Energy Storage最新文献

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of Phase Change Memory for Neuromorphic Computing: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions","authors":"Vikas Bhatnagar,&nbsp;Adesh Kumar","doi":"10.1002/est2.70272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70272","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The human brain functions as a highly efficient control center, inspiring the field of neuromorphic computing, which seeks to replicate its structure and behavior through hardware systems. Neuromorphic computing integrates processing and memory functions using artificial neurons and synapses designed with electronic circuits, enabling parallel, energy-efficient data handling. One of the leading technologies supporting this paradigm is phase change memory (PCM), a non-volatile memory that stores data through reversible transitions between amorphous (high resistance) and crystalline (low resistance) states of chalcogenide materials, particularly Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ (GST225). PCM exhibits fast read/write speeds, excellent data retention, and scalability, making it ideal for neuromorphic architectures. This review highlights recent advancements in PCM for neuromorphic computing, including innovations in doping strategies and device engineering. Notable developments include arsenic-doped ovonic threshold switches (OTS) for enhanced selector performance, monolayer Sb₂Te₃ for atomic-scale devices, and heater-all-around (HAA) 3D architectures for reduced energy consumption. Integration with machine learning tools enables precise atomistic modeling, accelerating material and device optimization. Furthermore, emerging variants like ovonic unified memory (OUM) and interfacial PCM (IPCM) offer unique performance advantages. While PCM promises significant benefits, key challenges such as resistance drift, endurance limits, and thermal crosstalk must be addressed. The global neuromorphic computing market is poised for exponential growth, driven by innovations in materials, algorithms, and architectures. The PCM and neuromorphic computing represent a transformative leap toward intelligent, adaptive, and energy-efficient computing systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Battery Thermal Management: A Review of Materials, Cooling Systems, and Intelligent Control for Safety and Performance","authors":"Alberto Boretti","doi":"10.1002/est2.70273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70273","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thermal management systems have become increasingly important in addressing the critical challenges associated with lithium-ion battery operation. Proper temperature regulation is essential for maintaining safety, optimizing electrochemical performance, and extending cycle life. This review provides a comprehensive and structured analysis of the latest developments in battery thermal management systems (BTMS), encompassing foundational commercial systems and advanced active, passive, and hybrid cooling strategies. The discussion integrates insights from materials science, thermodynamics, systems engineering, and artificial intelligence-based control strategies. Among the most significant advancements are phase change materials (PCMs) with enhanced thermal conductivity, such as graphene-reinforced paraffin composites, which improve heat absorption and dissipation. Another key innovation is the use of microchannel liquid cooling systems, particularly those optimized through advanced topological design techniques, enabling more efficient heat transfer. Additionally, intelligent control mechanisms, including digital twin-assisted thermal management systems, allow for real-time monitoring and adaptive cooling strategies. The review critically examines the trade-offs between cooling performance, energy efficiency, and cost considerations, evaluating technologies based on key performance indicators. It also highlights several transformative developments, including self-healing thermal interface materials, 3D-printed microchannel cold plates, radiative cooling surfaces, and smart, self-regulating materials. Looking ahead, emerging frontiers such as digital twin-assisted thermal control, blockchain for lifecycle management, and quantum-optimized design are identified as promising next-generation solutions with potential to enhance scalability and sustainability. These innovations have the potential to significantly improve thermal management in both electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage applications, ensuring safer and more reliable battery operation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Phase Change Materials and Fins in Battery Thermal Management During High Discharge","authors":"Sk Mohammad Shareef,&nbsp;G. Amba Prasad Rao","doi":"10.1002/est2.70271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70271","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The rise of electric vehicles (EVs), driven by pollution-control policies, relies on lithium-ion batteries that face performance issues from temperature fluctuations. Thermal runaway remains a major safety risk, highlighting the need for efficient battery thermal management systems (BTMS). The present work numerically investigates the effectiveness of phase change materials (PCMs) and fins in BTMS performance. An 8-cell module operating at an 8C discharge rate was selected for analysis. ANSYS-based simulations were conducted to analyze the thermal behavior of prismatic battery modules under high discharge conditions. Both organic and inorganic PCMs were evaluated, alongside fins of varied geometry, orientation, and number. Results show that high thermal conductivity PCM, such as capric acid, lowered peak battery temperatures by 36 K compared to modules without cooling. Under natural convection, vertical fins were more effective than horizontal fins, whereas under elevated convective heat transfer coefficients (50 W/m²·K), horizontal fins achieved a 31 K reduction relative to no cooling. The combined effects of high thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of PCMs were found to be critical for thermal regulation. Optimized PCM thickness outperformed fin-only configurations in overall effectiveness. However, achieving the right balance between fins and PCM remains essential for compactness and practical design integration. The advanced thermal management strategies improve battery safety and reliability and effectively address the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Performance of Erythritol-Based Biochar Composites for Medium-Temperature Energy Storage Applications","authors":"G. Suresh Babu,&nbsp;A. Saikiran,&nbsp;K. Ravi Kumar,&nbsp;Chigilipalli Bharat Kumar,&nbsp;Ramakrishna Raghutu,&nbsp;Seepana Praveenkumar,&nbsp;Damodara Reddy Annapureddy,&nbsp;G. V. Krishna Pradeep,&nbsp;B. Devaraj Naik","doi":"10.1002/est2.70276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70276","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present study focuses on the development of erythritol-based activated biochar composite phase change materials (PCMs) targeting medium-temperature energy storage applications, including waste heat recovery, solar desalination, and solar thermal energy storage. The activated biochar composites were produced from coconut shell using pyrolysis. The fabricated samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to evaluate the phase composition, thermal properties, and functional group analysis of the composites. Biochar composites exhibited enhanced thermal energy storage properties and thermal stability compared to pure PCM. TGA was employed to assess weight changes during controlled temperature increase to analyze thermal stability and decomposition. The degradation kinetics for both materials were evaluated to determine the activation energy needed for degradation processes using Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), and Starink models. The results indicate that the activation energies for pure PCM, determined using the KAS, FWO, and Starink methods, are 82.81, 88.04, and 83.54 kJ/mol, respectively. For PCM + 0.25% G + 20% BC, activation energies varied between 325.67 and 347.37 kJ/mol. For PCM + 0.5% G + 20% BC, activation energies varied between 235.05 and 256.94 kJ/mol. For PCM + 20% BC, activation energies varied between 13.83 and 24.10 kJ/mol. Overall, the findings highlight the impact of graphene with biochar on the thermal properties of both pure and composite biochar PCMs. The 20% biochar composite with 0.25% graphene demonstrated improved thermal stability, highlighting its potential for effective medium-temperature energy storage solutions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on Battery and Energy Management for Redox Flow Batteries","authors":"Anshul Kumar Yadav,&nbsp; Dhiraj,&nbsp;Anil Kumar Saini","doi":"10.1002/est2.70267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70267","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Battery technology has been a hot spot in the research community, owing to the radical unification of renewable sources into the electric power industry. Redox flow batteries (RFBs), which are electrolyte-based, are preferred and have found viable applications in microgrids (MGs) due to their scalable nature, operational flexibility, and environmental friendliness. Acknowledging the complexity of the MG system and the importance of effective battery operation, this paper presents a systematic and comprehensive review on battery and energy management for RFBs. Utilizing the bibliographical analysis, this research critically examines the existing literature on battery and energy management, their research trends, and associated challenges. The summary reveals that existing approaches lack the implementation of advanced techniques that enable experiential learning and tailored operational strategies required for safer, reliable operation in convergence with other energy sources. Considering the challenges, the paper emphasizes emerging technology, including artificial intelligence (AI), system modeling, and digital twins (DTs), for effective development, monitoring, and furthering reliability in RFB. IoT-integrated BMS and Energy Management System (EMS) systems can aid data collection, allowing integration of intelligence systems performing accurate forecasting and system optimization, whereas AI agents can help with cybersecurity and fault response, realizing state-of-the-art battery/EMS. Subsequently, existing drawbacks and future prospects are presented for the research community and are expected to act as a catalyst to advance EMS and BMS research, tailored for RFB.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilient Photovoltaic-Battery Systems for Urban Households in Grid-Interrupted Environments: A Baghdad Case Study","authors":"Raghad Ali Mejeed","doi":"10.1002/est2.70264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70264","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Since 1991 to the present, both metropolitan districts and rural communities in Iraq have been reliant on gasoline or diesel generators to make up for the lack of grid energy. The combination of Photovoltaic (PV) and Battery Storage systems (BSS) as energy sources is widespread in the global energy industry. This case study is based on actual monthly electricity consumption statistics over 1 year for a home in the Al-Latifiya district, south of Baghdad, Iraq, to install a roof PV system instead of a Diesel Generator (DG) to compensate for the interruption of the public grid. Using computer modeling and simulation with the HOMER software, an optimal power generation system was designed. Two modeling scenarios were conducted, one for DG and the grid and the other for PV/BSS and the grid. Based on simulation findings, the PV/BSS and grid systems have been determined to be a technically and economically viable solution for mitigating DG and implementing this alternative power generation at a fair cost. The proposed system can meet the demand side with a penetration level of 60.4% and a PV energy share of 48.4%, resulting in a reduction in electricity bills to $108.58/year and a lower COE ($0.0772/kWh) than the current system (grid and diesel generator) ($0.0.126/kWh). The proposed system also achieved an annual emissions reduction of 5279 kg of CO₂ per year due to displacing the fuel consumption of diesel generators and reducing the energy use of the public grid by 31%.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-Estimation of State of Health and State of Charge for Lithium-Ion Batteries via the Normalized State of Charge and Open Circuit Voltage Relationship","authors":"Onur Kadem","doi":"10.1002/est2.70270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70270","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The relationship between state of charge (SoC) and open circuit voltage (OCV) is fundamental to SoC estimation in equivalent circuit models (ECMs). While its dependency on temperature and aging is recognized, the influence of real-time capacity variations is often underexplored. This study investigates the impact of capacity degradation on the SoC–OCV relationship across different temperatures, aging levels, and OCV testing methods, using the CALCE and NASA battery datasets. Results show that when SoC is normalized by the degraded capacity, the SoC–OCV relationship remains nearly constant for SoC values above 20%. Leveraging this property, we propose a real-time algorithm capable of simultaneously estimating SoC and capacity throughout the battery lifecycle. The algorithm also estimates state of health (SoH) by independently quantifying resistance and capacity related degradation. A first-order ECM with a single resistor-capacitor branch models battery dynamics, while Kalman filtering enables real-time state updates. The method is validated under diverse conditions including partial and full discharges, varying temperatures, dynamic load profiles (e.g., US06, FUDS, BJDST, HPPC), and different aging states. Experimental results demonstrate robust performance, with SoC estimation errors within ±0.01 and capacity estimation errors within ±0.05 Ah, confirming the algorithm's effectiveness for real-world battery management system applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Grid-Friendly Multi-Objective Approach for Energy Scheduling Optimization in Microgrids","authors":"Zhihua Chen,&nbsp;Ruochen Huang,&nbsp;Qiongbin Lin","doi":"10.1002/est2.70254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70254","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper proposes a novel grid-friendly multi-objective approach to optimize energy management in an integrated source-grid-load-storage microgrid (MG). To enhance the MG's grid integration potential and cost-effectiveness, this approach develops a grid-friendly multi-timescale energy scheduling optimization (Gf-MtESO) strategy and a new evaluation metric (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>ω</mi>\u0000 <mi>Gf</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {omega}_{mathrm{Gf}} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>). Gf-MtESO first establishes electricity market coordination by pre-submitting energy demand as subsequent scheduling constraints, effectively mitigating power exchange fluctuations between MGs and the main grid. Additionally, <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>ω</mi>\u0000 <mi>Gf</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {omega}_{mathrm{Gf}} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, by holistically evaluating dependency and volatility, facilitates comprehensive assessment of MGs' grid integration potential. To resolve conflicting objectives and multi-constraints challenges in developing the Gf-MtESO strategy, this approach applies an improved elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm based on stepwise-solving and rotating-population optimization (SRO-NSGA-II). SRO-NSGA-II first decouples the problem and updates the population using rotated binary crossovers to accelerate the search for feasible domains. Results indicate that SRO-NSGA-II concurrently maintains solution diversity and convergence speed, outperforming NSGA-II in hypervolume metrics. Particularly, the novel approach demonstrates faster scheduling plans development and improves grid-connection friendliness by 90.76% with a 4.86% cost variation compared to benchmark methods, which provide a systematic approach to realize friendly grid integration while ensuring economic viability in MGs' applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manufacturing Challenges in Advanced Cylindrical Composite Pressure Vessels for Hydrogen Storage: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Samid Khan,&nbsp;Ajay Kumar","doi":"10.1002/est2.70263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70263","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Advances in cylindrical high-end hydrogen storage systems for aerospace, undersea vacuum enclosures, and automobiles use Type V composite pressure vessels (CPV) as the next generation of sustainable energy storage. The latest liner-less CPV (Type V) is most challenging. The basic need of this manufacturing aspect review on CPV is the transition toward a more sustainable hydrogen energy storage system. As analyzed through our review that Type IV pressure vessels optimized with this transition to Type V, where weight reduction is up to &gt; 25%, higher load-bearing efficiency is reported in past studies for Type V in comparison to Type IV vessels, with increase in volumetric density up to &gt; 15% and more, and most importantly, hydrogen barrier performance as permeability is reduced from 10⁻¹² to &lt; 10⁻¹⁶ mol m⁻¹ s⁻¹ Pa⁻¹ addressed. Type V pressure vessels eliminate the polymer liner, causing nonuniform stresses, which hinders in Type III/IV COPVs. This results in more uniform stress distribution and high burst performance at reduced mass. Studies show higher burst pressure and improved structural efficiency. At cryogenic CcH₂ hydrogen storage of up to 35 MPa pressure with improved epoxies is also explored. Mechanical characteristics of cross-linked composite laminates, including thin films of clay, sand, polyethylene, and polyurethane, were also analyzed in the CcH₂ storage system. Strengthening (Type IV) composite pressure vessels with proper fiber/matrix alignment and polyethylene films instead of a polyethylene liner causes embrittlement and failure due to composite and plastic ties. Various stacking sequences related to flaws have been explored, Type IV (plastic liner) composite pressure vessels for improvement in Type V CPV. Filament winding techniques and automated fiber placements (AFP) used for winding sequence and stacking geometries of helical, hoop, and polar composite winding layers reveal that at 55° helical, followed by hoop winding, provides the highest strength. Based on our comprehensive review, we found that the fabrication and permeability challenges of liner-less (Type V) vessels need further study. While recent advances in materials (e.g., high-performance resins, nanoparticle reinforcement) and manufacturing techniques (e.g., AFP, out-of-autoclave curing) show promise, consistent and scalable solutions to address hydrogen permeation and structural integrity in liner-less designs are still under active investigation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Load and Carbon Emissions With Double Façade and BioPCM Configurations in Different Climates","authors":"Merve Kılınç Gilisıralıoğlu,&nbsp;Neslihan Türkmenoğlu Bayraktar","doi":"10.1002/est2.70261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70261","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Energy consumption and carbon emissions may be reduced by proper building envelope design. Innovative approaches such as PCM-integrated double-facade systems present an opportunity to increase energy efficiency. However, more scientific data is needed on the performance of these systems in different climate zones and various application scenarios for current local and global energy standards. Therefore, an annual simulation process on ten scenarios with Designbuilder is conducted to analyze the thermal load and carbon emission outputs of five locations with different heating–cooling degree days, varying due to PCMs and insulation layers on double façades. According to the study, the double façade system reduced the total energy load in the office building case in all climates. The double façade system mitigated the total load the most in Istanbul by 17%. BioPCM addition changed the carbon emissions and total loads depending on the building type and the conditions of its application, with or without insulation, in different climates. PCM usage reduced carbon emissions by 0.35% in Antalya while increasing the others. While the highest reduction rate of the total load, with 2.3%, occurred in Erzurum with the insulation and PCM combined case, the same occurred with only the PCM scenario in Antalya, by 1.9%. Accordingly, PCM integration without an insulation layer in hot climates significantly reduces total loads while applying insulation and PCM layers together in cold climates.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145051227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}