European Journal of Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Differential Monetary Rewards During Category Learning Increase Activity in Striatal Regions","authors":"Carol A. Seger,&nbsp;Lixue Cai,&nbsp;Jianping Chen,&nbsp;Jingxian Zhang,&nbsp;Zhiya Liu","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>How is the presence of reward reflected in activity in the corticostriatal networks underlying human categorization? We examined how activity in different regions of the striatum differed on trials in which participants received a reward for correct performance versus trials with no associated reward. Participants learned to categorize abstract fractal images as members of two different categories via trial and error with feedback. Images were associated with different monetary reward values (high, low and none) that could be obtained by the participant for correct categorization. We found that neural activity in the caudate nucleus (head and body) and putamen was greater for rewarded stimuli in comparison with nonrewarded. In addition, reward resulted in greater activity across the cortical regions underlying categorization, including areas of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) associated with stimulus-response mapping, the frontoparietal salience network and visual cortical areas associated with object and form processing. Reward effects were found both during early learning when stimuli were novel and when participants categorized stimuli on which they had been extensively trained prior to the scan. These results have implications for understanding how reward and categorization are integrated in the striatum.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Changes in Primary Motor Cortex Organization and Associations With Changes in Motor-Sensory Tests Over Time in Relation to Low Back Pain Recovery. A Longitudinal Study","authors":"Sabrine P. Klerx,&nbsp;Sjoerd M. Bruijn,&nbsp;Michel W. Coppieters,&nbsp;Henri Kiers,&nbsp;Jos W. R. Twisk,&nbsp;Annelies L. Pool-Goudzwaard","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70051","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The evidence for primary motor cortex reorganization in people with low back pain varies and is conflicting. Little is known about its association with motor and sensory tests, and recovery. We investigated primary motor cortex (re)organization and its associations with motor and sensory tests over time in people with (<i>N</i> = 25) and without (<i>N</i> = 25) low back pain in a longitudinal study with a 5-week follow-up. Participants with low back pain received physical therapy. Primary motor cortex organization, including the center of gravity and area of the cortical representation of trunk muscles, was evaluated using neuronavigated transcranial magnetic stimulation, based on individual magnetic resonance imaging. A motor control test (spiral tracking test) and sensory tests (quantitative sensory testing, graphaesthesia, and 2-point discrimination) were administered. Multivariate mixed models with a 3-level structure were used. In non-recovered participants, the center of gravity of longissimus L5 moved significantly anterior, and their temporal summation of pain decreased significantly more than in people without low back pain. The spiral tracking path length decreased significantly in participants without low back pain, which differed significantly from the increase in recovered participants. Significant associations were found between center of gravity and area with quantitative sensory tests and the spiral tracking test. We found a limited number of significant changes and associations over time, mainly related to longissimus L5. For some of these findings, no logical explanation seems currently available. Hence, it is unclear whether meaningful changes in cortical organization occur in people with low back pain over a 5-week period.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subthalamic Activity Is Associated With Proactive Inhibition in Parkinson's Disease Patients","authors":"Luna Damiani,&nbsp;Marion Albares,&nbsp;Pauline Laviron,&nbsp;Jean-Eudes Le Douget,&nbsp;Philippe Boulinguez,&nbsp;Carine Karachi,&nbsp;Marie-Laure Welter,&nbsp;Jérôme Munuera,&nbsp;Brian Lau","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a key element of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia (BG) and an effective target for improving motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) using deep brain stimulation (DBS). While dopamine neuron loss in PD results in a net shift towards increased inhibitory output from the BG, the precise mechanisms by which STN contributes to diminished movement remain unclear due to the complexity and multiplicity of processes underlying response inhibition. We used a modified Go/NoGo task varying uncertainty about Go or NoGo responses to determine how changes in response inhibition are related to STN local field potentials measured in 19 PD patients operated for STN-DBS. When engaged in the task, low-frequency band (LFB, 2–7 Hz; including the theta band, 4–7 Hz) power was significantly increased by dopamine treatment. LFB power significantly increased when there was uncertainty about the requirement of executing or withholding a response compared to when a response was certain. Increases in LFB power in individual trials were also significantly associated with faster reaction times. By contrast, beta band (12–30 Hz) power exhibited an inverted profile: It was significantly decreased by dopamine treatment, increased by response certainty and associated with slower reaction times. Our results suggest that STN low-frequency activity during voluntary behaviour may complement and enhance information obtained from the beta band and should be considered as a possible biomarker for the regulation of inhibition in uncertain contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Decision-Making “Fast” and “Slow”: A Model of Creative Thinking","authors":"Radwa Khalil,&nbsp;Martin Brüne","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The late Daniel Kahneman introduced the concept of <i>fast and slow thinking</i>, representing two distinct cognitive systems involved in decision-making (DM). Fast thinking (System 1) operates intuitively and spontaneously. In contrast, slow thinking (System 2) is characterized by deliberation and analytical reasoning. Following Kahneman's view, called <i>the biases</i> view, we suggest a framework involving the interplay between two systems, the bottom-up and top-down approaches. These two approaches involve various modalities, including learning skills, perception, cognition, attention, and emotion. Accordingly, we incorporate temporal modulation, which varies based on individual differences and accounts for adaptive DM. Our overarching framework elucidates how the brain dynamically allocates resources for adaptive DM and how creative mental processes could drive it. We highlight the immense value of interdisciplinary research collaboration in progressing the empirical research of our proposed framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometry as a Guide: Enclosure Effects on Spatial Mapping (Commentary on Xu et al. 2024)","authors":"Luca Sarramone,&nbsp;Jose A. Fernandez-Leon","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A recent paper by Xu et al. proposes that cognitive maps in mice emerge during spatial navigation from path integration anchored to a starting position. We challenge this understanding by arguing that enclosure geometry rather than path integration shapes cognitive maps. Our view emphasizes the context-specific formation of cognitive maps, claiming that these maps arise in response to particular task demands rather than existing as fixed, independent entities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NREM Sleep EEG Characteristics Following Written Trauma Memory Exposure: An Exploratory Study of Power and Spindle-Phase Dynamics","authors":"Alex Rosi-Andersen,&nbsp;Laura Meister,&nbsp;Waleed ElGrawani,&nbsp;Rafael Wespi,&nbsp;Steven Brown,&nbsp;Reto Huber,&nbsp;Birgit Kleim","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Trauma-focused psychotherapy aims to process intrusive memories in trauma survivors, and sleep is thought to contribute to offline memory consolidation and updating following therapy. We explored associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, treatment outcomes and three sleep EEG metrics during posttherapy naps: frequency-band power, symmetry and spindle to slow oscillation phase-coupling. These metrics have previously been linked to PTSD symptom severity, emotion regulation in the waking state and memory consolidation, respectively. Data were collected from 17 inpatients with a subthreshold PTSD diagnosis who all suffered from recurring intrusive trauma memories. Patients underwent three sessions of written exposure therapy (WET), a form of trauma-focused therapy, followed by 90-min sleep recordings using a portable EEG device. PTSD symptom (PTSS) severity was evaluated using a clinician-administered interview (CAPS-5). Initial observations suggest a reduction in EEG power across the Theta, Alpha, Sigma and Gamma bands was observed during deep sleep across WET-nap sessions, with a low Delta/Alpha ratio potentially predicting symptom change in reexperiencing. Alpha band symmetry correlated with overall PTSS severity but not improvement throughout the course of treatment. Finally, a phase shift in spindle nesting towards the late slow oscillation upstates was found the right hemisphere from WET Sessions 1–3 and correlated with overall PTSS reduction. Although these preliminary findings from our naturalistic clinical sample cannot establish causal relationships due to the lack of appropriate controls, they provide initial insights that may guide future controlled investigations into the complex interplay between sleep physiology and trauma-focused interventions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tacit Creationism Encourages Oversimplified Views of Functions and Dysfunctions","authors":"Dan J. Stein,&nbsp;Randolph M. Nesse","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Notions of function and dysfunction are fundamental for neuroscience, psychology and psychiatry but remain contentious. We propose that some of these controversies arise from ‘tacit creationism’, which disavows a designer but nonetheless views bodies and brain-minds as if they are products of conscious planning with discrete parts that serve specific functions. Many philosophers agree that ‘failure to perform a normal function’ is fundamental to the concepts of physical disease and mental disorder. However, unlike machines and computers, no blueprint defines a single normal phenotype for bodies and brain-minds. Instead, varying genes interact with one another and environments to create individuals who vary in ways that give advantages and disadvantages that depend on the environment. Many clinically relevant variations influence the gain in control systems for adaptive responses such as anxiety and low mood, making it difficult to draw a bright line between normal and excessive activation of distressing emotions in a particular context. Literal interpretations of the metaphor of body as machine or brain-mind as computer encourage essentializing normality and pathology—expecting functions to be as specific as those for parts of machine and dysfunctions to involve discrete anatomo-physiological or molecular defects corresponding to broken parts. Rejecting tacit creationism, and accepting the messy reality of organic complexity, the fuzzy boundaries of disorders and the multiple difference-makers that contribute to pathogenesis offers a better way forward for neuroscience, psychology and psychiatry.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is the Subthalamic Nucleus Sleeping Under Nitrous Oxide–Ketamine General Anesthesia?","authors":"Halen Baker Erdman,&nbsp;Hagai Bergman,&nbsp;Karin Abu Haya,&nbsp;Stefanie Glowinsky,&nbsp;Lotem Warhaftig,&nbsp;Juan F. León,&nbsp;Zvi Israel,&nbsp;Muneer Abu Snineh,&nbsp;Evgeniya Kornilov,&nbsp;Omer Zarchi,&nbsp;Idit Tamir,&nbsp;Johnathan Reiner,&nbsp;Tsvia Fay-Karmon,&nbsp;Sharon Hassin-Baer,&nbsp;Violeta Glauber,&nbsp;Tomer Nir,&nbsp;José Antonio Asprilla González,&nbsp;Lior Ungar,&nbsp;Zion Zibly","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nitrous oxide is a common gaseous anesthetic used in a wide range of medical procedures due to its desirable combination of anesthetic and analgesic properties. Deep brain stimulation surgery, a well-established treatment for movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, often requires precise microelectrode recordings of the awake brain's electrical signals for optimal results. However, the influence of anesthetics on these brain signals remains a critical consideration. This study investigated how nitrous oxide general anesthesia supplemented by ketamine affects the electrophysiology of the subthalamic nucleus compared to awake and low-dose ketamine sedation during deep brain stimulation procedures targeting the subthalamic nucleus of Parkinson's disease patients. Spectral analysis of subthalamic nucleus electrophysiological characteristics and statistical analysis of its electrophysiological dimensions were performed on retrospective data from three medical centers. Our findings revealed that nitrous-ketamine general anesthesia allows electrophysiological subthalamic nucleus identification, despite a slight decrease in overall activity level. Nevertheless, nitrous–ketamine showed significantly lower beta frequency power inside the nucleus compared to the ketamine and awake groups. At the group level, and in many trajectories, delineation of subthalamic nucleus subdomains can be achieved by detection of changes in the delta frequency oscillations. Notably, no differences in electrophysiological nucleus dimensions were found between the three groups. These findings suggest that it is possible to recognize the entrance and exit of the subthalamic nucleus with high confidence under nitrous oxide–ketamine anesthesia. However, the motor subregion of the nucleus is more difficult to delineate under nitrous anesthesia than ketamine sedation or awake, which may affect outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurophysiological Treatment Effects of Mesdopetam, Pimavanserin and Amantadine in a Rodent Model of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia","authors":"Abdolaziz Ronaghi,&nbsp;Tiberiu Loredan Stan,&nbsp;Sebastian A. Barrientos,&nbsp;Pär Halje,&nbsp;Azat Nasretdinov,&nbsp;Luciano Censoni,&nbsp;Sebastian Sulis Sato,&nbsp;Evgenya Malinina,&nbsp;Joakim Tedroff,&nbsp;Nicholas Waters,&nbsp;Per Petersson","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Levodopa provides effective symptomatic treatment for Parkinson's disease. However, nonmotor symptoms are often insufficiently relieved, and its long-term use is complicated by motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. To clarify mechanisms of levodopa-induced dyskinesia and pharmacological interventions aimed at reducing dyskinetic symptoms, we have here characterized the neurophysiological activity patterns in sensorimotor and cognitive-limbic circuits in dyskinetic rats, comparing the effects of amantadine, pimavanserin, and the novel prospective antidyskinetic and antipsychotic treatment mesdopetam. Parallel recordings of local field potentials from 11 cortical and subcortical regions revealed suppression of narrowband gamma oscillations (NBGs) in sensorimotor structures by amantadine and mesdopetam in conjunction with alleviation of dyskinetic signs. Concomitant gamma oscillations in cognitive-limbic circuits were not directly linked to dyskinesia and were not affected by antidyskinetic treatments to the same extent, although treatment-induced reductions in functional coupling were observed in both sensorimotor and cognitive-limbic circuits, in parallel. In a broad frequency spectrum (1–200 Hz), mesdopetam treatment displayed greater similarities to pimavanserin than to amantadine. These findings point to the reduction of NBGs as a valuable biomarker for the characterization of antidyskinetic treatment effects and provide systems-level mechanistic insights into the antidyskinetic efficacy of mesdopetam, with potential additional benefits for the treatment of Parkinson's-related psychosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local Field Potential Biomarkers of Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: Insights From the Subthalamic Nucleus in Deep Brain Stimulation","authors":"Marc-Antoine Gobeil,&nbsp;Albert Guillemette,&nbsp;Meziane Silhadi,&nbsp;Laurence Charbonneau,&nbsp;David Bergeron,&nbsp;Adan-Ulises Dominguez-Vargas,&nbsp;Numa Dancause,&nbsp;Nicolas Jodoin,&nbsp;Elie Bou Assi,&nbsp;Florin Amzica,&nbsp;Sami Obaid,&nbsp;Marie-Pierre Fournier-Gosselin","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Non-motor symptoms can severely affect the quality of life of Parkinson's disease-afflicted patients, with the most common ones being pain, sleep impairments, and neuropsychiatric manifestations. In advanced cases, complex fluctuations of motor and non-motor symptoms can occur despite optimal medication. Research on deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus suggests that it may provide benefits for treating non-motor symptoms in addition to improving motor symptoms. With recent advancements in deep brain stimulation technology, simultaneous recording of local field potentials and delivery of therapeutic stimulation is possible. This opens new possibilities for better understanding the pathophysiology of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease and for identifying potential electrophysiological biomarkers that accurately represent these symptoms. Specifically, this review aims to highlight potential local field potential biomarkers of non-motor symptoms in the subthalamic nucleus. The main findings indicate that activities in the beta frequency band are associated with nociception and sleep impairments such as insomnia and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorders. Additionally, activities in the theta and alpha frequency bands seem to reflect neurocognitive manifestations, including depression and impulse control disorders. A better understanding of these biomarkers could improve the clinical management of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. They hold promise for adjusting deep brain stimulation parameters in open-loop settings and might eventually be applied in closed-loop deep brain stimulation systems, though their true impact remains uncertain.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}