European Journal of Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Functional Impairments in Learning and Signal Propagation Following Prenatal Kynurenine Treatment in Mice","authors":"Sarah Beggiato,&nbsp;P. Leon Brown,&nbsp;Snezana Milosavljevic,&nbsp;Marian A. R. Thomas,&nbsp;Maria V. Piroli,&nbsp;Korrapati V. Sathyasaikumar,&nbsp;Francesca M. Notarangelo,&nbsp;Robert Schwarcz,&nbsp;Ana Pocivavsek","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70185","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation, are elevated in the brain of persons with schizophrenia (SZ) and may be linked to cognitive dysfunctions in the disease. Studies in rats indicate that abnormally high fetal brain KYNA may play a pathophysiologically significant role in this context (“EKyn model”). Here, we fed pregnant C57Bl/6J mice with the immediate KYNA precursor kynurenine (10 mg or 30 mg/day; EKyn) or with control chow (ECon) from embryonic day (ED) 11 to ED 18 and assessed offspring postnatally both functionally and biochemically. In adulthood, male, but not female, EKyn mice showed significant impairments in spatial and reversal learning. Moreover, ex vivo recording of evoked local field potentials in coronal brain slices revealed a longer contralateral response latency in EKyn than in ECon animals, suggesting impaired white matter function. However, plasma and brain levels of KYNA and of another KP metabolite, 3-hydroxykynurenine, did not differ between groups on postnatal day (PD) 21, on PD 35 (adolescence), or in adulthood (PD 56–75). Separate mice were fed prenatally with 4-chloro-kynurenine (20 mg/day), which is converted to the selective NMDA receptor antagonist 7-chloro-KYNA in vivo. Offspring did not show electrophysiological impairments in adulthood, indicating that NMDA receptors in the fetal brain were not the sole cause of functional deficits of EKyn mice later in life. The implications of these experiments for the study of psychiatric symptoms, as well as the unexpected differences between rats and mice, are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Neuroplasticity in Frontal- and Lateral-Eyed Mammals With Induced-Binocular Vision Dysfunction: Insights From Monocular Deprivation Models","authors":"Fábio Leite do Amaral Júnior,&nbsp;Thalyta Alves Rodrigues,&nbsp;Nonata Lúcia Trévia da Silva,&nbsp;Izabela Negrão Almeida Diniz,&nbsp;Luciana Negrão Almeida de Morais,&nbsp;Daniel Guerreiro Diniz,&nbsp;Dora Brites,&nbsp;Daniel Clive Anthony,&nbsp;Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70179","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Visual cortical plasticity during early postnatal life is profoundly shaped by species-specific ocular anatomy and ecological demands. This review synthesizes comparative evidence on how monocular deprivation (MD)—a classical model of amblyopia—affects visual system development in frontal- versus lateral-eyed mammals. Frontal-eyed species, including cats and primates, exhibit extensive binocular field overlaps and columnar architecture in the primary visual cortex (V1), making them highly susceptible to MD-induced shifts in ocular dominance and synaptic remodeling. In contrast, lateral-eyed species such as rodents and ungulates possess limited binocular overlaps and lack well-defined ocular dominance columns yet still demonstrate significant MD-induced plasticity involving callosal reorganization, glial activation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. We examine shared and divergent cellular mechanisms underpinning these responses, including the role of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, perineuronal nets, and neuromodulators like BDNF and NRG1. Rodent models support the notion that even in the absence of classical columnar organization, lateral-eyed species can undergo region-specific structural remodeling in V1 following MD. These distinctions underscore how binocular integration circuits are fine-tuned through extended critical periods in frontal-eyed species, whereas plasticity in lateral-eyed species is more diffusely distributed. The integration of cross-species data revealed conserved principles of visual cortical plasticity and identified mechanisms potentially targetable for amblyopia therapy. Understanding the ecological and anatomical context of plasticity allows for a more accurate interpretation of animal models and supports the development of precision strategies for visual rehabilitation. This comparative framework expands the scope of amblyopia research and offers new avenues for translational interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70179","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time Alters Distinct Memories Driven by Sensory Prediction Errors and Task Errors in Sensorimotor Adaptation","authors":"Li-Ann Leow,&nbsp;Welber Marinovic,&nbsp;Scott Albert,&nbsp;Timothy J. Carroll","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70196","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Prior learning can impair future learning when the requirements of the two memories conflict, a phenomenon termed anterograde interference. In sensorimotor adaptation, the passage of time between initial and future learning can reduce such interference effects, leading to the interpretation that time consolidates motor memories, protecting motor memories from interference. However, we still do not fully understand how time affects learning, as some studies found no effects of time on interference. One possible explanation for such inconclusive findings is that time has distinct effects on the multiple processes underpinning sensorimotor adaptation, and these processes may compensate for each other's effects on behaviour. Here, we used task manipulations that (1) dissociate adaptation processes driven by task errors from adaptation processes driven by sensory prediction errors and (2) separate the task-error driven adaptation processes into a flexible component that could not be acquired under time–pressure from a less flexible component that could be acquired under time–pressure. Consistent with interpretations from early reports, we found that the passage of time reduced anterograde interference effects in the adaptation component driven by sensory prediction errors. The passage of time between initial and subsequent learning also enhanced components of adaptation driven by task error: enhancing both the flexible, time-consuming component and the inflexible, time-efficient component driven by task errors. Thus, we provide evidence that multiple components of sensorimotor adaptation are sensitive to the passage of time.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Epigenetic Regulation of Glutamatergic Synapse Pathway in Adults With Prenatal Exposure to Famine","authors":"Zhen Tan,&nbsp;Weilong Li,&nbsp;Weijing Wang,&nbsp;Dongfeng Zhang,&nbsp;Qihua Tan","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70195","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It has been hypothesized that poor nutrition during prenatal growth may alter the development of vital organs like the brain, thus “program” predisposition to certain diseases later in life, including mental disorders. Although with support from studies using animal models and epidemiologic observations, the biological aspect of the hypothesis has been rarely studied in humans. Using famine as a natural experiment, we explored the altered DNA methylation patterns in genes of the glutamate synapse pathway in whole blood of adults born during the Chinese famine of 1959–1961. We detected significant patterns of hypomethylation for the whole pathway (<i>p</i> = 0.025), for the <i>GRIA1</i> gene in the AMPA subunit (<i>p</i> = 0.004), for <i>GRM2</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.023) and <i>GRM3</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.019) genes in the metabotropic receptor subunit. Our sex-stratified analysis identified significant enrichment of hypomethylation for the overall pathway (<i>p</i> = 0.031), for <i>GRIA1</i> genes (<i>p</i> = 0.009), <i>GRIA4</i> gene (<i>p</i> = 0.014), and <i>GRM3</i> gene (<i>p</i> = 0.031) in females but no significantly enriched pattern in males. Further analysis by location in gene locus found significant enrichment of hypomethylation of the pathway genes in the gene body in sex-combined (<i>p</i> = 0.020) and in female (<i>p</i> = 0.026) samples. In conclusion, our epigenetic association analysis found significantly enriched hypomethylation patterns for the glutamate synapse pathway and for genes in subunits of the pathway, which are more pronounced in female than in male samples prenatally exposed to famine.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain–Computer Interfaces in Spinal Cord Injury: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy","authors":"Shizhe Li,&nbsp;Shutao Gao,&nbsp;Yukun Hu,&nbsp;Jianlin Xu,&nbsp;Weibin Sheng","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70183","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The current treatment regimen for spinal cord injury (SCI), a neurological disorder with a high incidence of disability, is based on early surgical decompression and administration of pharmacological agents. However, the efficacy of such an approach remains limited, and most patients have sensory and functional deficits below the level of injury, which seriously affects their quality of life. This necessitates further exploration into effective treatment modalities. In recent years, considerable advancements have been made in developing and utilizing brain–computer interfaces (BCI), which facilitate neurorehabilitation and enhance motor function by transforming brain signals into diverse forms of output commands. BCI-assisted systems provide alternative means of rehabilitative exercise or limb movement in patients with SCI, including electrical stimulation and exoskeleton robots. BCI shows great potential in the rehabilitation of patients with SCI. This review summarizes the current research status and limitations of BCI for SCI to provide novel insights into the concept of multimodal rehabilitation and treatment of SCI and facilitate BCI's future development.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144573703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Differences in Motor Unit Behavior in Patients With Parkinson's Disease","authors":"Yuichi Nishikawa,&nbsp;Kohei Watanabe,&nbsp;Aleš Holobar,&nbsp;Tetsuya Takahashi,&nbsp;Noriaki Maeda,&nbsp;Hirofumi Maruyama,&nbsp;Allison Hyngstrom","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70191","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aim of this study was to determine whether there are sex differences in motor unit firing behavior in patients with Parkinson's disease. Twenty-seven patients with Parkinson's disease (females = 14 [age = 71.1 ± 6.8], males = 13 [age = 69.2 ± 10.3], Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III score; females = 10.8 ± 4.8, males = 11.4 ± 1.4) performed a contraction at 30% of the maximal voluntary contraction. For each participant, motor unit spike trains were decomposed from high-density surface electromyography data recorded from bilateral vastus lateralis muscles via blind source separation algorithms. In addition to the mean discharge rates, persistent inward currents were estimated via a paired motor unit analysis. Females presented significantly greater laterality of discharge rate (<i>p</i> = 0.001) and persistent inward currents (<i>p</i> = 0.0121) than males. A significant correlation was observed between the discharge rate and the recruitment threshold on the bilateral side of males and the less-affected side of females but not on the more-affected side of females. These findings indicate that sex differences in motor unit behavior exist in Parkinson's disease patients. Motor unit behavior may be a sensitive and quantitative evaluation tool to highlight differences in disease presentation between males and females.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144573688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muscle Length Modulates Recurrent Inhibition and Presynaptic Inhibition of Ia Afferents Differently Depending on Type of Contraction","authors":"Julian Colard,&nbsp;Julien Duclay,&nbsp;Yohan Betus,&nbsp;Thomas Cattagni,&nbsp;Marc Jubeau","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70172","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>It is well documented that, in soleus, motoneuron output and the effectiveness of activated Ia afferents to discharge α-motoneurons both decrease during eccentric contractions. Evidence suggests that these regulations can be explained by recurrent inhibition and greater presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents. However, the influence of muscle length on the regulation of the effectiveness of activated Ia afferents to discharge α-motoneurons observed during eccentric contractions remains unclear. We conducted a study on 16 healthy young individuals. We used simple and conditioned Hoffmann reflex with different conditioning techniques such as H′ method, D1 method and heteronymous Ia facilitation coupled with electromyography during eccentric, isometric and concentric contractions at long, intermediate and short soleus muscle lengths. Our results confirm that during eccentric contraction effectiveness of activated Ia afferents to discharge α-motoneurons decreases only at intermediate and short muscle lengths but is similar between all contraction types at long muscle length. Findings are similar for recurrent inhibition. Presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents is significantly more pronounced during eccentric contractions compared with isometric and concentric contractions at long muscle length. These findings highlight the significant impact of joint position on spinal regulatory mechanisms, particularly during eccentric contractions. Our analysis also reveals that recurrent inhibition and presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents are more pronounced at long muscle lengths compared to short muscle lengths, regardless of the contraction type. This result has uncovered a previously unknown function of recurrent inhibition, potentially modulating motoneuron frequency discharge in response to changes in muscle length.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What's in a Trait? Reconceptualizing Neurodevelopmental Timing by Seizing Insights From Philosophy","authors":"Isabella Sarto-Jackson","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70171","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Philosophy has long been debated for its relevance to natural sciences. Here, I exemplify how philosophy contributed to discourses in evolutionary biology concerning the concept of genes and traits. Rather than determining traits, genes influence the plastic development of traits. This dynamic view of traits is of high relevance when trait development depends on sensitive periods, because such interactionist processes link biological variability to environmental factors. I argue that neuroscience can also benefit from conceptual analysis employing philosophical questions. To this end, I use an interactionist approach discussing heterochrony that describes temporal changes of developmental events during evolution. A key example of heterochrony and developmental plasticity is the expansion of the human neocortex. Heterochrony manifests in prolongation of postnatal brain development in modern humans and retention of brain plasticity. Plasticity allows organisms to adapt to fluctuating environments typical for the human cognitive niche, thereby contributing to diversity. While periods of plasticity enable developmental variability, they also introduce the risk of neurodevelopmental aberrations, such as in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is characterized by an abnormal prolongation of neuroplasticity due to impaired excitatory/inhibitory balance and excessive synaptic pruning, especially in the prefrontal cortex. This “overpruning” combined with delayed maturation may contribute to the disorder's onset and progression. The interplay between environmental factors and neurodevelopment during sensitive periods is crucial in shaping the disease outcome. This interactionist reconceptualization challenges traditional gene-<i>for</i>-trait paradigms and advocates for a focus on developmental timing during different life stages to better understand the etiology of psychopathologies and potential intervention strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gestational and Lactational Exposure to Perfluorohexanoic Acid Affects Behavior in Adult Male Mice: A Preliminary Study","authors":"Elizabeth C. Plunk,&nbsp;Katherine E. Manz,&nbsp;Andre Gomes,&nbsp;Kurt D. Pennell,&nbsp;Marissa E. Sobolewski,&nbsp;Ania K. Majewska","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70174","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been associated with increased risk for male-biased neurobehavioral disorders. Industries have effectively replaced them with next-generation PFAS, including perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA). Zebrafish studies indicate developmental effects of PFHxA exposure on activity levels; however, the developmental neurotoxicology (DNT) of PFHxA has not been characterized in mammals. Human data reflect the need for mammalian DNT evaluations because PFHxA is found in the serum of pregnant women and in breast milk. Furthermore, postmortem studies show that PFHxA enters the brain, with the cerebellum having particularly elevated concentrations. Given this targeted brain region, we predicted that behavioral effects of PFHxA may target motor domains. To evaluate the effects of developmental PFHxA exposure, we exposed pregnant C57BL/6J mice daily from gestational day 0 through postnatal day (P)21 to vehicle (ddH2O), a lower (0.32 mg/kg of body weight [bw]) or a higher (50 mg/kg of bw) dose of PFHxA. Although this resulted in increases in the brain at P1 in the higher exposure group and in P21 in both exposure groups, by P90, PFHxA levels returned to those in control mice. We observed male-specific effects in the open-field test, the elevated plus maze, and the novel object recognition test in adulthood, with no overt effects in the hang test, inverted screen test, and gait scan. These preliminary findings indicate that PFHxA exposure may cause long-lasting changes in many behavioral domains in a mammalian model, and more research is needed to expand these evaluations to other cognitive domains.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual Differences in Boldness Influence Working Memory and Stress-Induced Repetitive Behaviors in Zebrafish","authors":"Barbara D. Fontana,&nbsp;Hevelyn S. Moraes,&nbsp;Camilla W. Pretzel,&nbsp;Khadija A. Mohammed,&nbsp;Julia Canzian,&nbsp;Carla D. Bonan,&nbsp;Matthew O. Parker,&nbsp;Denis B. Rosemberg","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70173","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Individual differences in traits, such as boldness, significantly impact survival and adaptability by shaping responses to environmental challenges, including stress. Bolder individuals take greater risks to access resources and often display higher impulsivity, affecting behavioral domains like memory and cognition. Coping mechanisms in response to stressful situations may also differ between bold and shy individuals, with bold fish tending towards impulsive, less inhibited responses, whereas shy fish adopt cautious, controlled strategies. Despite these distinctions, the connections between boldness, stress reactivity, cognitive performance, and maladaptive behaviors remain poorly understood. Here, we used the zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) to examine these relationships. Boldness was assessed using the novel tank diving test, classifying fish as bold or shy based on overall and vertical exploratory activity. We then exposed fish to conspecific alarm substance (CAS), an acute naturalistic stressor, and assessed cognitive outcomes in the FMP Y-maze. Our results revealed distinct responses, with bold zebrafish showing poorer working memory performance and higher levels of repetitive behaviors following stress compared to shy fish, underscoring the impact of individual differences on stress reactivity and cognition. A positive correlation between boldness and repetitive behaviors was found for both control and CAS-exposed fish, indicating that boldness influences the escape strategies adopted by different phenotypes on the FMP Y-maze, especially in patterns associated with repetitive behaviors. These findings advance our understanding of how boldness influences stress responses and cognitive outcomes, providing a framework to examine resilience, impulsivity, and repetitive behaviors in translational neurobehavioral research.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70173","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}