European Journal of Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Beyond the Illusion of Controlled Environments: How to Embrace Ecological Pertinence in Research?","authors":"Cassandre Vielle","doi":"10.1111/ejn.16661","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.16661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Through the lens of preclinical research on substance use disorders (SUD), I propose a reflection aimed at re-evaluating animal models in neuroscience, with a focus on ecological relevance. While rodent models have provided valuable insights into the neurobiology of SUD, the field currently faces a validation crisis, with findings often failing to translate into effective human treatments. Originally designed to address the lack of reproducibility in animal studies, the current global gold standard of rigorous standardization has led to increasingly controlled environments. This growing disconnection between laboratory settings and real-world scenarios exacerbates the validation crisis. Rodent models have also revealed various environmental influences on drug use and its neural mechanisms, highlighting parallels with human behaviour and underscoring the importance of ecological relevance in behavioural research. Drawing inspiration from inquiries in ethology and evolutionary biology, I advocate for incorporating greater environmental complexity into animal models. In line with this idea, the neuroethological approach involves studying spontaneous behaviours in seminatural habitats while utilizing advanced technologies to monitor neural activity. Although this framework offers new insights into human neuroscience, it does not adequately capture the complex human conditions that lead to neuropsychiatric diseases. Therefore, preclinical research should prioritize understanding the environmental factors that shape human behaviour and neural architecture, integrating these insights into animal models. By emphasizing ecological relevance, we can achieve deeper insights into neuropsychiatric disorders and develop more effective treatment strategies. This approach highlights significant benefits for both scientific inquiry and ethical considerations. The controlled environment is a chimera; it is time to rethink our models. Here, I have chosen the prism of preclinical research on SUD to present, in a nonexhaustive manner, advances enabled by the use of rodent models, the crises faced by animal experimentation, the reflections and responses provided by laboratories, to finally propose rethinking our models around questions of ecological relevance, in order to improve both ethics and scientific quality. Although my discussion is illustrated by the situation in preclinical research on SUD, the observation drawn from it and the proposals made can extend to many other domains and species.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 1","pages":"e16661"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142946977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Analysis of MOG Antibody-Associated Disease Overlapped With Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: A Long-Term Retrospective Study.","authors":"Tianjiao Duan, Song Ouyang, Zhaolan Hu, Qiuming Zeng, Weifan Yin","doi":"10.1111/ejn.16654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.16654","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To summarise the clinical characteristics, radiological features, treatments and prognosis of patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) overlapped with NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. We retrospectively analysed patients who exhibited dual positivity for MOG antibodies and NMDAR antibodies in serum/CSF from Jan 2018 to Jun 2023. Ten patients with MOGAD and NMDAR encephalitis were enrolled. The median age of initial attacks was 23 (range: 10-43) years old. Common symptoms were cortical encephalopathies (8/10), focal neurological deficits (4/10), as well as other presentations including headache, fever, optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. CSF pleocytosis was general (9/10, median 63.9 cells/μl). Lesions on brain MRI included brainstem (37.5%), cerebral cortex (33.3%), basal ganglia (25.0%) and hippocampus (20.8%). The average follow-up duration was 25.4 months. 10/10 patients developed more than one relapse attacks, with MOG positivity before (10%), simultaneous (40%) or after anti-NMDAR encephalitis (50%). Most patients (7/10) had good response to first-line therapy but experienced next relapse with an average interval of 6.7 (range: 2-14) months. We conducted initial analysis of lymphocyte subsets in these patients, which revealed that CD3+ and CD4 + T cells increased after immunosuppressants medication (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). We concluded that MOGAD overlapping with NMDAR encephalitis presents a distinct clinical phenotype which differs from either MOGAD or NMDAR encephalitis. Brainstem in combination with cortical lesions might be warning signs for this overlapping syndrome. Due to the high recurrent rates, we recommend early diagnosis and timely treatment with efficient immunosuppressants at onset.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 1","pages":"e16654"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142946980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuronal HIF-1α expression in mediobasal hypothalamus affects glycolipid metabolism and body weight in mice fed with high-fat diet.","authors":"Lijuan Ma, Azmat Rozjan, Dilihumaier Duolikun, Hai Guo, Qiaoling Yao","doi":"10.1111/ejn.16583","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.16583","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to explore the interaction between the expression of neuronal HIF-1α in the mediobasal hypothalamus and food intake, glycolipid metabolism and body weight (BW) in mice consuming high-fat diet (HFD). In HIF-1α^flox/flox mice, AAV-hSyn-GFP (NC group) or AAV-hSyn-cre-GFP (KD group) virus was injected into medial base of the hypothalamus. Frozen brain tissue sections confirmed the presence of the virus within the hypothalamus of mice after 28 days of AAV injection, including reporter signals within the arcuate nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Consistently, the levels of HIF-1α mRNA in the ventral hypothalamus were significantly lower in the KD group compared to the NC group. These KD mice also demonstrated significantly increased food intake, body weight (BW), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and serum insulin, combined with higher blood glucose, compared to NC animals. However, the levels of triglycerides and FFA were similar in both groups. Significant differences in p-Akt levels were not observed in the skeletal muscle, liver or epididymal fat in KD mice after insulin injection. In conclusion, the knockdown of HIF-1α within the neurons of mediobasal hypothalamus results in an increase in the appetite of mice fed with HFD, which in turn leads to a significant dysregulation of lipid and glucose metabolism and a corresponding increase in weight. Therefore, the neuronal HIF-1α expression in the mediobasal hypothalamus may be a critical regulator of glycolipid metabolism and body weight control when a high-fat diet is consumed.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"e16583"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142784666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gene expression patterns of the LDL receptor and its inhibitor Pcsk9 in the adult zebrafish brain suggest a possible role in neurogenesis.","authors":"Laura Gence, Elena Morello, Sepand Rastegar, Marie Laurine Apalama, Olivier Meilhac, Jean-Loup Bascands, Nicolas Diotel","doi":"10.1111/ejn.16586","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.16586","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) is the first member of a closely related transmembrane protein family. It is known for its involvement in various physiological processes, mainly in the regulation of lipid metabolism, especially in the brains of mammals and zebrafish. In zebrafish, two ldlr genes (ldlra and b) have been identified and their distribution in the brain is not well documented. Recently, the roles of ldlr and its inhibitor pcsk9 in regenerative process after telencephalic brain injury have been discussed. In this study, we explored the expression patterns of these genes during zebrafish development. We found that ldlra expression was detected at the end of the pharyngula period (48 hpf) and increased during the larval stage. Conversely, ldlrb expression was observed from zygotic to larval stages. Using techniques like in situ hybridization and taking advantage of transgenic fish, we demonstrated the widespread distribution of ldlra, ldlrb and pcsk9 in the brain of adult zebrafish. Specifically, these genes were expressed in neurons and neural stem cells and also at lower levels in endothelial cells. As expected, intraperitoneal injection of fluorescent-labelled LDLs resulted in their uptake by cerebral endothelial cells in a homeostatic context, whereas they diffused within the brain parenchyma after telencephalic injury. However, after intracerebroventricular injections into animals, LDL particles were not taken up by neural stem cells. In conclusion, our results provide additional evidence for LDLr expression in the brain of adult zebrafish. These results raise the question of the role of LDLr in the cholesterol/lipid imbalance in cerebral complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"e16586"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11664473/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142647169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of brain oscillatory activity in processing the informative value of feedback during rule acquisition.","authors":"Fangfang Liu, Fuhong Li, Bin Du","doi":"10.1111/ejn.16645","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.16645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Information conveyed through feedback enables individuals to learn new routines and better adapt to their environment. However, the neural mechanisms of rule-related information of feedback have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we quantified the effect of informative value on feedback via a rule induction task (RIT), in which participants were required to find the correct sorting rule based on feedback. To disengage the effects of informative value and valence on feedback in the RIT, a control task was developed in which feedback only involved the valence aspect and no reference for subsequent selections. We measured power and intertrial phase clustering (ITPC) values via EEG to determine the neural mechanisms of rule-related feedback. The results revealed that (1) differences in oscillatory activities between positive and negative feedback were only observed during the control task, and no such effect was found in the RIT task. This finding suggests that the participants paid more attention to rule-related information than to the correctness of feedback during rule learning. (2) The task differences under positive or negative feedback were associated with the delta-theta and alpha-beta bands, and this pattern was similar within the frontal and parietal regions. These findings suggest that the processing of rule-related information of feedback relies on broad frequency bands within the frontoparietal cortex to facilitate rule information integration. In summary, these findings indicate that multiple frequency bands are involved in encoding the informative value aspect of feedback, and individuals rely on this aspect of feedback rather than valence during rule learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser-Induced Olfactory Bulbectomy in Adult Zebrafish as a Novel Putative Model for Affective Syndrome: A Research Tribute to Brian Leonard.","authors":"Evgeny V Nekhoroshev, Maxim A Kleshchev, Andrey D Volgin, Anton D Shavlyakov, Xixin Bao, Shenghao Wang, Murilo S de Abreu, Tamara G Amstislavskaya, Allan V Kalueff","doi":"10.1111/ejn.16660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.16660","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inducing multiple neurobehavioural and neurochemical deficits, olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) has been developed as a rodent model of depression with potential for antidepressant drug screening. However, the generality of this model in other vertebrate taxa remains poorly understood. A small freshwater teleost fish, the zebrafish (Danio rerio), is rapidly becoming a common model species in neuroscience research. Capitalizing on a recently developed model of noninvasive targeted laser ablation of zebrafish brain, here we report an OBX model in adult fish. An easy-to-perform noninvasive method of inducing affective syndrome-like behavioural deficits in fish, it extends the generality of OBX to other taxa beyond mammals, also offering several practical advantages and novel lines of research in experimental modelling of CNS disorders. The work is a scientific tribute to the legacy of Brian Leonard (1936-2023), a great friend and a brilliant scientist who introduced OBX as a rodent model for affective pathobiology and whose advice and encouragement have inspired the present study.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 1","pages":"e16660"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142969846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lateralization-specific adaptation in auditory cortical evoked potentials: Comparison with frequency-specificity.","authors":"Barkın İlhan, Saliha Kurt, Yavuz Bolay, Pekcan Ungan","doi":"10.1111/ejn.16644","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.16644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>'Opponent channels model' (OCM) is the widely accepted model for cortical representation of sound lateralization. Stimulus-specific 'release from adaptation' (RFA) in cortical responses has been used in previous studies to test the predictions of this model. However, these attempts were shown to be prone to confounds of spurious responses such as those to auditory motion and sound onset. The present study aims to determine whether a multiple-adaptor RFA algorithm could be employed for relatively confound-free quantification of the population response of lateralization-specific auditory cortical neurons, and provide useful data for estimation of the OCM hemifield tuning curves. Two experiments were conducted on 12 volunteers with normal hearing. In Exp.1, quadruple tone pips of either low or high frequency were presented as adaptor, followed by a single tone pip of either frequency as probe. In Exp.2, tone pips were replaced with dichotic click train pips with left-leading and right-leading interaural time difference (ITD). Frequency- and ITD-specific RFA in cortical responses N1 and P2 was quantified using global field magnitude difference between ERPs to mismatched and matched adaptor-probe pairs. RFA level measured was lower for ITD mismatch than frequency mismatch. Nonetheless, it allowed measurement of ITD-specific cortical neurons' population response, without any spurious response confound. We proposed a method for extraction of ITD-specific response magnitude from the N1 response to a lateralized sound. Using it, one can reliably measure the activity of lateralization-specific cortical neurons, i.e. elicited by moderate ITD changes. This allows estimation of hemifield tuning curves in OCM using ERP data.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"e16644"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142834602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing adenosine A_2A receptor modulation of cannabinoid CB₁ receptor-mediated inhibition of GABA and glutamate release in rodent striatal nerve terminals.","authors":"Samira G Ferreira, Rafael M Bitencourt, Pedro Garção, Rodrigo A Cunha, Attila Köfalvi","doi":"10.1111/ejn.16642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.16642","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In corticostriatal nerve terminals, glutamate release is stimulated by adenosine via A_2A receptors (A_2ARs) and simultaneously inhibited by endocannabinoids via CB₁ receptors (CB₁Rs). We previously identified presynaptic A_2AR-CB₁R heterotetrameric complexes in corticostriatal nerve terminals. We now explored the possible functional interaction between A_2ARs and CB₁Rs in purified striatal GABAergic nerve terminals (synaptosomes) and compared these findings with those on the release of glutamate. In the striatal synaptosomes of rats and wild-type mice, the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212-2 (10-1000 nM) attenuated the Ca²⁺-dependent, high-K⁺-evoked release of γ-[2,3-³H(N)]-aminobutyric acid ([³H]GABA) and [³H]glutamate. WIN55212-2 did not affect the evoked release of either neurotransmitter under CB₁R blockade by AM251 or O-2050 or in CB₁R knockout (KO) mice. The A_2AR-selective agonist CGS21680 (30 nM) and the A_2AR-selective antagonist SCH58261 (100 nM) dampened the inhibitory action of WIN55212-2 in rat synaptosomes. Another A_2AR-selective antagonist, ZM241385 (100 nM), abolished the inhibition by WIN55212-2 of the evoked release of both [³H]GABA and [³H]glutamate. Surprisingly, WIN55212-2 also failed to inhibit the evoked release of [³H]GABA but not of [³H]glutamate in A_2AR KO mice of both CD-1 and C57BL/6 strains. In rat striatal synaptosomal membranes, the binding of [³H]ZM241385 to A_2ARs was not affected by cannabinoids. However, ZM241385 reduced the B_max while CGS21680 and SCH58261 increased the K_D of [³H]SR141716A binding to CB₁R, indicating an A_2AR-ligand-specific modulation of CB₁R function. CB₁R B_max and K_D were reduced in A_2AR KO mice, whereas A_2AR B_max was smaller in CB₁R KO mice. Altogether, our data reveal an intricate interdependence of presynaptic A_2ARs and CB₁Rs on striatal neuromodulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 1","pages":"e16642"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142946962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the Irrelevant: Neural Effects of Distractor Predictability Depend on Load.","authors":"Troby Ka-Yan Lui, Jonas Obleser, Malte Wöstmann","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70005","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Distraction is ubiquitous in human environments. Distracting input is often predictable, but we do not understand when or how humans can exploit this predictability. Here, we ask whether predictable distractors are able to reduce uncertainty in updating the internal predictive model. We show that utilising a predictable distractor identity is not fully automatic but in part depends on available resources. In an auditory spatial n-back task, listeners (n = 33) attended to spoken numbers presented to one ear and detected repeating items. Distracting numbers presented to the other ear either followed a predictable (i.e., repetitive) sequence or were unpredictable. We used electroencephalography (EEG) to uncover neural responses to predictable versus unpredictable auditory distractors, as well as their dependence on perceptual and cognitive load. Neurally, pairs of targets and unpredictable distractors induced a sign-reversed lateralisation of pre-stimulus alpha oscillations (~10 Hz) and larger amplitude of the stimulus-evoked P2 event-related potential component. Under low versus high memory load, distractor predictability increased the magnitude of the frontal negativity component. Behaviourally, predictable distractors under low task demands (i.e., good signal-to-noise ratio and low memory load) made participants adopt a less biased response strategy. We conclude that predictable distractors decrease uncertainty and reduce the need for updating the internal predictive model. In turn, unpredictable distractors might mislead proactive spatial attention orientation, elicit larger neural responses and put higher demand on memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 2","pages":"e70005"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11760630/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Living in Biological Darkness II: Impact of Winter Habitual Daytime Light on Night-Time Sleep.","authors":"Claudia Nowozin, Amely Wahnschaffe, Jan de Zeeuw, Alexandra Papakonstantinou, Sven Hädel, Andrea Rodenbeck, Frederik Bes, Dieter Kunz","doi":"10.1111/ejn.16647","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.16647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Timing and architecture of sleep are co-driven by circadian rhythms modulated by their major Zeitgeber light and darkness. In a natural environment, one is exposed to 3.000 lx (cloudy winter sky) to 100.000 lx (bright sunny sky). The aim of the study was to assess (1) habitual daytime light exposure in urban winter and (2) impact of daytime urban light on objective night-time sleep. Eleven healthy participants (mean age ± SD: 25.4 ± 2.8 years; 6 male) wore eyeglass frames continuously recording daytime illuminance levels vertically to the eye by mounted sensors (range: 1-40.000 lx) during four consecutive days in winter 2008 in Berlin, Germany. In-lab polysomnography was performed over two nights in nine participants. Median light exposure over 4 days was the following: full day 7:00-19:00 h: 23 lx (12-37 lx); morning 7:00-11:00 h: 81 lx (19-201 lx); midday 11:00-15:00 h: 68 lx (19-164 lx); afternoon 15:00-19:00 h: 22 lx (6-58 lx), resulting in only 36 min > 500 lx per day. Timing of daytime light intensity was significantly associated with subsequent sleep: lower midday illuminance with shorter REM latency (Rho = 0.817; p = 0.049) and earlier REM polarity (less prevalence of REM at end-of-sleep; Rho = 0.817; p = 0.049). Humans, living in an urban environment, appear to be exposed to extremely low light levels, which we named as 'Living in Biological Darkness'. Most fascinating, physiology seems to adapt and responds to variation in light intensity on such low levels. Interestingly, the observed changes in sleep architecture with low light levels are reminiscent of those suspected to constitute biological markers of depression some 40-50 years ago.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"61 2","pages":"e16647"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11744753/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}