Energy Storage最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Structural, Optical, and Electronic Properties of Nickel Oxide and Potassium-Doped Nickel Oxide Nanocrystals","authors":"Karishma,&nbsp;Neeti Tripathi,&nbsp;Ratnesh Kumar Pandey,&nbsp;Ambuj Tripathi,&nbsp;K. Asokan,&nbsp;Vishal Bhushan,&nbsp;Vikas Sharma","doi":"10.1002/est2.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Metal oxide semiconductors, known for their exceptional optical transparency, high carrier mobility, and stability, have found extensive use in emerging technologies such as optoelectronics and energy storage devices. Among all metal oxide semiconductors, nickel oxide (NiO) stands out as a highly favorable candidate due to its p-type conductivity along with its substantial band gap (3.5–4 eV) for the broad range of applications, including gas sensors, high-rate Lithium-ion batteries, high-performance supercapacitors, and photovoltaic devices. In light of these versatile applications, our current study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the structural and optoelectronic properties of NiO and potassium (K)-doped NiO nanocrystals. The nanocrystals were synthesized using the co-precipitation route and subsequently annealed at 500°C under ambient conditions. The effect of K doping on the structural and optoelectronic characteristics was systematically examined using various techniques, including x-ray diffraction, UV–visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Hall effect measurements. To explore the structural characteristics, XRD measurements were performed, which confirm the FCC structure of nanocrystals. The optical property analysis suggested that the formation of the energy level can contribute to reduction of the band gap. A sharp peak at 397 cm⁻¹ is associated with Ni<span></span>O bond in FTIR spectra which verifies the formation of nanocrystals. Moreover, the incorporation of K increases the intensity of the Raman peaks, which provides evidence for the higher degree of crystallinity in doped samples. These results of Raman scattering are in good agreement with XRD outcomes. In addition, the resistivity of NiO nanocrystals decreases monotonically with the increasing K concentration. The results of temperature-dependent resistivity further demonstrate that electrons required more energy to jump from one polaron state to another in the case of <i>x</i> = 0.01 M and 0.03 M doped Ni_0.5-<i>x</i>K_<i>x</i>O samples. The combination of a diminished band gap and enhanced conductivity makes these materials exceptionally promising for applications in optoelectronics and energy storage.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"6 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and Feasibility Analysis of Hybrid Distributed Generator Based System With a Comparison of Battery and Hydrogen Energy Storage for Residential Electrification","authors":"Kalidas Pillai,&nbsp;Sivasankari Sundaram","doi":"10.1002/est2.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Indeed, as India progresses towards its mission on green hydrogen production and the adoption of alternative fuels, the development of stand-alone systems supporting the integration of hydrogen energy becomes imperative. Optimal sizing of standalone hybrid systems presents a significant challenge to meet power reliability, technical and economic viability. The present study explores the topology of hybrid energy storage systems in the stand-alone scenario and assesses its technical and economic feasibility through an optimization approach. The objective is to size the components of the standalone system which includes PV generator, wind generator, hydrogen energy storage unit, battery storage unit (BES), electrolyzer and fuel cell rendering low value of loss of power supply probability (LPSP). Also, finest-fitting storage system for the Solar-wind Hybrid Stand-Alone Microgrid (HSAM) is identified. Modeling, simulation, and optimization of the HSAM are carried out using HOMER PRO. A load of 20.46 kW_p and average yearly energy consumption of 165.44 kWh/day was considered for the technical and economic feasibility-based evaluation. Scaled annual average values of input metalogical data such as wind speed, temperature and solar irradiance is considered as sensitivity cases. Based on the simulation results, it can be observed that the proposed HSAM system with HyESS exhibits the lowest values for NPV, O&amp;M Cost, and LCOE compared to other system configurations. From sensitivity analysis it is observed that with variation of resource based inputs like irradiance, wind speed and temperature, there is a fluctuation of nearly 10% in the NPV and LCOE of the HSAM system. The LCOE for this system is estimated to be $0.289/kWh, while the NPV is projected to be $274 470. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for the 25-year project is calculated to be 6.1%, indicating a favorable return on investment. Additionally, the Simple Payback Period is determined to be 8.7 years. Furthermore, validation of the optimal LPSP through HOMER is achieved through creation of an objective function employing a non-linear least square approach. The proposed HyESS outperforms the standard BES with an LPSP of 3.1 × 10⁻⁶ over 4.3 × 10⁻⁴. The suggested system achieves a high level of dependability through LPSP values that are significantly closer to zero, ensuring a reliable operation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"6 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Solar Water Heater Performance Using Phase Change Materials and Modified Encapsulation Geometry","authors":"Smit R. Patel,&nbsp;Manish K. Rathod","doi":"10.1002/est2.70079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70079","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Solar energy's abundant availability in India makes it a potential solution to meet increasing energy needs without harming environment. Solar water heating (SWH) systems are effective in converting solar radiation into heat for domestic and industrial applications. However, their inability to provide hot water during nighttime or off-sunshine hours due to the intermittent nature of solar energy presents a challenge. Thermal energy storage, particularly using phase change materials (PCMs), has emerged as a solution. In this study, spherical ball-type encapsulated PCM, specifically RT60, was incorporated into a solar water heater tank under variable atmospheric conditions. The PCM stores excess energy during daylight and releases it when the water temperature drops below the PCM's melting point. The results reveal a significant reduction in the temperature drop of water from 4.5°C to 1.4°C when utilizing PCM compared to conventional storage water tanks without PCM. Additionally, energy storage capacity is enhanced by 5.13% with PCM incorporation. Furthermore, modifying the encapsulation geometry to a rectangular shape enhances heat transfer and reduces temperature drop even further to 0.9°C, making it a promising approach to improving SWH system performance. This study highlights the possibility of enhancing encapsulation shape and applying PCM to enhance SWH system performance. The results highlight the possibility of increasing solar thermal systems' energy efficiency and usefulness, which will support sustainable energy sources.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"6 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on Lithiated Half-Heusler Alloy CoMnSi for Lithium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Sadhana Matth,&nbsp;Neha Sharma,&nbsp;Raghavendra Pal,&nbsp;Himanshu Pandey","doi":"10.1002/est2.70063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70063","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this work, we report on CoMnSi <i>half</i>-Heusler alloy as a cathode material for secondary lithium-ion batteries using ab initio methodology based on the density functional theory. The first-principle calculations have been performed via the Wien2k package, which utilizes the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method to estimate the stability of the proposed structures and electronic characteristics while considering the exchange and correlation effects within the generalized gradient approximation. This alloy is found structurally stable with better electronic properties and with the alloying of lithium (Li) into the host lattice of CoMnSi, the metallic character is attained for Li_<i>x</i>Co_1−<i>x</i>MnSi (0.125 ≤ <i>x ≤</i> 1). We propose possible reactions at electrodes during the electrochemical lithiation. The addition of Li in place of the Co atom is found to be an endothermic process. With the increase in lithium concentration, a substantial change in the total and atom projected density of states around the Fermi level is observed. The theoretical maximum specific capacity (<i>C</i>_M) and theoretical open circuit voltage (OCV) increase with the increase of lithium concentration in CoMnSi. The <i>C</i>_M and OCV values attain a maximum value of around 297 mAh/g and 2.4 Volts for <i>x ≥</i> 0.75, which means towards the complete conversion of CoMnSi into LiMnSi. The LiMnSi exhibits a similar structure as CoMnSi, which is also advantageous for the overall performance of lithium-ion batteries to avoid any volumetric change during the charging and discharging cycles. Hence, the proposed <i>half</i>-Heusler alloys have great potential to be used as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"6 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Heat Storage Capacity: Nanoparticle and Shape Optimization for PCM Systems","authors":"Hayder I. Mohammed","doi":"10.1002/est2.70078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70078","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Phase change material (PCM)-based heat storage systems utilize the absorption or release of latent heat during a phase change of the storage material to store thermal energy. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these systems is restricted by the shape and structure of their confinement, as well as the heat conductivity of the storage material. This work investigates a novel method to enhance the effectiveness of PCM systems by concurrently utilizing two techniques: the inclusion of nanoparticles and the alteration of the system's geometry. Introducing nanoparticles enhances the thermal conductivity of the storage medium while altering the shape, which improves heat transfer efficiency by adjusting the surface area available for heat exchange. RT-35 was tested for use in latent heat thermal energy storage systems for space heating and cooling. With a melting point of 35°C, RT-35 was chosen to moderate building temperatures by storing and releasing thermal energy for space heating and cooling. The results indicate that using nanoparticles and adjusting shape can greatly enhance the effectiveness of PCM systems. By incorporating Al₂O₃ nanoparticles, the melting time of the PCM was reduced by 20% compared to the pure PCM, and it is more efficient than the best case of shape modification. These findings indicate that including nanoparticles and modifying the shape are effective methods to improve the performance of heat storage devices. This technology's potential surpasses this study's limits and can be utilized in diverse applications, including solar thermal energy storage, district heating and cooling, and industrial process heat.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"6 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-Dimensional Solidification Simulation of PCM Molten Salt as a Thermal Energy Storage for Stirling Engine","authors":"Gerardo Janitra Puriadi Putra,&nbsp;Nandy Putra","doi":"10.1002/est2.70074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thermal energy storage technologies have been widely used to mitigate intermittency from renewable energy sources such as solar energy. Phase change material (PCM) is a material that can be used as a heat storage medium and is available in a wide range of operating temperatures. Molten salt is one of the PCMs that has the advantage of a very high operating temperature. The PCM solidification simulation based on HitecXL molten salt using COMSOL Multiphysics software was carried out with variations in heat absorption of 1–5 kW/m², assuming constant heat absorption. The results showed that the PCM solidification process started from the surface of the Stirling engine heat exchanger pipe. The part of the PCM that is solidified falls due to gravity, causing a phenomenon similar to a droplet. The flow that occurred was natural, driven by the buoyancy force resulting from density changes due to temperature gradients in the solidification process. The time required for the PCM to completely solidify was closely related to the amount of heat absorption; the greater the heat absorption from the pipe, the faster the PCM is fully solidified.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"6 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amino Acid–Based Block Copolymer Templates-Dependent Enhancement of Physicochemical and Electrochemical Characteristics of Mesoporous Carbons","authors":"M. Sivanantham,&nbsp;Chetna Tewari,&nbsp;Ramsankar Senthamaraikannan,&nbsp;Young Nam Kim,&nbsp;Diksha Bhatt,&nbsp;Ramesh Padamati,&nbsp;Nanda Gopal Sahoo,&nbsp;Yong Chae Jung","doi":"10.1002/est2.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Amino acid–based block copolymers (BCPs) have distinct features such as secondary structure formation, chirality, amphoteric nature, non-toxicity, and biodegradability, setting them apart from other BCPs. This suggests that amino acid–based BCPs may exhibit unique self-assembly behaviors. Despite these advantages, they have not yet been utilized as templates for mesoporous carbons (MCs) synthesis. Here, we investigate, for the first time, the effect of hydrophobicity of two different poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugated amino acid–based BCP templates (PEG-poly(<i>β</i>-benzyl-<span>l</span>-aspartate) (PEG-PBLA) and PEG-poly(<i>γ</i>-benzyl-<span>l</span>-glutamate) (PEG-PBLG)) on the construction of MC materials and also their physicochemical and electrochemical characteristics. MCs produced using PEG-PBLA and PEG-PBLG as templates are labeled CPBLA and CPBLG, respectively. Utilizing amino acid–based BCP systems enabled achieving MC materials with nearly 1 at% nitrogen doping without external nitrogen dopants. Physicochemical analysis showed CPBLA had a smaller particle size, higher specific surface area, pore size, and hydrophilicity due to increased oxygen and nitrogen contents, as well as a higher defective structure than CPBLG. The higher hydrophilicity of PEG-PBLA led to the formation of CPBLA MC particles with smaller size and higher specific surface area of 602 m²g⁻¹ and pore size of 7.8 nm. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that CPBLA had superior charge-storing capacity (specific capacitance of 147 F g⁻¹ at 1 mv s⁻¹) than CPBLG, attributed to its better physicochemical properties. These promising findings suggest that amino acid–based BCP systems can serve not only as templates but also as carbon and nitrogen sources, offering potential for high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"6 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Iron Oxide Electrocatalysis for Efficient Overall Water Splitting: A Study of Tailored Synthesis for Advanced Energy Generation and Storage","authors":"Niharika Maley,&nbsp;Pratik Patel,&nbsp;Felipe M. de Souza,&nbsp;Anuj Kumar,&nbsp;Ram K. Gupta","doi":"10.1002/est2.70062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Water splitting, a critical milestone in the development of renewable energy, allows the production of pure hydrogen and oxygen. Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), a fundamental component in electrochemical water splitting for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), offers potential because of its accessibility, low cost, and environmental safety. Herein, to analyze the impact of the methodology on its properties, Fe₂O₃ was produced in three different ways: freeze-drying (aerogel) (Fe₂O₃-AG), hydrothermal (Fe₂O₃-HT), and microwave (Fe₂O₃-MW). The Fe₂O₃-AG outperformed Fe₂O₃-HT and Fe₂O₃-MW in most properties which showed improved current and overall water-splitting efficiency. The resulting materials demonstrated good electrocatalytic performance for both HER and OER in alkaline media, with overpotentials for HER of 204, 235, and 255 mV and overpotentials for OER of 222, 288, and 292 mV for the Fe₂O₃-AG, Fe₂O₃-HT, and Fe₂O₃-MW samples, respectively, at a current density of 10 mA/cm². The freeze-drying synthesis process has significant potential as a feasible method for the manufacture of Fe₂O₃-based electrocatalysts for water-splitting applications. This study provides important insights into the influence of electrocatalytic and energy storage properties of Fe₂O₃ based on the use of different methodologies, that is, hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, and freeze-drying. Through that, a more assertive analysis can be made concerning changes in morphology, conductivity, exposure of active area, and electrochemical stability which are crucial for the overall performance, hence providing valuable information and considerations for possible large-scale applications for energy generation and energy storage.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"6 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Hybrid Active–Passive Thermal Management of Prismatic Li-Ion Batteries Using Phase Change Materials and Porous-Filled Mini-Channels","authors":"R. J. Venkatesh,&nbsp;Vara Prasad Bhemuni,&nbsp;Dilip Shyam Prakash Chinnam,&nbsp;M. D. Mohan Gift","doi":"10.1002/est2.70060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tackling climate change is crucial, and electrifying the vehicular transportation sector is essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are highly efficient for electric vehicles (EVs) but face challenges such as thermal management, risk of thermal runaway, and high costs of lithium and cobalt. Overcoming these challenges is vital for the widespread adoption of hybrid and EVs. To overcome this drawback, this article proposed a large-kernel attention graph convolutional network (LKAGCN) with leaf in wind optimization algorithm (LWOA) named as LKAGCN-LWOA technique, which enhances the thermal management of prismatic Li-ion batteries by integrating both active and passive cooling techniques. The system incorporates phase change materials (PCMs) with porous-filled mini-channels to regulate battery temperature effectively. The LKAGCN analyze thermal properties, battery conditions, and PCM characteristics to predict and optimize the thermal behavior of the battery pack using LWOA. The proposed methods tune the parameters of the hybrid thermal management system, ensuring efficient thermal regulation and improved performance. The proposed method is compared to various existing methods such as convolutional neural network (CNN), Taguchi method, and Finite element model (FEM).</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"6 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facile Synthesis of Colocasia esculenta Peels-Derived Activated Carbon for High-Performance Supercapacitor","authors":"Daniel Nframah Ampong,&nbsp;Perseverance Dzikunu,&nbsp;Frank Ofori Agyemang,&nbsp;Patrick Aggrey,&nbsp;Martinson Addo Nartey,&nbsp;Amit Kumar Pal,&nbsp;Emmanuel Gikunoo,&nbsp;Anthony Andrews,&nbsp;Kwadwo Mensah-Darkwa,&nbsp;Ram K. Gupta","doi":"10.1002/est2.70057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Biomass and biowaste resources can be used to create self-doped carbon with a distinctive microstructure. Using an economical and environmentally friendly method to create heteroatom-doped carbon electrode materials with excellent electrochemical performance has attracted much attention in the energy storage industry. A novel facile two-step, low-cost, and eco-friendly synthesis method for <i>Colocasia esculenta</i> peels has been developed to manufacture activated carbon (CEPAC) and used as an electrode material for supercapacitor application. The CEPAC 1:1 displayed a high specific surface area of 910 m²/g with oxygen-heteroatom polar sites in the carbon network. A specific capacitance of 525.3 F/g was recorded in the three-electrode system using a 3 M KOH solution. The assembled symmetric cell delivered an impressive specific capacitance of 98.7 F/g at 1 A/g while maintaining 98.4% of the initially recorded capacitance after 10 000 charge–discharge cycles. These results present a promising low-cost and simple processing route for synthesizing electrode materials with superior surface properties for high-performance supercapacitors.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"6 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}