Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality最新文献_第6页

Effects of the insecticide endosulfan on nitrification in low pH agricultural soils 杀虫剂硫丹对低pH农业土壤硝化作用的影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1990-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540050402

G. Stratton

{"title":"Effects of the insecticide endosulfan on nitrification in low pH agricultural soils","authors":"G. Stratton","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540050402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540050402","url":null,"abstract":"Two methods of measuring nitrification in soil bioassays were compared for their sensitivity in estimating toxic effects of endosulfan, a cyclodiene insecticide. Both technical grade endosulfan (95% pure) and endosulfan formulated as a commercial preparation (Thiodan 4EC) were tested in a sandy loam (pH 5.7), a silt loam (pH 5.0), and a clay loam (pH 4.9) soil. Nitrification was assayed using both soil perfusion and batch incubation techniques. There was a significant difference in the nitrification pattern evidenced by the three soils. In the sandy loam soil up to 90% of the added ammonium ion was converted into nitrate within 30 days, while the silt loam required 40 days to achieve similar nitrate levels. Activity in the clay loam was very slow and only 5% of the added ammonium ion was converted into nitrate within 70 days. The nitrification pattern for any given soil was similar when measured by both test methods. At insecticide levels of 10, 50, and 100 ppm of active ingredient, there was no significant difference in toxicity between the commercial preparation and technical endosulfan in 50% of the systems tested. In the remainder, the commercial formulation was usually more toxic. For concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm of active ingredient, endosulfan supplied as the commercial preparation was consistently more toxic than the technical material when tested toward nitrification. There was also a significant difference between the two incubation methods in their sensitivity to endosulfan. The exact level of toxicity was dependent upon both the soil type and the incubation method used. Generally, endosulfan was more toxic with the batch incubation system and in the silt loam soil. The importance of these results in nitrification bioassays are discussed.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76286608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Combination of single-species laboratory tests for the assessment of the ecotoxicity of p-Benzoquinone 评价对苯醌生态毒性的单物种实验室试验组合

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1990-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540050408

J. Devillers, R. Steiman, F. Seigle-Murandi, P. Prevot, C. André, J. Benoit-Guyod

引用次数: 8

Use of Escherichia coli cloned with genes encoding bacterial luciferase for evaluation of chemical toxicity 利用克隆细菌荧光素酶编码基因的大肠杆菌评价化学毒性

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1990-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540050403

J. Lampinen, M. Korpela, P. Saviranta, R. Kroneld, M. Karp

引用次数: 20

A systematic study of the aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of 18 chlorophenols and 3 cresols 18种氯酚和3种甲酚的好氧和厌氧生物降解的系统研究

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1990-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540050405

Dickson L. S. Liu, G. Pacepavicius

{"title":"A systematic study of the aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of 18 chlorophenols and 3 cresols","authors":"Dickson L. S. Liu, G. Pacepavicius","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540050405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540050405","url":null,"abstract":"Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes for 18 chlorophenols and 3 cresols were systematically evaluated under a controlled laboratory system, using an acclimatized mixed culture of pentachlorophenol-degrading bacteria. The biodegradation processes were characterized based on the lag time (time in hours required to observe 10% degradation of the added test chemical against the control), t90 (time in hours required to degrade 90% of the added test chemical). The results indicate that nonspecific generalizations such as the degree of a chemical's chlorination cannot be reliably used to predict the persistence of chemicals in the environment. On the other hand, a systematic analysis of the molecular structure of analogues and related chemicals, in particular the positions of chlorine substitution on the phenolic ring, appears to be the logical approach to provide useful information for predicting the environmental fate of existing and new chemicals. The substitution effect in dictating a chlorophenol's biodegradability appears to follow in the descending order of 2,4 > 4 > 3,5 > 2,6 > 3, or 5, or 2. Microbial acclimation was found to be a distinct feature associated with the biodegradation of toxic substances and thus having the potential to be utilized in characterizing the biodegradation process of such chemicals. Ignorance of this acclimation period in kinetics study could nullify the usefulness of using mathematical models in predicting the environmental fate of chemical compounds.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89648918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

Simple two‐step sediment extraction procedure for use in genotoxicity and toxicity bioassays 用于遗传毒性和毒性生物测定的简单两步沉积物提取程序

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1990-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540050407

K. Kwan, B. Dutka

引用次数: 55

Toxicity assessment of pollutants in the marine environment of Kuwait using Microbial bioassay 利用微生物生物测定法评估科威特海洋环境中污染物的毒性

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1990-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540050304

M. Salama, A. Salem

{"title":"Toxicity assessment of pollutants in the marine environment of Kuwait using Microbial bioassay","authors":"M. Salama, A. Salem","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540050304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540050304","url":null,"abstract":"The Arabian Gulf offers a suitable location for investigating the potential impact of toxic chemicals on marine life, because it is a semienclosed, relatively shallow, small body of water. This study was carried out to evaluate the relative sensitivity, precision, and accuracy of three published microbial bioassay procedures to ascertain their ability to detect toxicity in the marine environment of Kuwait. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The bioassay procedures used were dissolved oxygen depletion (DOD), viable plate count (VPC), and optical density (OD). Mixed marine bacteria isolated from the local seawater of Kuwait was used, and test samples (pollutants) investigated include mercuric chloride (HgCl2), lindane, and a wastewater samples. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The DOD technique was evaluated as best for sensitivity of testing toxicity. In both brief and extended exposures, activity quotient values given by this technique were much lower than the LC50 and IC50 values given by the VPC and OD techniques. However, both VPC and OD techniques showed better reproducibility than the DOD technique, as indicated by lower coefficient of variation (CV) values. When evaluating complexity, the OD assay would be considered the least complex, then the DOD, and last would be the VPC. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Although both VPC and OD assays showed better reproducibility than the DOD technique, as indicated by lower CV values, the DOD demonstrated a higher sensitivity in detecting toxicity, and showed several other advantages such as rapidity and lower expenditure of routine assay requirements. However, the initiation of short-term bioassay in Kuwait for predicting effect of pollutants in the marine environment is of necessity and importance.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84072347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of selenium on microbial communities in laboratory microcosms and outdoor streams 硒对实验室微生物群落和室外溪流微生物群落的影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1990-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540050308

J. Pratt, N. Bowers

{"title":"Effect of selenium on microbial communities in laboratory microcosms and outdoor streams","authors":"J. Pratt, N. Bowers","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540050308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540050308","url":null,"abstract":"Ecological effects of selenium (as sodium selenite) on naturally derived microbial communities were evaluated in laboratory microcosms and in outdoor experimental streams at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Monticello Ecological Research Station (MERS). Microcosms were continuously dosed for 21 days at selenium concentrations ranging from 0 to 160μg Se/L. Outdoor streams were continuously dosed at 0, 10, and 30 μg Se/L, the highest concentration approximating the current U.S. EPA water quality criterion. In laboratory microcosms, protozoan species richness was reduced by 20%, and chlorophyll and hexosamine levels were reduced by 40% at μ80 μg Se/L. Total biomass and carbohydrate levels decreased with increasing Se, but these effects were not significant. Selenium had no effect on microcosm production to respiration ratios. In outdoor streams, microbial community biomass collected on artificial substrata was 2–3 times greater than in the laboratory. In general, adverse effects were not observed, confirming laboratory estimates of no adverse effects at <80 μg Se/L. However, low doses (10μg Se/L) consistently stimulated microbial biomass (protein, chlorophyll, hexosamine) and elevated production to biomass (P/B), consistent with reports of Se stimulation of algal growth. The highest Se dose (30 μg/L) caused decreased primary production and decreased P/B compared to controls. Experiments showed that ecological responses of laboratory microcosms and outdoor experimental ecosystems are similar, and are at least as sensitive as standard toxicological responses.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79203491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Inhibition of β‐galactosidase biosynthesis in Escherichia coli: Effect of alterations of the outer membrane permeability on sensitivity to environmental toxicants 大肠杆菌β -半乳糖苷酶生物合成的抑制:外膜通透性改变对环境毒物敏感性的影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1990-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540050305

Ronald J. Dutton, G. Bitton, B. Koopman, O. Agami

引用次数: 4

Effects of heavy metals on the biology of a N2‐fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena doliolum 重金属对固氮蓝藻水藻生物学的影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1990-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540050302

N. Mallick, L. Rai

引用次数: 15

Use of Microtox® and Ceriodaphnia bioassays in wastewater fractionation Microtox®和Ceriodaphnia生物测定法在废水分离中的应用

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1990-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540050306

C. N. Mazidji, B. Koopman, G. Bitton, G. Voiland, C. Logue

引用次数: 12