Environmental Health Perspectives最新文献

{"title":"Greenspace Morphology and Preterm Birth: A State-Wide Study in Georgia, United States (2001-2016).","authors":"Huaqing Wang, Xucheng Huang, Hua Hao, Howard H Chang","doi":"10.1289/EHP14571","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP14571","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Residential greenness is linked to birth outcomes. However, the role of greenspace morphology remains poorly understood. Additionally, evidence is lacking regarding whether these relationships vary by subpopulation.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We examined the association between preterm birth and residential greenspace morphology, including percentage, shape, connectedness, aggregation, closeness, and fragmentation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed 2,063,444 singleton live births between 2001 to 2016 in Georgia, USA. Thirty-meter resolution landcover data from National Land Cover Databased (2001-2016) were obtained to calculate greenspace morphology metrics for 1,953 census tracts in Georgia. A two-stage logistic regression examined associations between each greenspace morphology metric and preterm birth at individual level. Stratified analysis was conducted by maternal race, ethnicity, education, urbanicity, poverty rate, and greenspace percentage.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher greenspace percentage, aggregation, closeness, shape complexity, connectedness, and lower fragmentation were linked to a lower risk of preterm birth. After adjusting for poverty rate, associations with morphology attenuated, except for fragmentation [odds ratio (OR) = 1.014; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0001, 1.026] across the entire population. Strongest associations were found among black mothers and in high-poverty areas. Specifically, the odds of preterm birth in the highest quartile of greenspace percentage were 0.962 (95% CI: 0.933, 0.991) times the odds in the lowest quartile. Additionally, a lower risk of preterm birth was associated with higher greenspace aggregation (OR = 0.969; 95% CI: 0.947, 0.992), and a higher risk of preterm birth was associated with higher fragmentation (OR = 1.028; 95% CI: 1.009, 1.047), both in the black mothers group. In tracts with a high poverty rate, a lower risk of preterm birth associate with higher greenspace percentage (OR = 0.953; 95% CI: 0.910, 0.999), aggregation (OR = 0.976; 95% CI: 0.955, 0.997), and lower fragmentation (OR = 0.976; 95% CI: 0.958, 0.994). The association with greenspace morphology was most pronounced in census tracts with a medium level of greenspace percentage.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our study complements other studies by showing the importance and protective effects of greenspace morphology. The observed effects are particularly prominent in census tracts characterized by a moderate level of greenspace percentage, high poverty rates, and among black women. Our findings suggest the need for tailored greenspace planning strategies based on varying levels of greenness in different areas. For locations with low greenness, increasing the greenspace percentage may be prioritized. In areas with a medium level of greenness, strategic enhancement of greenspace morphology is recommended. For areas with high greenness, the focus should be on imp","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"132 12","pages":"127001"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11616770/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142779539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pooling Biospecimens for Efficient Exposure Assessment When Using Case-Cohort Analysis in Cohort Studies.","authors":"Min Shi, David M Umbach, Clarice R Weinberg","doi":"10.1289/EHP14476","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP14476","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Large prospective cohort studies have been fruitful for identifying exposure-disease associations. In a cohort where biospecimens (e.g., blood, urine) were collected at enrollment, analysts can exploit a case-cohort approach: Biospecimens from a random sample of cohort participants, called the \"subcohort,\" plus a sample of incident cases that were not part of the subcohort are assayed. Reusing subcohort data for multiple disease outcomes can reduce costs and conserve specimen archives. Pooling biospecimen samples before assay could both save money and reduce depletion of the archive but has not been studied for cohort studies.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We develop and evaluate a biospecimen pooling strategy for case-cohort analyses that relate an exposure to risk of a rare disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our approach involves constructing pooling sets for cases not in the subcohort after grouping them according to time of diagnosis (e.g., age). In contrast, members of the subcohort are grouped by age at entry before constructing pooling sets. The analyst then fits a logistic regression model that jointly stratifies by age at risk and pooling set size and adjusts for confounders. We used simulations (288 sampling scenarios with 1,000 simulated datasets each) to evaluate the performance of this approach for several sizes of pooling sets and illustrated its application to environmental epidemiologic studies by reanalyzing Sister Study data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Parameter estimates were nearly unbiased, and 95% confidence intervals constructed using a bootstrap estimate of the standard error performed well. In statistical tests also based on the bootstrap standard error, pooling up to 8 specimens per pool caused only modest loss of power. Assigning more cohort members to the subcohort and commensurately increasing the number of specimens per pool improved power and precision substantially while reducing the number of assays.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>When using case-cohort analysis to study disease outcomes in relation to exposures assessed using biospecimens in a cohort study, epidemiologists should consider biospecimen pooling as a way to improve statistical power, conserve irreplaceable archives, and save money. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14476.</p>","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"132 12","pages":"127004"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11668240/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142881531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two Hits of EDCs Three Generations Apart: Evaluating Multigenerational Anxiety-Like Behavioral Phenotypes in Female Rats Exposed to Aroclor 1221 and Vinclozolin.","authors":"Emily N Hilz, Ross Gillette, Lindsay M Thompson, Lexi Ton, Timothy Pham, M Nicole Kunkel, David Crews, Andrea C Gore","doi":"10.1289/EHP15621","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP15621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous chemical compounds that interfere with the normal function of the endocrine system and are linked to direct and inherited adverse effects in both humans and wildlife. Legacy EDCs such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are no longer used yet remain detectable in biological specimens around the world; concurrently, we are exposed to newer EDCs like the fungicide vinclozolin (VIN). This combination of individuals' direct environmental chemical exposures and any heritable changes caused by their ancestors' chemical exposures leads to a layered pattern of both direct and ancestrally inherited exposures that might have cumulative effects over generations.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We assessed consequences of both direct and ancestral exposure to EDCs over six generations, examining anxiety-like behaviors in maternal and paternal lines of female rats. We used the \"two hits, three generations apart\" multigenerational exposure model to explore how two distinct EDCs-the weakly estrogenic PCB mixture Aroclor 1221 (A1221) and the antiandrogenic VIN-interact on behavior across generations. We also explored serum hormones as a potential mechanism.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Rats were prenatally exposed to A1221, VIN, or vehicle (DMSO) in the F1 generation, and a second exposure (same or different) was administered to the F4 generation. Anxiety-like behavior was measured in the Open Field test, Light:Dark box, and Elevated Plus Maze in the F1, F3, F4, and F6 generations. Serum concentrations of estradiol and corticosterone were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Behavioral effects were not detectable in the F1 generation but emerged and became more robust across generations. Rats with ancestral VIN exposure demonstrated less anxiety-like behavior in the F3 paternal line in comparison with controls. Rats exposed to ancestral then prenatal A1221/VIN and VIN/A1221 had more anxiety-like behavior in the F4 maternal line, and those with two ancestral hits of VIN/VIN had more anxiety in the F6 paternal line, in comparison with controls.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our findings suggest that anxiety-like behavioral phenotypes can manifest in rats following germline exposure to EDCs and that subsequent exposures across generations can intensify these effects in a lineage-dependent manner. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP15621.</p>","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"132 12","pages":"127005"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11687612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Multiple Climate Change Mitigation Actions and Health Co-Benefits: A Framework Using the Global Calculator.","authors":"Paolo Vineis, Lorenzo Mangone, Kristine Belesova, Cathryn Tonne, Rossella Alfano, Alexandre Strapasson, Christopher Millett, Neil Jennings, Jem Woods, Onesmus Mwabonje","doi":"10.1289/EHP14906","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP14906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Global Calculator is an open-source model of the world's energy, land, and food systems. It is a pioneering online calculator to project the impact of interventions to mitigate climate change on global temperature. A few studies have been conducted to evaluate the health co-benefits of climate change mitigation, though they are still fragmentary.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Our objectives are to identify which sectors could yield the greatest results in terms of climate change mitigation and suggest whether existing evidence could be used to weight mitigation actions based on their ancillary impacts on human health or health co-benefits.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the International Energy Agency (IEA) 4DS scenario as a referent (i.e., the \"4-degree Celsius increase scenario\"), we simulated changes in different policy \"levers\" (encompassing 43 potential technological and behavioral interventions, grouped by 14 sectors) and assessed the relative importance of each lever in terms of changes in annual greenhouse gas emissions in 2050 and cumulative emissions by 2100. In addition, we examined existing estimates for the health co-benefits associated with different interventions, using evidence from the Lancet Pathfinder and four other tools.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our simulations suggest that-after accounting for demographic change-transition from fossil fuels to renewables and changes in agriculture, forestry, land use, and food production are key sectors for climate change mitigation. The role of interventions in other sectors, like carbon capture and storage (CCS) or nuclear power, is more modest. Our work also identifies mitigation actions that are likely to have large health co-benefits, including shifts to renewable energy and changes in land use as well as dietary and travel behaviors. In conclusion, some of the sectors/interventions which have been at the center of policy debate (e.g., CCS or nuclear power) are likely to be far less important than changes in areas such as dietary habits or forestry practices by 2050. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14906.</p>","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"132 12","pages":"125001"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11633834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142806713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Here's the Rub: Skin Care Products and Children's Phthalate Exposures.","authors":"Lindsay Key","doi":"10.1289/EHP16068","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP16068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Racial and ethnic differences in exposures to phthalates and their replacements through use of soaps, lotions, etc. appear to begin in childhood.</p>","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"132 12","pages":"124002"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11636779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142812498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Tailpipe's Tale: Traffic-Related Air Pollutants and Ovarian Cancer Risk.","authors":"Silke Schmidt","doi":"10.1289/EHP16350","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP16350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Higher <math><mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mrow></math> exposure was associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer. Results hinted that age at exposure might matter.</p>","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"132 12","pages":"124001"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11623385/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142789440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Tailpipe-Related and Nontailpipe-Related Air Pollution Exposure with Cognitive Decline in the Chicago Health and Aging Project.","authors":"Ryan M Andrews, Sara D Adar, Adam A Szpiro, Joel D Kaufman, Cami N Christopher, Todd L Beck, Klodian Dhana, Robert S Wilson, Kumar B Rajan, Denis Evans, Jennifer Weuve","doi":"10.1289/EHP14585","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP14585","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Evidence suggests that long-term exposure to air pollution may increase the risk of dementia and related cognitive outcomes. A major source of air pollution is automotive traffic, which is modifiable by technological and regulatory interventions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;We examined associations of four traffic-related air pollutants with rates of cognitive decline in a cohort of older adults.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We analyzed data from the Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP), a longitudinal (1993-2012) community-based cohort study of older adults that included repeated assessments of participants' cognitive performance. Leveraging previously developed air pollution models, we predicted participant-level exposures to the tailpipe pollutants oxides of nitrogen (&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;NO&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) and nitrogen dioxide (&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;NO&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;), plus the nontailpipe pollutants copper and zinc found in coarse particulate matter [PM with aerodynamic diameter &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2.5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;PM&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2.5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;-&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;Cu&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) and &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;PM&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2.5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;-&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;Zn&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, respectively], over the 3 y prior to each participant's baseline assessment. Using generalized estimating equations, we estimated covariate-adjusted associations of each pollutant with rates of cognitive decline. We probed the robustness of our results via several sensitivity analyses, including alterations to the length of the exposure assessment window and exploring the influence of pre- and post-baseline selection bias.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Using data from 6,061 participants, estimated associations of these pollutant exposures with cognitive decline were largely inconsistent with large adverse effects. For example, a standard deviation (&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5.8&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext&gt; ppb&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) increment in &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;NO&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; corresponded to a slightly slower rate of cognitive decline [e.g., mean difference in change in global score, 0.010 standard unit/5 y, 95% confidence interval (CI): &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;-0&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;.016&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, 0.036]. The results of most of our sensitivity analyses were in generally similar to those of our main analyses, but our prebaseline selection bias results suggest that our analytic results may have been influenced by differential survivorship into our study sample.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discu","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"132 12","pages":"127002"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11623384/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142789428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational Benzene Exposure and Lung Cancer in Human Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Wenxin Wan, Susan Peters, Lützen Portengen, Ronnie Babigumira, Jo Steinson Stenehjem, David Richardson, Roel Vermeulen","doi":"10.1289/EHP15086","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP15086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Benzene is classified as carcinogenic to humans based on evidence that benzene causes acute myeloid leukemia. However, there is limited evidence that benzene causes lung cancer.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We performed a systematic review, quality assessment, and meta-analysis of published cohort and case-control studies on the association between occupational benzene exposure and lung cancer risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed the relevant human epidemiological studies from PubMed and Embase databases to 19 August 2024. Data extraction included study characteristics, effect estimates, and exposure assessment details. Two investigators independently evaluated study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) framework and exposure assessment quality based on <i>a priori</i> criteria. Six risk of bias (ROB) domains were constructed from the NOS criteria to identify and quantify possible biases and their impacts on parameter estimates. Meta-analysis relative risk (pooled RR) and associated confidence intervals were calculated using random-effects models, and a flexible exposure-response meta-regression was fitted to assess the shape of the association. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the consistency of results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 252 articles identified, 13 studies covering 366,975 participants (17,030 lung cancer cases) were included in our analysis. The meta-analysis of ever occupational benzene exposure showed an elevated risk of lung cancer (pooled <math><mrow><mtext>RR</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>1.14</mn></mrow></math>; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.27; <math><mrow><mi>I</mi><mo>²</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>72</mn></mrow></math>). Subgroup analyses revealed that larger pooled RRs in studies based on highly exposed groups had higher overall quality and better exposure assessments and included both males and females (as opposed to only males). A positive linear trend was observed in the exposure-response meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our meta-analysis supports an association between occupational benzene exposure and an increased risk of lung cancer. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP15086.</p>","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"132 12","pages":"126001"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11616769/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142779540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining Potential PFAS Contamination of Private Wells from a High School in Rural Maine.","authors":"Ludwin Moran Sosa, Ashley Taylor, Alexis C Garretson, Ann Backus, Katie Richards, Joel H Graber, Richard F Hilliard, Jane E Disney","doi":"10.1289/EHP14653","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP14653","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"132 12","pages":"127701"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11613431/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142767559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Effectiveness of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions: A Counterfactual Simulation Approach to Generalizing the Outcomes of Intervention Trials.","authors":"Andrew F Brouwer, Mondal H Zahid, Marisa C Eisenberg, Benjamin F Arnold, Sania Ashraf, Jade Benjamin-Chung, John M Colford, Ayse Ercumen, Stephen P Luby, Amy J Pickering, Mahbubur Rahman, Alicia N M Kraay, Joseph N S Eisenberg, Matthew C Freeman","doi":"10.1289/EHP15200","DOIUrl":"10.1289/EHP15200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions can reduce diarrheal disease, many large-scale trials have not found the expected health gains for young children in low-resource settings. Evidence-based guidance is needed to improve interventions and remove barriers to diarrheal disease reduction.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We aimed to estimate how sensitive WASH intervention effectiveness was to underlying contextual and intervention factors in the WASH Benefits (WASH-B) Bangladesh cluster-randomized controlled trial.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The investigators measured diarrheal prevalence in children enrolled in the WASH-B trial at three time points approximately 1 year apart (<math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>17,187</mn></mrow></math> observations). We developed a susceptible-infectious-susceptible model with transmission across multiple environmental pathways and evaluated each of four interventions [water (W), sanitation (S), hygiene (H), and nutrition (N) applied individually and in combination], compliance with interventions, and the impact of individuals not enrolled in the study. Leveraging a set of mechanistic parameter combinations fit to the WASH-B Bangladesh trial using a hybrid Bayesian sampling-importance resampling and maximum-likelihood estimation approach, we simulated trial outcomes under counterfactual scenarios to estimate how changes in six WASH factors (preexisting WASH conditions, disease transmission potential, intervention compliance, intervenable fraction of transmission, intervention efficacy, and community coverage) impacted intervention effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Increasing community coverage had the greatest impact on intervention effectiveness (e.g., median increases in effectiveness of 34.0 and 45.5 percentage points in the WSH and WSHN intervention arms when increasing coverage to 20%). The effect of community coverage on effectiveness depended on how much transmission was along pathways not modified by the interventions. Intervention effectiveness was reduced by lower levels of preexisting WASH conditions or increased baseline disease burden. Individual interventions had complementary but not synergistic effects when combined.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>To realize the expected health gains, future WASH interventions must address community coverage and transmission along pathways not traditionally covered by WASH. The effectiveness of individual-level WASH improvements is reduced more the further the community is from achieving the coverage needed for herd protection. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP15200.</p>","PeriodicalId":11862,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Health Perspectives","volume":"132 12","pages":"127003"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11661469/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}