anxiety, and depression, but age did not predict PTSD or cPTSD. Children and adolescents with greater trauma exposure had higher PTSD and cPTSD scores than those with lower exposure.<b>Conclusions:</b> Children and adolescents in Gaza experience extremely high levels of PTSD and cPTSD due to chronic war-related trauma. Both genders are affected, with older adolescents showing more internalizing symptoms. These findings underscore the urgent need for culturally sensitive, comprehensive mental health interventions to mitigate long-term psychological harm.</p>","PeriodicalId":12055,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology","volume":"17 1","pages":"2665509"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13231820/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148143196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}