Environmental Health Perspectives最新文献

{"title":"The Critical Role of Commercial Analytical Reference Standards in the Control of Chemical Risks: The Case of PFAS and Ways Forward.","authors":"Xenia Trier,Stefan P J van-Leeuwen,Gianfranco Brambilla,Roland Weber,Thomas F Webster","doi":"10.1289/ehp12331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp12331","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDVarious countries have instituted risk governance measures to control and minimize the risks of chemicals at the national and international levels. Activities typically include risk assessment based on a) hazard and exposure assessments; b) setting limits on the production, use, and emissions of chemicals; c) enforcement of regulations; and d) monitoring the effectiveness of the measures taken. These steps largely depend on chemical analysis and access to pure chemical reference standards. However, except for specific highly regulated categories of chemicals, such reference standards often are not commercially available. This raises a critical question: Given the widespread lack of reference standards, is the current approach to governing chemicals adequate to protect humans and the environment from harm? If not, what measures could be taken to improve the situation?OBJECTIVEWe outline how current chemical risk governance is hampered by the widespread lack of reference standards to produce the required scientific evidence. We also provide a list of recommendations for controlling chemical risks in the absence of reference standards.DISCUSSIONWe use per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), specifically the chemical C6O4 [perfluoro ([5-methoxy-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]oxy) acetic acid], to illustrate how companies that produce chemicals can prevent access to reference standards. We argue that the very limited availability of reference standards undermines the ability of scientists to produce independent scientific evidence needed for chemical risk governance and, thereby, prevents society from protecting people and the environment against chemical pollution and its harms. Possible ways to improve the situation include a) guaranteeing access to chemical reference standards by creating a reference standards repository, b) redefining the level of confidence sufficient for regulatory action, c) providing alternative options for chemical identification and quantification when reference standards are not available, and d) considering, when no reference standards are available, regulation of chemicals by class rather than individually. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12331.","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"146 1","pages":"15001"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invited Perspective: Reference Standards Are Key to Environmental and Human Health Research-The Case of PFAS.","authors":"Kurunthachalam Kannan","doi":"10.1289/ehp13705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp13705","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"45 1","pages":"11301"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Omics Assessment of Puff Volume-Mediated Salivary Biomarkers of Metal Exposure and Oxidative Injury Associated with Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems.","authors":"Xiaojia He,Maureen Meister,Jennifer Jeon,Akshada Shinde,Qian Zhang,Patrick Chepaitis,Marilyn Black,Jonathan Shannahan,Christa Wright","doi":"10.1289/ehp14321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp14321","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDSince their inception, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have gained increasing popularity, sparking a vaping epidemic among adolescents in the US and globally. Several ENDS safety concerns have emerged as device features and formats that contribute to heavy metal exposure and toxicity continue to evolve and outpace regulatory efforts.OBJECTIVESOur objective was to integrate ENDS emission profiles with salivary proteome and metabolome data to characterize exposure factors that may influence adverse vaping-mediated health outcomes.METHODSA total of 56 participants (38 exclusive ENDS users and 18 non-ENDS users) were recruited. A subset of 15 exclusive ENDS users completed puffing topography assessments to obtain individual vaping behavior patterns using each participant's ENDS device. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine the metal content of emissions (12 ENDS devices) generated using a programmable ENDS aerosol generation system and saliva (15 exclusive ENDS users and 5 non-ENDS users). Saliva samples from 10 exclusive ENDS users and 5 non-ENDS users were analyzed for proteomic, metabolomic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress/damage biomarkers.RESULTSA linear puff volume-dependent increase in particle emissions and heavy metals was observed in ENDS aerosols and saliva of exclusive ENDS users. Elevated puff volume-dependent levels of salivary cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and IL-6, were observed alongside the oxidative damage indicators malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Proteome-metabolome network analysis showed a higher risk of potentially developing neurological and respiratory diseases in ENDS users compared with non-ENDS users. Integrated salivary proteome-metabolome-metallome network analysis further demonstrated that heavy metals were associated with proteomic and metabolomic perturbations, with notable alterations in inflammatory response, immune function, and disease-related pathways.DISCUSSIONA significant correlation between heavy metals, cytokines, and oxidative stress markers reveals a potential role of vaping behavior in exposure to metals and changes in markers associated with DNA damage and inflammation. Our study demonstrates the importance of characterizing vaping behavior and puffing topography when examining the human health implications of ENDS use. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14321.","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"142 1","pages":"17005"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142988672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the Exposure-Response Relationship between Fine Mineral Dust Concentration and Coccidioidomycosis Incidence Using Speciated Particulate Matter Data: A Longitudinal Surveillance Study.","authors":"Amanda K Weaver, Nicole Keeney, Jennifer R Head, Alexandra K Heaney, Simon K Camponuri, Philip Collender, Abinash Bhattachan, Gregory S Okin, Ellen A Eisen, Gail Sondermeyer-Cooksey, Alexander Yu, Duc J Vugia, Seema Jain, John Balmes, John Taylor, Justin V Remais, Matthew J Strickland","doi":"10.1289/EHP13875","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP13875","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Coccidioidomycosis, caused by inhalation of <i>Coccidioides</i> spp. spores, is an emerging infectious disease that is increasing in incidence throughout the southwestern US. The pathogen is soil-dwelling, and spore dispersal and human exposure are thought to co-occur with airborne mineral dust exposures, yet fundamental exposure-response relationships have not been conclusively estimated.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We estimated associations between fine mineral dust concentration and coccidioidomycosis incidence in California from 2000 to 2017 at the census tract level, spatiotemporal heterogeneity in exposure-response, and effect modification by antecedent climate conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We acquired monthly census tract-level coccidioidomycosis incidence data and modeled fine mineral dust concentrations from 2000 to 2017. We fitted zero-inflated distributed-lag nonlinear models to estimate overall exposure-lag-response relationships and identified factors contributing to heterogeneity in exposure-responses. Using a random-effects meta-analysis approach, we estimated county-specific and pooled exposure-responses for cumulative exposures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found a positive exposure-response relationship between cumulative fine mineral dust exposure in the 1-3 months before estimated disease onset and coccidioidomycosis incidence across the study region [incidence rate ratio (IRR) for an increase from 0.1 to <math><mrow><mn>1.1</mn><mtext> </mtext><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>1.60</mn></mrow></math>; 95% CI: 1.46, 1.74]. Positive, supralinear associations were observed between incidence and modeled fine mineral dust exposures 1 [<math><mrow><mtext>IRR</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>1.13</mn></mrow></math> (95% CI: 1.10, 1.17)], 2 [<math><mrow><mtext>IRR</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>1.15</mn></mrow></math> (95% CI: 1.09, 1.20)] and 3 [<math><mrow><mtext>IRR</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>1.08</mn></mrow></math> (95% CI: 1.04, 1.12)] months before estimated disease onset, with the highest exposures being particularly associated. The cumulative exposure-response relationship varied significantly by county [lowest IRR, western Tulare: 1.05 (95% CI: 0.54, 2.07); highest IRR, San Luis Obispo: 3.01 (95% CI: 2.05, 4.42)]. Season of exposure and prior wet winter were modest effect modifiers.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Lagged exposures to fine mineral dust were strongly associated with coccidioidomycosis incidence in the endemic regions of California from 2000 to 2017. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13875.</p>","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"133 1","pages":"17003"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11729455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142978009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning Potential for Identifying and Forecasting Complex Environmental Drivers of <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> Infections in the United States.","authors":"Amy Marie Campbell, Jordi Manuel Cabrera-Gumbau, Joaquin Trinanes, Craig Baker-Austin, Jaime Martinez-Urtaza","doi":"10.1289/EHP15593","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP15593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Environmental change in coastal areas can drive marine bacteria and resulting infections, such as those caused by <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i>, with both foodborne and nonfoodborne exposure routes and high mortality. Although ecological drivers of <i>V. vulnificus</i> in the environment have been well-characterized, fewer models have been able to apply this to human infection risk due to limited surveillance.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The Cholera and Other <i>Vibrio</i> Illness Surveillance (COVIS) system database has reported <i>V. vulnificus</i> infections in the United States since 1988, offering a unique opportunity to both explore the forecasting capabilities machine learning could provide and to characterize complex environmental drivers of <i>V. vulnificus</i> infections.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Machine learning models, in the form of random forest classification models, were trained and refined using the epidemiological data from 2008 to 2018, six environmental variables (sea surface temperature, salinity, chlorophyll <i>a</i> concentration, sea level, land surface temperature, and runoff rate) and categorical encoders to assess our predictive potential to forecast <i>V. vulnificus</i> infections based on environmental data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The highest-performing model, which used balanced classes, had an Area Under the Curve score of 0.984 and a sensitivity of 0.971, highlighting the potential of machine learning to anticipate areas and periods of <i>V. vulnificus</i> risk. A higher false positive rate was found when the model was applied to real-world imbalanced surveillance data, which is pertinent amid modeled underreporting and misdiagnosis ratios of <i>V. vulnificus</i> infections. Further models were also developed to explore multilevel spatial resolution, finding state-specific models can improve specificity and early warning system potential by exclusively using lagged environmental data.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The machine learning approach was able to characterize nonlinear and interacting environmental associations driving <i>V. vulnificus</i> infections. This study accentuates the potential of machine learning and robust surveillance for forecasting environmentally associated marine infections, providing future directions for improvements, further application, and operationalization. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP15593.</p>","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"133 1","pages":"17006"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11756857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143028328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: \"The Tailpipe's Tale: Traffic-Related Air Pollutants and Ovarian Cancer Risk\".","authors":"Silke Schmidt","doi":"10.1289/EHP16951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP16951","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"133 1","pages":"19001"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11737549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ambient Toxic Air Contaminants in the Maternal Residential Area during Pregnancy and Cerebral Palsy in the Offspring.","authors":"Haoran Zhuo, Beate Ritz, Joshua L Warren, Krystal Godri Pollitt, Zeyan Liew","doi":"10.1289/EHP14742","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP14742","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common permanent neuromotor disorder diagnosed in childhood. Although most cases have unknown etiology, emerging evidence suggests environmental risk factors of CP.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We investigated whether ambient toxic air contaminants (TACs) in the maternal residential area during pregnancy, specifically volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metals, were associated with offspring CP risk in California.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a case-cohort study that included CP cases (<math><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>906</mn></mrow></math>) and a 20% random sample of all live singleton births (<math><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>184,954</mn></mrow></math>) who lived within a <math><mrow><mn>5</mn><mtext>-mile</mtext></mrow></math> (8-km) radius of air toxics monitoring stations in California during 2005-2015 as the control comparison group. CP cases were ascertained from diagnostic records of the California Department of Developmental Services. We <i>a priori</i> selected TACs with suspected neurotoxicity and developmental toxicity, including 14 VOCs and 6 metals. We estimated the adjusted risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for CP and the average maternal residential exposures to each TAC over the entire pregnancy using modified Poisson regression. For air contaminant mixtures, we used quantile-based g-computation to estimate the effects of mixtures of VOCs or metals. Finally, we performed a negative control exposure analysis on exposure estimates of 36-48 months after delivery to evaluate uncontrolled confounding bias.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Maternal residential exposures to six VOCs (benzene, toluene, 1,3-butadiene, acetone, acetonitrile, and methylene chloride) and four metals (antimony, lead, nickel, and vanadium) were associated with 3%-25% higher risk of CP per interquartile range increase, and the estimated mixture effects of VOCs (<math><mrow><mtext>RR</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>1.24</mn></mrow></math>; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.43) or metals (<math><mrow><mtext>RR</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>1.38</mn></mrow></math>; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.58) were stronger. The observed associations were close to null for negative control exposures (36-48 months after delivery) to mixtures of VOCs or metals and CP.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In California, maternal prenatal residential exposure to VOCs and metals in the outdoor air, largely attributed to mobile traffic emission sources, was associated with an increased risk of CP in offspring. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14742.</p>","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"133 1","pages":"17008"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11758984/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incense Use and the Risk of Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the Singapore Chinese Health Study.","authors":"Ariel Fangting Ying, Derek John Hausenloy, Woon-Puay Koh","doi":"10.1289/EHP14674","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP14674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epidemiologic studies have shown that daily exposure to incense smoke is associated with greater risk of cardiovascular mortality, which suggests that chronic exposure to incense could be linked to atherosclerosis. We studied the association between home incense use and the risk of chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), the most severe outcome of peripheral arterial disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used data from the Singapore Chinese Health Study, which recruited 63,257 Chinese participants 45-74 years old from 1993-1998. Data were collected via in-person interviews conducted at the participants' homes by trained interviewers. Linkage to the nationwide hospital discharge database was used to determine incident cases, defined as participants who underwent revascularization or lower extremity amputation for CLTI. Association between use of incense and risk of CLTI was examined using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models, adjusted for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this cohort, 76.9% were current users of incense at recruitment, and 92.6% of those used incense daily at home. During a mean 18.8 years of follow-up, 1,097 participants developed CLTI. Compared to never or former users, current users had a 22% higher risk of CLTI [hazard ratio <math><mrow><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mtext>HR</mtext></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>1.22</mn></mrow></math>; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.43]. The risk was greater with chronicity of use, and the HR was highest and statistically significant in participants who had used incense daily for <math><mrow><mo>></mo><mn>40</mn></mrow></math> years [<math><mrow><mtext>HR</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>1.25</mn></mrow></math> (95% CI: 1.06, 1.46)]. The results did not differ by sex, history of diabetes, or smoking status.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Daily exposure to incense in the home environment for more than 40 years was associated with a greater risk of developing CLTI. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14674.</p>","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"133 1","pages":"17009"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11758985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invited Perspective: Incense Burning and Cardiovascular Risk-A Rising Concern.","authors":"Yifei Qin, Gaetano Santulli","doi":"10.1289/EHP16598","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP16598","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"133 1","pages":"11304"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11758983/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socioeconomic Disparities in Exposures to PFAS and Other Unregulated Industrial Drinking Water Contaminants in US Public Water Systems.","authors":"Aaron J Maruzzo, Amanda B Hernandez, Christopher H Swartz, Jahred M Liddie, Laurel A Schaider","doi":"10.1289/EHP14721","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP14721","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Unregulated contaminants in drinking water, such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), can contribute to cumulative health risks, particularly in overburdened and less-advantaged communities. To our knowledge, there has been no nationwide assessment of socioeconomic disparities in exposures to unregulated contaminants in drinking water.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The goals of this study were to identify determinants of unregulated contaminant detection among US public water systems (PWSs) and evaluate disparities related to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We gathered data from the US Environmental Protection Agency's (US EPA's) Third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (2013-2015), PWS characteristics, sociodemographic data, and suspected pollution sources from regulatory databases. We included four target contaminants (or classes) with industrial sources: PFAS, 1,4-dioxane, 1,1-dichloroethane, and chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22). Associations were evaluated with pairwise comparison tests and generalized logistic mixed-effects regression models for six dichotomous outcomes: detection of each of four target contaminants, detection of <math><mrow><mo>≥</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math> target contaminant, and PWS exceedance of <math><mrow><mo>≥</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math> US EPA health reference level that was in effect in 2017.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>More than 97 million US residents were served by a PWS with detectable levels of 1,4-dioxane (22% of PWSs), HCFC-22 (5.8%), 1,1-dichloroethane (4.7%), and/or PFAS (4.0%). Unregulated contaminant detection was more frequent among large systems, urban systems, and systems using groundwater or a combination of groundwater and surface water. In comparison with PWSs with no detectable levels of these unregulated contaminants, PWSs with detectable levels served counties with higher proportions of Hispanic residents (17% vs. 13%), as did PWSs that exceeded EPA health reference levels in comparison with PWSs with no exceedances (18% vs. 14%). There were persistent positive associations between proportions of Hispanic residents and detections of target contaminants, even after accounting for pollution sources.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Previously, inequities in exposures to drinking water contaminants were underestimated because prior studies have focused on regulated contaminants. PWSs serving counties with more Hispanic residents, non-Hispanic Black residents, and urban households may benefit from additional resources to proactively mitigate unregulated chemical contamination. Future studies should evaluate factors underlying these disparities to promote actions that protect water quality for all residents. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14721.</p>","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"133 1","pages":"17002"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11734612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142983015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}