Energy Storage最新文献

{"title":"Experimental Evaluation of Direct-Burial Subterranean Battery Energy Storage System","authors":"Elizabeth Oyekola,&nbsp;Avery Opalka,&nbsp;Jason Zrum,&nbsp;Bryan Ellis,&nbsp;Lukas Swan,&nbsp;Sean Balfour,&nbsp;Gagandeep Singh,&nbsp;J. R. Dahn","doi":"10.1002/est2.70169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70169","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Battery energy storage systems have become an integral part of the electricity system as an increased quantity of variable renewable energy generation such as solar photovoltaics (PVs) and wind turbines is deployed. Siting and placement of the battery system is important for thermal management, safety, and use of space. Literature on this topic has only considered above-ground installations. Direct-burial subterranean installations can address the siting topics by providing access to relatively consistent ground temperatures, encasement of the battery in nonflammable soil, and permitting other uses of the ground surface above (e.g., athletic field). However, batteries generate heat during operation, and although in direct contact with the soil, the soil has poor thermal conductivity, potentially restricting operations to low-power applications. This research designs, builds, instruments, and demonstrates the operation of a direct-burial subterranean battery while exploring the thermal dynamics of the battery (NCA lithium ion) versus the surrounding backfill soil (thermal sand, <i>k</i> = 2.8 W/mK), with attention to peak temperatures and heat dissipation timelines. The results identify limitations of a residential behind-the-meter battery operation for either PV self-consumption or load following (LF) application signals. The PV self-consumption signal, which completes less than 1 cycle per day, results in a 4°C increase in the battery temperature, given the condition of the soil used during battery operation, and returning to original temperatures during the lengthy overnight rest period. The more aggressive LF signal, completing more than 2 cycles per day, elevated the temperature by 16°C within a single day, given the conditions of the soil employed in this experiment. Continued operations of the LF signal would cause overheating and so need to be completed only once every several days. The experimental findings will be used to design and calibrate a new subterranean battery energy storage system numerical models to predict performance for unique battery shapes, installation depths, climates, and arrays of batteries. In this fashion, this new battery technology may be deployed to meet specific applications throughout varied environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/est2.70169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Battery and Sensible Thermal Energy Storage for a Microgrid in a Remote Indigenous Canadian Community","authors":"Hayley Knowles,&nbsp;Andrew Swingler,&nbsp;Lukas Swan","doi":"10.1002/est2.70165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70165","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Decarbonization of remote northern Indigenous communities requires integration of renewable generation into existing fossil-fueled energy systems. As these systems approach complete decarbonization, energy storage technologies become increasingly critical. We investigate the impact of battery and sensible thermal energy storage systems in the context of decarbonizing both electrical and thermal loads for the Xeni Gwet'in remote community in British Columbia, Canada. Two scenarios are modeled and compared with renewable energy fractions ranging from 60% to 100%. The two systems modeled include wind and solar electricity generation combined with either: (1) a battery energy storage system, or (2) a hybridized battery and sensible thermal energy storage system. Scenarios are evaluated according to levelized cost of energy to present the techno-economic impacts of hybridized storage at varying levels of decarbonization. Technical considerations of coupling battery and sensible thermal energy storage, including market readiness, operation and maintenance, and impact on grid performance, are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/est2.70165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zinc Oxide-Enhanced Porous Activated Carbon From Waste Walnut Shells for Supercapacitor Electrodes","authors":"Rohit Yadav,&nbsp;Savita Sharma,&nbsp;Hitesh Borkar,&nbsp;Kusum Kumari","doi":"10.1002/est2.70154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70154","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This work shows the direct conversion of waste walnut shells into zinc oxide-enriched porous activated carbon (ZnO-AC_w) and focuses on its electrochemical performance analysis. The synthesis method consists of two steps: thermal carbonization and ZnCl₂ chemical activation. The XRD analysis revealed the presence of ZnO, graphitic carbon, and crystallinity of the synthesized composite material (ZnO-AC_w). The as-prepared ZnO-AC_w was found to have rod and 2 D plate-like microstructures as observed in SEM images. The elemental composition confirmed the traces of Zn, O, Al, Si elements, and graphitic carbon. The BET analysis confirmed a high specific surface area of 756 m² g⁻¹ and a mesoporous structure with an average pore radius of 16.3 Å. Electrochemical studies demonstrated a specific capacitance of 77.7 F g⁻¹ at a high current density of 5 A g⁻¹. The capacitance retention was about 80% even after the 10,000 CV cycles. The experimental findings prove the high electrochemical performance of the ZnO-enriched activated carbon, which was introduced. It also produced an energy density of 8.74 Wh kg⁻¹. This synthetic approach demonstrates the promising potential of walnut shells derived activated carbon as an electrode material for the supercapacitor.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143762147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoration of Zeolitic Imidazole Framework With Carbon Nano-Onions for Enhancing Electrochemical Performance of ZIF-(67 and 8) for Supercapacitor","authors":"Pooja Kadyan,&nbsp;Sonia Grover,&nbsp;Sakshi Sharma,&nbsp;Kirti Sharma,&nbsp;Raj Kishore Sharma,&nbsp;Virender Singh","doi":"10.1002/est2.70163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70163","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The development of affordable and sustainable nanomaterials for energy storage is a top priority and a major focus within the global research community. Among these, carbon nano-onions (CNOs) have emerged as a promising material for supercapacitors due to their distinctive morphology, high surface reactivity, and microporous structure. Zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs), known for their vast surface area and electrically active inorganic centers, have emerged as a potential material for energy storage. In this context, the ZIF rhombic dodecahedron is homogenously decorated with CNOs (size &lt; 100 nm) to form a nanocomposite of CNOs/ZIF (67 and 8) utilizing a simple solvothermal technique. The samples have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques, which confirm the successful synthesis of the samples. The produced material displays a distinct rhombic dodecahedral shape, significant porosity, and a large specific surface area (SSA) confirmed by N₂ sorption studies. The as-prepared samples are further tested as electrode material for supercapacitors, and among them, the CNO/ZIF-67 nanocomposite surpasses in terms of SSA, electron and ion transport speed, and structural stability, leading to improved electrochemical performance. The specific capacitance of 1064.2 F g⁻¹ at a current density of 2 A g⁻¹ is observed for CNO/ZIF-67 in a 1 M H₂SO₄ aqueous electrolyte in a three-electrode system. Subsequently, a symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) is constructed to investigate the system's capacitive behavior. Notably, the SSC exhibited a peak device-specific capacitance of 325.40 F g⁻¹ at 2 A g⁻¹, a high energy density of 24.51 Wh kg⁻¹, and achieved a maximum power density of 2.4 kW kg⁻¹. The practical functionality of the device was demonstrated by connecting two symmetrical supercapacitors in series, effectively powering a red LED. These results highlight new opportunities for structural engineering in CNO and metal–organic framework-based electrode materials, paving the way for advancements in future energy storage technologies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143717148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch-Activated Carbon for Battery Electrodes","authors":"Yunita Triana,&nbsp;Sintya Efriana,&nbsp;Rahmat Pratama,&nbsp;Sukma Wina Anjani,&nbsp;Masato Tominaga,&nbsp;Fredy Kurniawan,&nbsp;Widi Astuti,&nbsp;Andi Idhil Ismail","doi":"10.1002/est2.70159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70159","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this work, the synthesis and characterization of the oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB)-activated carbon were studied for battery electrode applications. First, chemical activation was carried out by varying concentrations and immersion times of NaOH and KOH. Then, the physical activation was studied using variations of activation temperature. The activator solution of KOH 2 M showed the highest surface area of 354.25 m²g⁻¹, specific capacitance of 116.78 F.g⁻¹, and potential of 1.17 V. Furthermore, the optimal immersion time was 18 h with the highest surface area of 380.28 m²g⁻¹, specific capacitance of 96.57 F.g⁻¹, and the potential of 1.05 V. Finally, the optimal activation temperature is 900°C, which showed the highest surface area of 334.28 m²g⁻¹, specific capacitance of 96.41 F.g⁻¹, and the potential of 1.12 V. Based on this report, OPEFB-activated carbon can be used as the battery electrodes due to the carbon properties.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of an Integrated Geothermal Energy System for Sustainable Producing Power, Cooling, and Hydrogen Storage","authors":"Ali Esmaeili,&nbsp;Shoaib Khanmohammadi,&nbsp;Hossein Tamim,&nbsp;Ali Abbasi","doi":"10.1002/est2.70156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70156","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Due to the increase in pollutants produced by fossil fuels, the earth's ecosystem has been threatened, and actions must be taken to improve the current situation. One of these actions is using renewable energies instead of fossil fuels, and another is using multigenerational production systems instead of single-product-oriented systems. This study investigated a geothermal system with two ejector cooling cycles combined with an improved ORC cycle with a fuel cell that can produce hydrogen by consuming production power. After performing the numerical simulation, the system's energy efficiency is 40.25%, and the exergy efficiency of the system is 22.52% for the geothermal source, which produces 6143 kW of thermal energy. The net output power of the whole system is equal to 344.1 kW, the production cooling load is equal to 2214 kW, and the hydrogen production rate is 2.369 kg/h. The amount of exergy destruction of various equipment in the cycle has been calculated and verified. Also, a parametric analysis was done based on the effect of different points' thermodynamic characteristics on the system's main parameters, such as net output power, energy and exergy efficiency, the total cost of unit power cost, sustainability index, and the results were analyzed. Also, a genetic algorithm has optimized the study cycle, and a multi-objective optimization analysis has been presented, with the objectives of the cycle's sustainability index, exergy efficiency, and power production cost rate.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Design of a PV/Hydrogen-Based Storage System to Supply Heat and Power to a Direct Air Carbon Capture System","authors":"Ahmed M. Attia,&nbsp;Hamid Zentou,&nbsp;Hussain A. Alyosef,&nbsp;Ahmed S. Abdelrazik,&nbsp;Mahmoud M. Abdelnaby","doi":"10.1002/est2.70157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70157","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Direct air capture (DAC) technology aims to curb the leading cause of global warming by reducing atmospheric carbon content. The DAC system uses thermal energy to desorb captured carbon, with its primary components powered by electrical energy. In this research, an approach integrates hybrid photovoltaic, with spectral splitting optical filtration (PV/SSOF), and hydrogen-based energy storage to provide the required thermal and electrical energy for the DAC system, thereby minimizing environmental impact. To achieve this goal, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization model is formulated to minimize the project's lifecycle cost, and the problem is solved by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The model determines the optimal configuration of the system, including the number of PV panels, hydrogen tanks, electrolyzers, fuel cells, and heat buffer tanks. The study tracks the system's performance by assessing how much the PV system meets heat and power requirements. A real-world case study from an industrial city located in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia is presented to showcase the practicality of the optimization model. Three configurations were considered to study the techno-economic viability: standalone with and without a boiler and grid-connected. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to examine techno-economic viability and obtain managerial insights. It is found that the grid-connected system is economically favorable and thermodynamically efficient due to its almost 19% cost reduction for electrical energy and 17% for exergy compared to a system without a boiler. Furthermore, a smaller electrical energy-exergy cost gap shows the system's energy conversion efficiency with low losses.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Analysis of Phase Change Material for Heat Retainment of Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting System at Asphalt Pavement","authors":"Ainun Syafiqah Abu Bakar,&nbsp;Khairun Nisa Khamil,&nbsp;Azdiana Md Yusop,&nbsp;Mohd Afzanizam Mohd Rosli,&nbsp;Mohd Faizul Mohd Sabri","doi":"10.1002/est2.70161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70161","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study proposes a thermoelectric energy harvesting system (TEHs) utilizing waste heat from asphalt pavement surfaces. The primary objective is to investigate the influence of subterranean heat conduction through varying geometric configurations. The models comprise an asphalt base layer, a top aluminum plate (hot side), and a bottom aluminum plate (cold side) for the thermoelectric generator (TEG). Only the top plate is exposed at pavement level, enabling direct solar radiation absorption. This research aims to develop a cost-effective, renewable micro-energy harvesting method harnessing both thermoelectric and latent heat effects. Additionally, a realistic TEHs model is designed, incorporating phase change material (PCM) atop the top plate for heat storage. The inclusion of PCM resulted in a significant 59% increase in TEG output voltage, from 0.84 V (without PCM) to 1.34 V, with a maximum temperature difference (Δ<i>T</i>) of 36.44°C compared with 15.55°C without PCM. Furthermore, the system with PCM successfully charged two 10-farad supercapacitors within 60 min, demonstrating its potential as an efficient alternative to existing renewable energy solutions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atomic Layer Deposition of Graphene-Based Nanohybrid Interlayer for Potential Improvement in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries","authors":"Hazal Gergeroglu,&nbsp;Mato Knez,&nbsp;Mehmet Ziya Söğüt","doi":"10.1002/est2.70160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70160","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are viable options for next-generation energy storage owing to their nontoxic characteristics, elevated theoretical energy density, and abundant sulfur. However, LSBs face significant challenges, including the shuttle effect, volumetric expansion, low ionic conductivity, and anode degradation. Recent creative developments, such as improved electrolyte compositions, protective coatings, and novel interlayers, have been introduced to solve these issues. Among these, interlayers suffer from issues with lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) capturing ability, mechanical and chemical stability, ion and electrical conductivity, thickness, and weight, even though they stand out as having significant potential to improve battery performance by managing LiPSs and improving ion and electron transport. This study aims to develop an innovative interlayer for LSB systems by synthesizing and characterizing a nanohybrid combining high-surface-area, high-ion and electrically conductive, and mechanically and chemically stable three-dimensional graphene foam (3D GF) with ultra-thin Al₂O₃ coatings, enhancing LiPSs capture without adding significant weight or volume. Considering this goal, a matrix of nanohybrids was initially developed by synthesizing 3D GF through catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Following that, ultra-thin amorphous Al₂O₃ films were deposited on the 3D GF matrix using atomic layer deposition (ALD), with cycles varying from 25 to 200, to optimize the film characteristics. Comprehensive analyses using SEM (scanning electron microscopy), EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), Raman spectroscopy, XRD (X-ray diffraction), and XRR (X-ray reflectivity) confirmed the successful synthesis of GF/Al₂O₃ nanohybrids. SEM analysis revealed that the porous network structure of the 3D GF remained intact following Al₂O₃ deposition, indicating minimal disruption. EDX analysis demonstrated the desired chemical composition of the thin film, while Raman spectroscopy confirmed the maintenance of structural characteristics postdeposition. XRR analysis showed consistent layer-by-layer growth of Al₂O₃ thin films. Moreover, heat treatment-focused XRD studies indicated that thicker ALD-based Al₂O₃ films facilitated alpha-phase crystallization at lower temperatures. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study introduces the initial design for producing GF/Al₂O₃ nanohybrids, revealing an innovative approach towards enhancing battery performance by combining straightforward, effective, and scalable production methods and an alternative effective strategy.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Porous Carbon Nanospheres for Supercapacitor Application","authors":"Naga Keerthana Apparla,&nbsp;Antara Vaidyanathan,&nbsp;Brahmananda Chakraborty,&nbsp;Chandra Shekhar Sharma","doi":"10.1002/est2.70158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70158","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Activated carbon holds a promising avenue in the context of energy storage because of its special attributes like high surface area, large pore volume, and ease of preparation. Herein, we synthesized the activated carbon from low-cost candle soot and employed it as an electrode for supercapacitor application. Activation resulted in a high specific surface area of 1679 m² g⁻¹ The electrochemical properties of activated candle soot (ACS) and unactivated candle soot (CS) are evaluated in a three-electrode setup using 1 M H₂SO₄ as an electrolyte. ACS and CS exhibited specific capacitance of 467 and 180 F g⁻¹ at a current density of 2 A g⁻¹, respectively. The improved electrochemical performance of ACS is attributed to an increase in surface area upon activation, which acts as a reservoir to accommodate a large number of electrolyte ions. Furthermore, two-electrode studies of ACS symmetric cells revealed the extraordinary capacitance of 397 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹. The ACS system retained a capacitance of 82% for 10,000 cycles at a high current density of 10 A g⁻¹. This system exhibited a specific energy of 19.8 Wh kg⁻¹ at a specific power of 574.8 W kg⁻¹. We performed density functional theory (DFT) simulations to validate the experimental observations and found that the quantum capacitance of ACS is greater than that of CS. Furthermore, the barrier energy for ionic diffusion across the surface of ACS is lower than that of CS, indicating improved mobility upon activation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}