Energy Storage最新文献

{"title":"Hybrid Recurrent Neural Network and Adaptive Linear Kalman Filter for Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge Estimation","authors":"Elmahdi Fadlaoui,&nbsp;Noureddine Masaif","doi":"10.1002/est2.70362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70362","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Determining the precise state of charge (SOC) is essential to maximizing the safety and efficiency of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles (EVs), constituting a key function of battery management systems (BMS). However, conventional model-based methods often depend on complex mathematical formulations and exact internal battery parameters, which can lead to estimation inaccuracies due to uncertainties and variations. Additionally, deep learning methods commonly demand a large amount of datasets for neural network parameter tuning and may struggle to generalize beyond training datasets. To address these challenges, this article presents a recurrent neural network combined with the adaptive linear Kalman filter (RNN–AKF) method. Initially, the recurrent neural network (RNN) is applied first to preestimate the battery state of charge using measured variables (current, voltage, and temperature). after that, the adaptive linear Kalman filter (AKF) is used to refine the preestimated battery state of charge to obtain accurate and stable estimates. The validation of the proposed method uses the dataset from Turnigy Graphene 5000 mAh 65C Li-ion batteries, integrating various driving cycles under various temperature conditions (10°C, 25°C, and 40°C). The results reveal a remarkable improvement in SOC estimation accuracy compared to existing approaches, notably outperforming the second-order equivalent circuit model with extended Kalman filter (ECM–EKF) and solo RNN methods. The RNN–AKF method demonstrates exceptional accuracy, robust generalization, and efficient convergence, providing a promising solution for SOC estimation in LIBs for EVs with minimal computational complexity.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146680474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NLi4-Functionalization of Arsenic Phosphorus Monolayer for Efficient Hydrogen Storage: Insights From a Theoretical Approach","authors":"Mohammed Boubkri,&nbsp;Majid EL Kassaoui,&nbsp;Achraf Razouk,&nbsp;Mohamed Adarmouch,&nbsp;Mohamed Balli,&nbsp;Omar Mounkachi","doi":"10.1002/est2.70359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70359","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two-dimensional α-phase arsenic phosphorus (2D α-AsP) has attracted growing interest for energy storage applications owing to its high mechanical strength and favorable electronic properties compared with phosphorene. In this study, the hydrogen storage capability of α-AsP is examined using first-principles DFT and AIMD simulations, focusing on polarization-driven interactions induced by NLi₄ superalkali clusters. NLi₄ binds strongly to 2D α-AsP (binding energy −2.61 eV per NLi₄) owing to pronounced electron redistribution, which activates the surface toward H₂ physisorption. This charge transfer enables the (NLi₄)₂@α-AsP system to adsorb up to 44 H₂ molecules, achieving a gravimetric capacity of 6.15 wt.% and an average adsorption energy of −0.176 eV per H₂ at the PBE + vdW-DF2 level, thereby exceeding the US DoE 2025 target of 5.5 wt.%. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that this capacity can be retained under near-ambient conditions at 298 K and a hydrogen pressure of approximately 18.5 bar, suggesting the possibility of reversible storage under moderate operating pressures. Furthermore, hydrogen diffusion pathways exhibit low activation barriers, enabling rapid H₂ migration and efficient charge–discharge kinetics. AIMD simulations in the 100–300 K range indicate that the saturated 44H₂/(NLi₄)₂@α-AsP system preserves excellent structural integrity under thermal fluctuations and displays significant H₂ release at 300 K on the simulated timescale. These results identify NLi₄-functionalized α-AsP as a promising candidate for solid-state hydrogen storage and motivate future experimental studies on 2D As-P-based materials.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146224446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Multiobjective Optimization of Fin-Assisted Air-Cooled BTMS for 21 700 Lithium-Ion Cylindrical Cells Using CFD–RSM Integration","authors":"S. M. D. Shehabaz,&nbsp;S. K. Gugulothu,&nbsp;Raju Muthyala,&nbsp;Praveen Barmavatu","doi":"10.1002/est2.70358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70358","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study presents a comprehensive numerical and statistical investigation of an air-cooled BTMS for a single 21 700 cylindrical lithium-ion cell, focusing on the influence of airflow velocity, discharge rate (C-rate), and longitudinal fin configuration. A 3D CFD model, validated against experimental data, was developed to evaluate four configurations (bare cell, 2 fins, 4 fins, 6 fins) under velocities of 2–6 m/s and C-rates of 1C–3C. The analysis assessed peak temperature (<i>T</i>_max), temperature difference (Δ<i>T</i>), and average temperature (<i>T</i>_avg) to determine thermal safety and uniformity. Results indicate that C-rate is the dominant factor, with <i>T</i>_max rising from 30°C at 1C to over 100°C for the bare cell at 3C–2 m/s. Increasing airflow from 2 to 6 m/s reduced <i>T</i>_max by up to 15°C at high C-rates, while adding fins improved heat spreading, lowering <i>T</i>_max by 8°C–10°C and Δ<i>T</i> by up to 4°C compared to the bare cell. At 3C–6 m/s, a 6-fin configuration achieved <i>T</i>_max ≈60°C and Δ<i>T</i> &lt; 8°C, ensuring safe operation. Velocity streamline and temperature contour analyses revealed that fins enhance circumferential flow coverage, reduce recirculation zones, and improve thermal uniformity. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) models for <i>T</i>_max, Δ<i>T</i>, and <i>T</i>_avg achieved <i>R</i>² &gt; 0.97, with ANOVA confirming significant main and interaction effects. Multiresponse optimization identified an optimal low-load condition (2 m/s, 1C, 2 fins) yielding <i>T</i>_max = 39.16°C, Δ<i>T</i> = 6.78°C, and <i>T</i>_avg = 32.08°C (desirability = 0.798). At high C-rates, optimal thermal performance required ≥ 4 fins and ≥ 4 m/s airflow. The integrated CFD–RSM approach provides both qualitative flow-thermal insights and quantitative design guidelines, enabling efficient BTMS optimization for varying load conditions while balancing safety, uniformity, and energy efficiency.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147268981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Solar Air Heater Collector Performance With Coil Tube Filled by Phase Change Material Under Opposing Flow Forced Convection","authors":"Ahmed Mustaffa Saleem,&nbsp;Omar Rafae Alomar","doi":"10.1002/est2.70356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70356","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This work experimentally explores the improving solar air heater collector with a coil tube filled by Phase Change Material under opposing flow forced convection. To demonstrate the performance enhancement, two SAH models are used, where the first model is equipped with a coil tube filled by Lauric acid as phase change material (PCM) whereas the second model is a normal SAH collector. The experiments are done under typical conditions in Mosul city, Iraq for around 11 h per day in winter from January to March 2025. The performances of the two models are presented together for the purpose of comparison. Both models have identical structural dimensions, insulation, and glazing, enabling a direct assessment of PCM effects on the outlet temperature, useful energy gain, and thermal efficiency. Results demonstrated that the thermal performance increases with increasing mass flowrate of air, where the thermal efficiency of the modified model is greater than the conventional model by a ratio of 21%, 16%, and 8.5% for air mass flowrates 0.02223 kg/s (14th March), 0.04769 kg/s (15th March), and 0.08462 kg/s (16th March), respectively. For constant air mass flowrate, the findings displayed that the modified model outperforms the conventional model by a ratio of 31% (on 18th January), 28% (on 12th February), and 21% (on 14th March). For all air mass flowrates, the results indicated that the modified model exists at a higher outlet temperature than the conventional model. Finally, the findings confirm that the use of a coil tube filled by PCM along with opposing flow forced convection has a major impact on the model performance without need for complex modifications, making the modified model the optimal design among the tested configurations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146216176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Physics–Informed and Machine Learning Model for Accurate Lithium-Ion Battery Voltage Prediction","authors":"Seydali Ferahtia,&nbsp;Roozbeh Sadeghian Broujeny","doi":"10.1002/est2.70357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70357","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Exact modeling of lithium-ion batteries is essential for the optimal design and functioning of contemporary energy storage systems. This research introduces a hybrid modeling approach that integrates an extended Shepherd equivalent circuit model (ECM) with a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network to improve voltage prediction precision. The ECM parameters are determined utilizing the Red-Tailed Hawk (RTH) optimization algorithm, a contemporary metaheuristic that exhibits enhanced convergence efficacy relative to conventional methods. The MLP is designed to rectify residual voltage prediction errors by accounting for nonlinearities and dynamic phenomena overlooked by the physical model. The suggested hybrid approach is evaluated employing experimental data from a commercial Enertech SPB58253172P2 lithium-ion battery (3.75 V, 20 Ah) under dynamic current profiles. An ablation study is performed to demonstrate the impact of network depth on the accuracy, with the (256, 128, 64) architecture providing the best performance. Also, the performance will be assessed against the decision tree and random forest algorithms. The results indicate a substantial decrease in prediction error, with the root mean square error (RMSE) declining from 0.1521 V to 66.6 mV and the mean absolute error (MAE) reducing from 0.1373 V to 53.4 mV. These findings underscore the model's potential for incorporation into sophisticated battery management systems (BMS), especially under dynamic operating situations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Self-Healable Cellulose-Based Electrolytes With Enhanced Ionic Conductivity for Sustainable Lithium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Tatnkam Ernest Jefferson,&nbsp;Kaushiki Ahuja,&nbsp;Suman Mahendia,&nbsp;Nilanjana Banerjee,&nbsp;Sravendra Rana","doi":"10.1002/est2.70355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70355","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Energy storage technology has been developed and produced for decades, particularly for lithium batteries. This technology remains a leading market due to its applications in electronic goods, electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and other fields. Research and development efforts in this field aim to improve lithium-ion energy density, energy and power density, and manufacturing costs. The present study addresses the development of lithium-ion batteries by synthesizing bio-self-healing electrolytes from methylcellulose (MC) and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) as polymeric matrices, combined with lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄) and an imidazolium-based ionic liquid (EMImTFSI) to enhance efficiency and functionality. Initial results are promising, since the synthesized electrolytes exhibit thermal stability at 216.4°C and 218°C, exhibit good self-healing, efficiency of 55% and 80%, ionic conductivities of 1.1 × 10⁻⁵ and 3.58 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm for 20%-doped and IL-plasticized CAB and MC, respectively; a good electrochemical stability window until 4.4 V, and good mechanical and flexural strength, ensuring varied applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical Reaction of LiCoO2 Cathode With Optimized LiBH4–MgO Electrolyte in All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Yuchen Yao,&nbsp;Rini Singh,&nbsp;Fangqin Guo,&nbsp;Hiroki Miyaoka,&nbsp;Takayuki Ichikawa","doi":"10.1002/est2.70352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70352","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, MgO was incorporated into the extensively studied solid electrolyte material, lithium borohydride (LiBH₄), to enhance its poor ionic conductivity at ambient temperature. The addition of MgO was proved to significantly improve its ionic conductivity by approximately four orders of magnitude at 30°C compared to the low-temperature phase (less than 115°C) of pristine LiBH₄. Based on this electrolyte, all-solid-state batteries employing LiCoO₂ as the cathode and MgO-modified LiBH₄ as the electrolyte were successfully fabricated and operated in the low-temperature range. Moreover, the initial charging process exhibited anomalous electrochemical behavior, delivering a remarkably high specific capacity of 285.2 mAh/g with an unconventional charge plateau at 1.6 V, which deviates substantially from the typical electrochemical characteristics of LiCoO₂. To understand the charging mechanism from thermochemical and electrochemical views, a series of mechanistic characterizations was performed on the battery. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed a small amount of hydrogen evolution (≤ 0.2 wt%) at phase transition temperatures, while solid-state NMR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of B<span></span>O bonds, providing evidence for redox reactions involving LiBH₄. However, comparative electrochemical experiments and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis excluded the influence of the thermal decomposition of LiBH₄ during the charging process. The charging mechanism that controlled the electrochemical behavior of this system was clarified in a detailed discussion.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146136660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen Storage and Nanoparticle Evolution in Benzodithiol-3-Thione–Silver Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Material","authors":"Safaa A. Dadoosh,&nbsp;Khansa Y. Ahmed,&nbsp;Wissam M. R. Al-Joboury,&nbsp;Ahmet Karadag,&nbsp;Mustafa A. Alheety,&nbsp;Abdulwahhab H. Majeed,&nbsp;Nuaman F. Alheety,&nbsp;Leqaa A. Mohammed","doi":"10.1002/est2.70354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70354","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>[Ag(btt)₂(NO₃)] complex was synthesized using 1,2-benzodithiol-3-thione (btt) as a ligand depending on one-pot synthesis method. FTIR, ¹H-NMR, elemental analysis, and molar conductivity were used to characterize the silver complex structure. The characterization results prove that btt ligand is attached to the silver center with mono-dentate behavior through the exocyclic sulfur atom. The silver complex was utilized as a novel precursor for silver nanoparticles using ultrasound method on silver complex powder in 75 mL of deionized water and ultrasonication for 1 h at 90°C using an ultrasonic probe device with a power rating of 150 W. The solution underwent a noticeable color change to blackish-red. UV–Vis spectrum, XRD pattern, and TEM underscore resulting silver nanoparticles with a diameter range of 47–105 nm, this result from the capping agent effect of btt ligand. The hydrogen storage behavior of [Ag(btt)₂(NO₃)] was investigated under different pressures (10–100 bar) at 223 K. The results showed maximum storage of 3.66 wt% at an equilibrium pressure of 88 bar within only 9 s. The kinetic studies were applied on the hydrogen uptake and the results prove that hydrogen storage follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, as it showed a strong correlation with a value of <i>R</i>² = 0.996 and <i>K</i>₂ = 0.117 wt% s⁻¹.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146136659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical Performance of Al/Nb2O5//GO/Cu Asymmetric Hybrid Supercapacitors With Aqueous Potassium Hydroxide Electrolytes at Varying Concentrations","authors":"Dilber Esra Yıldız,&nbsp;Oncu Akyildiz,&nbsp;Cengiz Bağcı","doi":"10.1002/est2.70353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70353","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Asymmetric hybrid supercapacitors integrating transition metal oxides with carbonaceous electrodes have attracted significant attention for advanced energy storage applications due to their ability to combine high energy density with rapid power delivery. In this study, an Al/Nb₂O₅ cathode and a Cu/graphene oxide (GO) anode were fabricated via slurry casting and electrophoretic deposition (EPD), respectively, and assembled with a paper separator in aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolytes of varying concentrations (1, 2, and 3 M). Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the orthorhombic phase of Nb₂O₅ and the uniform deposition of GO films. Galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements revealed a strong dependence of electrochemical performance on electrolyte concentration. The device operating in 2 M KOH exhibited the most favorable balance between energy and power densities, achieving a specific capacitance of 30.7 F g⁻¹, energy density of 36.5 Wh kg⁻¹, and power density of 295 W kg⁻¹, with a relaxation time constant of 0.634 ms. In contrast, 1 M KOH provided moderate energy storage capability, while 3 M KOH suffered from reduced capacitance due to increased viscosity and ion–ion interactions. Comparative analysis with literature data highlights the competitive performance of the Al/Nb₂O₅//Cu/GO configuration, particularly in terms of energy–power trade-off. These findings underscore the critical role of electrolyte optimization and electrode design in advancing hybrid supercapacitors for sustainable energy storage applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146136466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Chromium Doping on the Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles","authors":"Manav Sharma,&nbsp;Rajni Dubey,&nbsp;Anoop Singh,&nbsp;Aamir Ahmed,&nbsp;Eliyash Ahmed,&nbsp;Mehraj Ud Din Rather,&nbsp; Kamni,&nbsp;Ashok K. Sundramoorthy,&nbsp;Sandeep Arya","doi":"10.1002/est2.70351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70351","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The combustion synthesis approach has been used to successfully synthesize pure NiFe₂O₄ and chromium-doped NiFe₂O₄, that is, Ni_{(1−<i>x</i>)}Fe₂O₄:xCr³⁺ (1 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 4 mol%), to enhance the electrochemical performance. Various techniques were employed to characterize the synthesized samples such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The formation of the cubic phase was confirmed by matching the XRD patterns of the samples with ICSD card number 00–003-0875. FESEM and EDAX analyses confirmed the presence of a porous surface morphology and precise elemental composition. The FTIR spectra exhibited an absorption peak at around 527 cm⁻¹, indicative of the tetrahedral Fe<span></span>O bond in NiFe₂O₄. The Ni2p core level spectra displayed from the XPS shift in binding energy as a result of Cr doping, which confirms the incorporation of Cr³⁺ ions in NiFe₂O₄. The electrochemical properties of the fabricated electrode were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) which confirmed the superior performance of the 3 mol% Cr-doped NiFe₂O₄ (N4) electrode. It delivered a specific capacitance of 745.6 F g⁻¹ at a current density of 4 A g⁻¹, with a bulk resistance (<i>R</i>_<i>b</i>) of 1.37 Ω. After 4000 cycles at 20 A g⁻¹, the electrode retained 79.86% of its initial capacitance and maintained 60.48% of its specific capacitance at higher current densities. These findings underscore the effectiveness of Cr³⁺ doping in improving the electrochemical characteristics of NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles, establishing them to be potential candidates for high-performance supercapacitor applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146140125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}