Energy Reports最新文献

{"title":"Economic assessment of waste-to-energy technologies for carbon emissions reduction in developing countries: An innovative methodological approach","authors":"Ali Marefat ,&nbsp;Abooali Golzary ,&nbsp;Alireza Bazargan ,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Nikoo ,&nbsp;Yoshimura Chihiro","doi":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.12.045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.12.045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Meeting global climate targets requires cost-effective strategies for reducing carbon emissions, especially in the waste management sector. Waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies are widely recognized for their greenhouse gas mitigation potential by diverting waste from disposal sites and displacing fossil fuels with energy recovered from waste. However, their cost-effectiveness for carbon abatement remains underexplored. This study introduces the Levelized Cost of Carbon Mitigation (LCOCM) as a novel metric to assess the economic feasibility of WtE technologies in Iran. The LCOCM is particularly valuable in countries where carbon pricing mechanisms such as emission trading schemes (ETS) are not yet in place, thereby serving as an alternative decision-support tool for policymakers. The results show LCOCM values of $32/ton CO₂-eq for incineration, $14/ton CO₂-eq for anaerobic digestion (AD), and $7/ton CO₂-eq for landfill gas (LFG) recovery. Financial indicators confirm that LFG and AD are economically viable options for carbon-emission reduction, with NPVs of $1.9 billion and $1.1 billion, IRRs of 28 % and 13 %, and payback periods of 3 and 7 years, respectively, whereas incineration is not viable under current conditions. Sensitivity analyses further underscore the critical role of operational optimization—such as extended lifespans, improved energy yields, and minimized downtimes—in reducing the LCOCM. This study demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of WtE technologies for carbon mitigation and provides a replicable framework for sustainable energy and climate policy in emerging economies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11798,"journal":{"name":"Energy Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 108908"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of biodiesel production from Alphonso and Bangalora seeds: Quantitative and qualitative characterization and their application","authors":"Divya Baskaran ,&nbsp;M. Srividhya ,&nbsp;Hun-Soo Byun","doi":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.12.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.12.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing crisis in fossil fuel resources has led to an increased interest in exploring biodiesel derived from inexpensive waste materials. Therefore, the manuscript explores the production of biodiesel from two varieties of mango seeds-Alphonso and Bangalora. It delves into various aspects, including the extraction process, transesterification, characterization, engine performance, and economic analysis. The oil extracted from Bangalora seed kernels yielded a maximum of 93.69 % biodiesel, outperforming the optimized conditions of 55°C, 60 min, 450 rpm stirring, 1 % catalyst, and 20 wt% ethanol. Qualitative analysis has confirmed that the composition of fatty acid ethyl esters in Bangalora biodiesel is superior in quantity compared to that of Alphonso. Bangalora biodiesel (B100) exhibits enhanced in-cylinder peak pressure and heat transfer rates under both 75 % and 50 % engine loading conditions. Its brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, and indicated thermal efficiency are comparable to those of conventional diesel; it boasts an improved mechanical efficiency of 74.56 %, attributed to its higher cetane number. Despite minor differences in quality and quantity, both biodiesel variants demonstrate significant potential for engine performance and guarantee scale-up. The cost for one liter of biodiesel is $0.51, with a projected return of 62.95 % and a payout period of 15.88 years. The produced biodiesel represents an acceptable fuel for enhancing engine performance while contributing to reduced dependence on foreign oil, promoting energy security, minimizing fire risk, and strengthening the domestic economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11798,"journal":{"name":"Energy Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 108884"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145718856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards sustainable housing in Tunisia: Optimizing passive and hybrid ventilation strategies across various climatic zones","authors":"Mohamed Habib Hadded ,&nbsp;Sana Dardouri ,&nbsp;Müslüm Arıcı ,&nbsp;Jalila Sghaier","doi":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.108922","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.108922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to the increasing demand for energy-efficient housing in Tunisia, this study applies Design Builder simulations to investigate the effectiveness of passive and hybrid ventilation strategies in a representative dwelling situated in three distinct climate zones: temperate Mediterranean (Tabarka), Mediterranean (Sousse), and hot arid (Tozeur). The scenarios explored include optimized natural ventilation (based on window operation, scheduling, and opening temperature), phase change materials (PCMs), a solar chimney, reflective roofing, and a hybrid ventilation system, all evaluated against a conventional mechanical ventilation baseline. Results indicate that optimized natural ventilation is particularly effective, reducing annual energy consumption by 38.4–42.6 % and lowering CO₂ emissions by 6–10.8 %, depending on the region. While the hybrid ventilation system increased energy use by 14–16 %, it significantly improved thermal comfort, as reflected by enhanced PMV and PPD indices and by raising the proportion of comfortable occupied hours to nearly 76 %. Economically, optimized natural ventilation achieved the greatest savings, reaching 42.96 TD/m² in Tozeur, compared with 28.71 TD/m² for the hybrid approach. These findings highlight the substantial potential of climate-responsive passive and hybrid strategies to advance sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally responsible residential buildings in Tunisia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11798,"journal":{"name":"Energy Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 108922"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental benefits and impacts forecasting for three-phase induction motors operations in marine applications: A multiple linear regression approach","authors":"Antonino D’Amico,&nbsp;Sonia Longo,&nbsp;Maurizio Cellura,&nbsp;Massimo Caruso,&nbsp;Rosario Miceli","doi":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.12.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.12.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In a world characterized by unsustainable production and consumption paths, it is crucial to conceptualize and implement eco-friendly strategies to achieve the set decarbonization goals. Maritime transport, mainly characterised by fossil fuels-based powertrains, is responsible for 2.89 % of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, for 15 % of global NO_x emissions and 13 % of SO_x, resulting a critical sector in which to promote sustainable strategies. Despite the direct environmental impacts are negligible during the operative phase in a full electric vessel, the impacts related to the electricity production are not negligible, so more efficient propulsion system management is still important. A better management can be achieved using control algorithms capable of reducing energy consumption under specific motor operating conditions. However, the real induced environmental benefits must be calculated along the entire energy supply chain. Through a life cycle assessment, this work aims at a dual objective. First, it aims to evaluate the environmental benefits obtainable by applying a power loss minimization algorithm to a three-phase induction motor compared to traditional field-oriented control algorithms under different working conditions. The optimized algorithm reduces all environmental impacts by approximately 15 %. A scenario analysis, based on different electricity production processes, highlights that the sustainability of electric powertrains increases by improving the share of renewable electricity in the production mix. Secondly, to simplify life cycle assessment computational burdens, an early design model based on multiple linear regression methods is proposed as a simple and reliable alternative (R² ≃ 98 %) to support the decision-maker in the preliminary planning phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11798,"journal":{"name":"Energy Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 108888"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-stage congestion management strategy in deregulated power markets using generator rescheduling and demand-side interventions","authors":"Eldad Appiah,&nbsp;Yaw Opoku Mensah Sekyere,&nbsp;Francis Boafo Effah","doi":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.108952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.108952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Congestion in deregulated power markets poses a significant challenge to power system reliability, economic dispatch, and market efficiency. This paper proposes a novel multi-stage congestion management framework that integrates generator rescheduling using Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) with a severity-based, hierarchical application of demand-side strategies, specifically Real-Time Pricing (RTP) and Adaptive Load Shedding. The methodology is designed to progressively relieve congestion by activating increasingly stringent measures only when preceding steps prove insufficient. Simulations conducted on the IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems under artificially induced congestion conditions demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed framework. In the IEEE 30-bus case, the total generation cost decreases from 2280.90 USD/hr (post-congestion) to 1633.09 USD/hr, with all line flows restored within thermal limits. Application to the larger IEEE 118-bus system further validates the approach, reducing the generation cost from 335,965 USD/hr (congested) to 193,681 USD/hr after the complete three-stage process, i.e., a 42.35 % reduction, while total demand falls moderately from 6055 MW to 5579 MW, i.e., a 7.86 % as congestion is fully eliminated. Results show that although PSO-based generator rescheduling significantly reduces overloads, it is insufficient for full congestion clearance, therefore necessitating the successive deployment of RTP and adaptive load shedding. Compared to conventional single-method solutions, the proposed strategy achieves enhanced technical efficiency, demand-side flexibility, and operational robustness. This work contributes a scalable and adaptive solution for congestion management in emerging electricity markets, particularly in environments transitioning to market-based operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11798,"journal":{"name":"Energy Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 108952"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary patterns and future trends of China’s hydrogen energy industry policy","authors":"Yuxia Song ,&nbsp;Yihang Feng ,&nbsp;Yuwei Li ,&nbsp;Ruiqi Kong ,&nbsp;Shiyu Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.108966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.108966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen energy, as a green and low-carbon secondary energy source, holds an important strategic position in the global energy transition. The hydrogen energy industry is characterized by a long industrial chain, multiple application scenarios, and volatility, and it requires a systematic policy framework to promote its development. Based on 2888 policy texts issued by Chinese central and local governments from 1995 to 2024, this paper systematically deconstructs the evolution paths, focus directions, and thematic evolution laws of hydrogen energy policies by using text mining techniques and LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) thematic models. The study finds that the development of hydrogen energy policies in China is characterized by three phases called “Embryonic, Initiation, and Acceleration” and that differences greatly influence the introduction of local hydrogen energy policies in the level of economic development, industrial structure, geography, and resources, and that the focus of the policies has shifted from “technical research” to “industrial construction.” The documents issued by the same level of government exhibit consistent characteristics, and there are significant differences in focus and themes between different levels. In the future, policy direction can be improved by strengthening coordination between different levels of government and regional policy coordination, exploring the synergistic development mode of hydrogen energy and other energy sources, and promoting effective connections between policy supply and industrial development demand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11798,"journal":{"name":"Energy Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 108966"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energetic, economic and social analysis of briquettes made from sawdust of two tropical wood species and their hybrids: Milicia excelsa (Iroko) and Pterocarpus soyauxii (Padouk)","authors":"Winnie Tchatat Tomen ,&nbsp;Théodore Patrice Nna Nna ,&nbsp;Flavian Emmanuel Sapnken ,&nbsp;Benjamin Salomon Diboma ,&nbsp;Abdelkerim Ahmat Abdelkerim ,&nbsp;Mouzong Pemi Marcelin ,&nbsp;Jean Gaston Tamba","doi":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.109014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.109014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study was to assess the energy consumption, economic viability and social impact of briquette production using sawdust from two tropical woods. Energy use was determined at each stage of the production process. A 20-year economic analysis was carried out, assessing operating and investment costs using life-cycle costing (LCC). Social impacts were surveyed from 120 households in the city of Douala. The energy analysis shows that carbonization is the most energy-intensive operation, whereas the drying of sawdust is the least energy-intensive operation. The energy consumed in making briquettes is 209.86 kWh, 223.68 kWh, 215.69 kWh, 214.95 kWh and 213.79 kWh respectively for briquettes P (100 % Padouk), I (100 % Iroko), A (75 % Padouk+25 % Iroko), B (25 % Padouk+75 % Iroko), and C (50 % Padouk+50 % Iroko). The energy input per type of briquette is 1273.28 kWh, 1191.97 kWh, 928.68 kWh, 818.4 kWh and 873.54 kWh respectively for P, I, A, B and C. Briquettes are economically viable, with net present values (NPV) of $95,145 for pure and $41,730 for hybrid briquettes. The internal rates of returns (IRR) ranging from 20 % to 34 %. The social analysis shows that the main factors guiding the choice of cooking fuel are cost, household income and cleanliness. Cooking fuel usage in Douala is dominated by charcoal and liquefied petroleum gas. The average household size in Douala is approximately 5.4 people and 84 % of the population is between the ages of 18 and 60. Households rated briquettes as excellent (21 %) and good (54 %) and are willing to adopt briquettes as their main cooking fuel. These results indicate that sawdust briquettes are cost-effective and energy-saving, making them ideal for household cooking. Sawdust briquettes facilitate household access to cooking energy and are suitable as an energy source in Cameroon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11798,"journal":{"name":"Energy Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 109014"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of global maritime LPG trade multi-layer network models and pattern analysis","authors":"Guangyue Gao ,&nbsp;Yan Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhengyang Fang ,&nbsp;Linhang Xu ,&nbsp;Qi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.108990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.108990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquefied Petroleum Gas serves as a critical transitional energy source in the shift from conventional to green energy. International LPG trade is predominantly realized through maritime transport. This study leverages the CEPII database and Automatic Identification System big data to construct a multi-layer network model of global maritime LPG trade. Based on the unique characteristics of maritime LPG trade, we categorize the factors influencing its realization into three dimensions: supply-demand, maritime transport, and relational dynamics. Building on these dimensions, we develop a multi-layer network model for global maritime LPG trade. Key nodes and their importance are analyzed using network centrality metrics, including in-degree, out-degree, and total degree centrality, as well as in-eigenvector, out-eigenvector, and total eigenvector centrality. Furthermore, we apply core-periphery theory to examine the hierarchical structure (core-semi-core-periphery) of the global maritime LPG trade network. Finally, network stability is assessed through robustness analysis. Based on the analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Form a dual core structure with the United States and China as the core in the supply and demand dimension; In terms of shipping, the Strait of Malacca has become an absolute hub with its central advantage, complemented by differentiated regional port clusters; In the dimension of trade relations, it is manifested as high-quality complementarity of regional subsystems and the \"scale quality imbalance\" of traditional major powers. (2) Structural Disparities Across Dimensions: There are significant structural disparities across different dimensions. The core nodes of the global marine LPG trade network are the United States (USA) and China, with semi-core nodes including the Strait of Malacca, Houston, the Suez Canal, Port Neches, Port Freeport, and the Strait of Hormuz. Major trading countries act as the primary driver, while maritime transport hubs serve as enabling carriers. (3) Stability Hierarchy Across Dimensions: In terms of stability, the supply-demand dimension of the global marine LPG trade network exhibits the highest stability, followed by the relational dimension, with the maritime transport dimension being the least stable. Systemic Robustness and Resilience: From a systemic perspective, the network demonstrates relatively high random robustness; however, its targeted robustness and stability are significantly lower compared to individual dimensions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11798,"journal":{"name":"Energy Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 108990"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hourly solar irradiance estimation and building-surface solar potential assessment via remote sensing and machine learning for data-scarce mountainous regions","authors":"Luting Xu ,&nbsp;Yong Feng ,&nbsp;Lei Liu ,&nbsp;Pei Ding ,&nbsp;Xiao Wang ,&nbsp;Yue Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.109017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.109017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mountainous regions, as important terrestrial landscapes, possess considerable solar resources due to high altitudes, offering substantial potential for solar energy utilization on building surfaces. However, assessing solar potential on building surfaces in mountainous regions is challenging due to complex terrain shading, dynamic cloud cover, and limited meteorological data. This study develops a novel approach for hourly irradiance estimation and building surface solar potential assessment in mountainous regions by integrating machine learning (ML), MODIS cloud data, Digital Elevation Model, and 3D modeling. A model based on the Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) algorithm was developed to estimate global horizontal (GHI), direct normal (DNI), and diffuse horizontal irradiance (DHI). Ablation experiments confirmed the substantial contribution of both cloud and terrain data to model accuracy. Comparative analysis using 5-fold cross-validation demonstrated that the GBDT model outperformed other ML algorithms (MLP, LightGBM, CatBoost, Random Forest), achieving the highest <em>R²</em> values of 0.8448 for GHI, 0.6643 for DNI, and 0.8001 for DHI. By integrating the estimated radiation data with 3D urban modeling tools (ArcGIS, Rhinoceros, Ladybug), the method accurately simulates solar radiation distribution on building surfaces in mountainous regions, demonstrated through a case study in Tai’an Town, Sichuan. The proposed method provides critical theoretical supports for optimizing building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system installations in data-scarce mountainous areas, improving solar resource utilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11798,"journal":{"name":"Energy Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 109017"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust fault detection and uncertainty quantification in smart grids using graph neural networks","authors":"Muhammad Aurangzeb ,&nbsp;Yifei Wang ,&nbsp;Sheeraz Iqbal ,&nbsp;Md Shafiullah ,&nbsp;Salman Arafath Mohammed ,&nbsp;Z.M.S. Elbarbary ,&nbsp;Abdul Rehman","doi":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.12.057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egyr.2025.12.057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the development of smart grids with the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices, renewable energy sources (RES), and AI-driven solutions, the need for an advanced fault detection and uncertainty quantification framework has emerged. The vast and variable data generated by these networks result in the failure of traditional fault detection methods to manage the data, leading to delays in the fault identification and poor uncertainty estimates. Graph Neural Networks (GNN)-Smart Detect, a model for GNNs to improve accuracy and exceptionally robust uncertainty quantification in error of interconnected innovative grid components, is introduced in this study. GNN-SmartDetect exploits graph-structured information to capture topological dependencies among grid nodes and improves its anomaly detection and fault classification performance even under noisy and incomplete data situations. Our experimental data show that GNN-SmartDetect can detect 96.4 % of faults with outstanding performance, and two orders of magnitude lower false positive and false negative rates compared to the traditional models. Moreover, the built-in uncertainty quantification system provides dependable confidence levels by each detection and therefore allows operators to estimate risk and come up with proactive reactions in the face of threats whilst they are not known in grid conditions. It is also scalable and can be adapted to different grid configurations including microgrids and national grids, which shows that the model can be implemented in real time under Industry 4.0 operations smart grid operations. As a result, these results indicate that GNN easy-to-detect is a good and significant addition to the grid management, operational resilience, and grid stability development in the context of increasingly sophisticated energy markets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11798,"journal":{"name":"Energy Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 108920"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}