European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Behavior as a window to the mind - objective daily life assessment of attention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.","authors":"Xue Feng, Ru Li, Peng Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02653-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00787-025-02653-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>For decades, researchers have been searching for objective laboratory markers to measure and define attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. However, in clinical practice, the most commonly used tools are still psychological scales, which are neither objective nor laboratory-based. This reliance on scales may stem from the fact that they are currently the only available method in this field for collecting daily-life data, and such data plays an irreplaceable role in defining mental disorders. Fortunately, wearable devices now offer the possibility of collecting objective daily-life data. In our study, we aim to monitor children's activity synchrony (AcSyn) and activity volume (AcVo) using accelerometers in a school setting to examine the correlation between these daily-life markers and the symptoms related to attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included an entire class of children of 1st grade (n = 39). Children were required to wear the accelerometer on their wrist to record their activities during school time for 3 weeks using 1-second epoch, based on which we calculated AcSyn and AcVo, and conducted correlation analysis with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In-class AcSyn was significantly correlated with teacher-reported inattention score (r=-0·480, P = 0·001), but not hyperactivity/impulsivity score. In-class/recess AcVo is significantly related to parent-reported hyperactivity/impulsivity score (r = 0·448-0·482, P ≤ 0·002), but not inattention score.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AcSyn and AcVo are potential markers to measure children's attention/hyperactivity/impulsivity performance in daily-life. Moreover, when combined with event labels and analyzed on micro or macro time scales, AcSyn and AcVo have the potential to provide profound insights.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"2453-2462"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143364234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complexity beyond the usual suspects.","authors":"Julian Koenig","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02835-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00787-025-02835-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"2277-2278"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12397141/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144793775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding everyday victimization experiences in vulnerable youth: an ecological momentary assessment approach.","authors":"Sophie Charlotte Niestroj, Marco Giurgiu, Maren Boecker, Sarah Steden, Lisa Knobloch, Ann-Katrin Wiemann, Arnold Lohaus, Ulrich W Ebner-Priemer, Kerstin Konrad","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02829-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02829-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early victimization significantly increases the risk of subsequent revictimization throughout life, yet the underlying psychological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) studies hold promise in clarifying how contextual factors and social attributions influence everyday victimization experiences. This study utilized EMA to examine daily victimization in out-of-home care (OOHC), a high-risk group for (re-)victimization, compared to children and adolescents living with their biological families (BF). Over two weeks, 157 participants, aged eight to 21 years (N = 68 in OOHC and N = 89 in BF group) reported their victimization experiences, including contextual and individual factors via EMA. Additionally, participants answered standardized questionnaires on lifetime victimization and psychopathology. Attending school was identified as a contextual risk factor for everyday victimization experiences. Higher levels of psychopathology and OOHC residence were associated with increased everyday victimization. In contrast, lifetime victimization did not predict current victimization frequency but significantly impacted daily affective states and social acceptance levels. Internal attribution styles for everyday victimization experiences were associated with lower affective valence and social acceptance. These findings emphasize the heightened vulnerability of children and youth in OOHC to frequent victimization, with internal attribution styles in response to victimization being a significant risk factor for negative affect and feelings of social ostracism. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the nature of victimization experiences among OOHC and BF. It emphasizes the importance of understanding and addressing internal attribution styles in interventions designed to support vulnerable populations like children and adolescents in OOHC.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144752666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental engagement in an early intervention program for anorexia nervosa: a qualitative study.","authors":"Thomas Diot, Alexandra Loisel, Marie Rose Moro, Corinne Blanchet","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02827-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02827-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe chronic condition requiring early and effective intervention. Family involvement is considered a cornerstone of adolescent treatment, yet the specific dynamics of early parental engagement into care remain poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the processes underlying parental involvement in early care for adolescents with AN, within the context of a family-based day program (EVAFAM) in France. We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with 15 parents (7 fathers, 8 mothers) whose adolescents participated in the EVAFAM program between January 2023 and June 2024. We identified three main processes that lead to parental engagement in care: (1) a grieving process, where parents recognized the chronic nature of the illness and their emotional responses to the diagnosis; (2) an active reconstruction process, where parents adapted their attitudes and behaviors to become therapeutic partners; and (3) the relationship to the institutional care framework, which provided both authority and support, while sometimes generating ambivalence. Engagement was supported by increased knowledge and structured interventions but challenged by emotional strain and uncertainty. Notably, early intervention enabled families to shift from denial to active participation, suggesting that engagement is a progressive construction, not an initial precondition. Understanding the trajectories of parental engagement during early intervention highlights key levers for supporting families, including acknowledging emotional transitions, providing practical tools, and reinforcing institutional alliances. These insights can inform tailored interventions and enhance family-centered care for adolescents with AN.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144752665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Family-based cognitive behavioral therapy versus family-based psychoeducation and relaxation training for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a randomized clinical trial (TECTO).","authors":"Anne Katrine Pagsberg, Nicole Nadine Lønfeldt, Christine Lykke Thoustrup, Nicoline Løcke Jepsen Korsbjerg, Camilla Funch Uhre, Sofie Heidenheim Christensen, Valdemar Funch Uhre, Anna-Rosa Cecilie Mora-Jensen, Melanie Ritter, Linea Pretzmann, Helga Kristensen Ingstrup, Birgitte Borgbjerg Moltke, Gitte Sommer Harboe, Emilie Damløv Thorsen, Line Katrine Harder Clemmensen, Jane Lindschou, Janus Engstrøm, Christian Gluud, Hartwig Roman Siebner, Per Hove Thomsen, Katja Hybel, Frank Verhulst, William Baare, Pia Jeppesen, Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen, Signe Vangkilde, Markus Harboe Olsen, Julie Hagstrøm, Kerstin Jessica Plessen","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02797-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02797-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Few randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have compared cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) versus active control interventions for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and the range of investigated outcomes has been limited. We investigated benefits and harms of family-based CBT with exposure and response prevention (FCBT) versus family-based psychoeducation and relaxation training (FPRT) in pediatric OCD. This single-center RCT was investigator-initiated, independently funded, including participants with OCD aged 8-17 years with a Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) entry score ≥ 16. We randomized participants 1:1 to 14 sessions of FCBT versus FPRT. Allocation was masked to assessors and statisticians. The primary outcome was CY-BOCS end-of-treatment-score (week-16) analyzed by intention-to-treat. Adverse events were reported by the Negative Effects Questionnaire (NEQ-20). One-hundred-and-thirty participants were randomized, 52.3% females; mean age 13.3 (SD = 2.9) years; mean CY-BOCS total score 25.8 (SD = 4.9); n = 64 to FCBT versus n = 66 to FPRT. Sixteen participants dropped out (four from FCBT, 12 from FPRT). The mean CY-BOCS total score at end-of-treatment was significantly lower for FCBT (15.9, SD = 8.7) versus FPRT (19.9, SD = 8.1), estimate - 3.89, 95%CI [-6.83, - 0.96), p = 0.01, effect size = 0.47, 95% CI [0.09, 0.85]. This difference was below our predefined minimal clinically important difference of four points. The average weekly NEQ frequency score showed no significant group differences. FCBT was associated with significantly larger symptom reduction than FPRT, but with a modest effect. FCBT and FPRT appeared comparably tolerable. A rigorous methodology enabled the counteraction of several biases. Limitations included missing self-reported data and inability of masking participants and treatment providers.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144752664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional relationships of irritability with ADHD, depression, GAD, and PTSD in three independent samples of Chinese children and adolescents.","authors":"Fulei Geng, Xiaoyan Xiong, Yuan Shao, Jian Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02823-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02823-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Irritability is a transdiagnostic factor that commonly co-occurs with ADHD, depression, GAD, and PTSD in children and adolescents. However, the bidirectional relationships between these conditions remain understudied. Exploring these relationships could offer valuable insights into the shared and distinct mechanisms underlying children and adolescent psychopathology. Data were from three large samples of Chinese children and adolescents. Sample 1 included 1,360 7th- and 8th-grade students (52.90% male; mean age = 12.77 ± 0.67 years) from Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, with a one-year follow-up. Sample 2 consisted of 1,326 7th- and 10th-grade students (51.30% male; mean age = 13.84 ± 1.49 years) from Chenzhou, Hunan, followed up after 11 months. Sample 3 comprised 5,637 4rd- to 9th-grade students (54.30% male; mean age = 11.50 ± 1.42 years) from Hengyang Hunan, and Jinxian Jiangxi, assessed annually across three waves. Cross-lagged models were used to examine bidirectional associations. Irritability showed a certain degree of stability, that is similar to those of PTSD, depression, GAD, and ADHD. There were bidirectional relationships between irritability, on the one hand, and PTSD, depression, GAD, ADHD, on the other hand in pairwise analyses, regardless of survey durations and measure tools of irritability. When irritability, as well as, other clinical symptoms were modeled simultaneously, longitudinal associations differed across samples, survey durations, and measures. The findings imply general but not specifical longitudinal associations of irritability with emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents. Irritability is a relatively stable construct that can indicate the risks of emotional and behavioral problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144741703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anxiety and depressive disorders in the offspring of mothers with perinatal depressive disorders.","authors":"Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Rosa Alati, Getinet Ayano, Kim Betts, Berihun Dachew","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02803-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02803-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maternal perinatal depression has been linked to increased risk of anxiety and depression in offspring. However, many studies are limited by small sample sizes, self-reported data, and insufficient adjustment for confounders, including comorbid maternal anxiety disorders. Using a large linked administrative health dataset from New South Wales, Australia, this study aimed to examine the risk of anxiety and depressive disorders among offspring of mothers with perinatal depressive disorders, with diagnoses identified using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10 AM) codes. Associations were assessed using generalized linear model and propensity score matching. Offspring of mothers with perinatal depressive disorders had a 56% higher risk of depressive disorders (RR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.05-2.29), though this was not observed after matching (RR = 1.42, 95% CI = 0.93-2.18). Maternal perinatal depressive disorders were associated with a higher risk of anxiety disorders (RR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.78-2.48), which remained significant after propensity score matching (RR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.59-2.28). Offspring of mothers with comorbid perinatal depressive and anxiety disorders had a 2.36-fold higher risk of depressive disorders (RR = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.21-4.63), a 2.56-fold higher risk of anxiety disorders (RR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.89-3.48), and a 3.37-fold higher risk of comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders (RR = 3.37, 95% CI = 1.54-7.36). These findings highlight the increased risk of depressive and anxiety disorders in offspring of mothers with perinatal depressive disorders, with stronger associations observed when maternal depression coexists with anxiety. The results underscore the need for early detection and targeted interventions for maternal perinatal depressive and anxiety disorders to reduce adverse mental health outcomes in offspring.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144706780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network relationships between emotional dysregulation and ADHD symptoms: an investigation of 13,207 clinical children and adolescents.","authors":"Wenyan Zhang, Xiaohui Song, Anyi Zhang, Liping Yu, Xianbin Wang, Zhongliang Jiang, Yonghua Cui, Ying Li","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02819-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02819-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study employed network analysis to examine the co-occurrence patterns of emotional dysregulation (ED) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in clinically referred children and adolescents. A total of 13,207 children and adolescents meeting the research criteria were included in the analysis. ED was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-dysregulation profile (SDQ-DP), while ADHD symptoms were evaluated using The Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-IV, parent-report version (SNAP-IV). The study examined central and bridging symptoms within the network model. The research identified that the node SNAP-2 (\"Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities\") is the most central symptom in the ED-ADHD co-occurrence network model. Nodes SDQ-2 (\"Restless, overactive, cannot stay still for long\"), SDQ-13 (\"Often unhappy, depressed or tearful\"), and SDQ-5 (\"Often loses temper\") emerged as core symptoms within the ED community, indicating that excitability, depression, and irritability are common subtypes of emotional dysregulation in the co-occurrence model. Bridging symptoms include node SDQ-2 (\"Restless, overactive, cannot stay still for long\"), node SDQ-15 (\"Easily distracted, concentration wanders\"), and node SNAP-14 (\"Often is 'on the go' or acts as if 'driven by a motor'\"), linking hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and attention deficits with co-occurring emotional dysregulation. The core and bridging symptoms identified in this study may serve as targets for prevention and treatment of co-occurring ED and ADHD in clinical children and adolescents. The most common subtypes of emotional dysregulation symptoms co-occurring with ADHD represent targets for personalized treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144697942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delphi consensus on the transition from pediatric to adult care in Italian ADHD youth.","authors":"Elisa Roberti, Antonio Clavenna, Eleonora Basso, Francesca Scarpellini, Rita Campi, Michele Giardino, Michele Zanetti, Maurizio Bonati","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02810-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02810-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to develop consensus-based recommendations for improving the transition of care for young adults with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) to Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS) in Italy. A modified Delphi consensus method was employed, involving 27 stakeholders, including child psychiatrists, psychiatrists, psychologists, primary care physicians, young adults with ADHD, and parents. Recommendations were drafted by combining data from prior phases of the Transition in young adults with Diabetes, Epilepsy, and ADHD (TransiDEA) project and international guidelines (e.g., NICE, Ready Steady Go). Stakeholders evaluated 33 proposed recommendations across two rounds, rating their relevance and feasibility. Consensus was defined as ≥ 75% agreement per item. Consensus was achieved on 22 recommendations organized into four categories: planning (14 items), passage (4 items), monitoring (1 item), and services (3 items). Key recommendations included starting transition planning at age 16, involving families and interdepartmental teams, implementing practical tools for information exchange, and monitoring young adults outcomes post-transition. Training for clinicians and service self-assessment were emphasized to address systemic barriers. The final shared recommendations integrate multiple perspectives and international best practices and provide a structured, adaptable framework for improving ADHD care transitions in Italy. Future efforts should evaluate their implementation and expand the methodology to other neurodevelopmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144689651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early developmental milestones associated with tics and psychopathological comorbidity: An EMTICS study.","authors":"Tamar Steinberg, Dana Feldman-Sadeh, Alan Apter, Yael Bronstein, Noa Elfer, Miri Carmel, Elena Michaelovsky, Abraham Weizman, Matan Nahon, Danny Horesh, Astrid Morer, Blanca Garcia Delgar, Anette Schrag, Silvana Fennig, Pieter J Hoekstra, Andrea Dietrich, Noa Benaroya-Milshtein","doi":"10.1007/s00787-025-02807-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02807-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic Tic disorders (CTD) including Tourette Syndrome (TS), are associated with psychopathological comorbidities. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other comorbidities have been linked to delays in early developmental milestones. Few studies have investigated the relationship between early developmental milestones, tic severity, and related comorbidities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>383 participants aged 3-16 years (76.8%, n = 294 boys) with CTD from the baseline assessment of the European Multicenter Tics in Children Study (EMTICS), were evaluated for: retrospective early developmental milestones (sitting, walking, first words, complete a sentence, bladder and bowel control), tic severity, tic-related functional impairment, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and suspected ASD. Data was collected using gold-standard self and clinician reporting instruments. Analyses included Pearson correlations and logistic regressions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Correlations between the acquisition of developmental milestones and tic severity or impairment were significant with small effect sizes (severity of motor tics and tic impairment were correlated with walking (r = .11), while vocal tics were correlated with first words (r = .12)). Logistic regression revealed that delayed acquisition of first words was significantly associated with ADHD, ODD and suspected ASD (Odds Ratio (ROR): 1-1.13, 1.04-1.22, 1.05-1.21, respectively), while delayed walking acquisition was associated with OCD (ROR: 1.01-1.27).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study highlights the association between early developmental milestones and later psychopathological comorbidities in CTD patients. These findings emphasize the need for further research to distinguish between children with only tics and those with tics and psychopathological comorbidities, to improve early detection of individuals at risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":11856,"journal":{"name":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}