Energy StoragePub Date : 2025-05-15DOI: 10.1002/est2.70196
S. Hemavathi, D. A. Antopaul
{"title":"Design of Dielectric Fluid Immersion Cooling System for Efficient Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Battery Packs","authors":"S. Hemavathi, D. A. Antopaul","doi":"10.1002/est2.70196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70196","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Heat generation during fast charging and discharging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) remains a significant challenge, potentially leading to overheating, reduced performance, or thermal runaway. Traditional battery thermal management systems (BTMS), such as air-based cooling and indirect liquid cooling using cold plates, often result in high thermal gradients—both vertically within cells and horizontally across battery packs—especially under high-current discharge rates. To address these issues, this study introduces and evaluates a steady-state convection-based ester-oil immersion cooling (EOIC) technique for LIBs. Numerical simulations based on the Newman, Tiedemann, Gu and Kim model, aligned with multi-scale multi-dimensional principles, were performed on both a single 18650 cylindrical cell and a 4S2P battery pack. Experimental validations were conducted under 2C and 3C discharge rates at 25°C ambient temperature. The EOIC system demonstrated a temperature reduction of up to 13°C in the 18650 cell and 15°C in the 4S2P pack at 3C discharge compared to natural air convection and achieved ≤ 10°C thermal gradient across cells in the battery pack. The simulation results closely matched experimental data, with a maximum deviation of only 2°C, confirming the model's reliability. Moreover, EOIC outperformed conventional mineral oil-based immersion cooling in both cooling effectiveness and temperature uniformity. These findings confirm EOIC as a promising passive BTMS approach, ensuring improved safety, performance, and thermal stability for LIBs in electric vehicle applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144074635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy StoragePub Date : 2025-05-15DOI: 10.1002/est2.70182
Nader Javani
{"title":"Guest Editorial for the Special Issue on “Progress in Energy Storage Applications”","authors":"Nader Javani","doi":"10.1002/est2.70182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70182","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144074636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy StoragePub Date : 2025-05-14DOI: 10.1002/est2.70186
Sachin Shivaji Kumbhar, Vaiju N. Kalkhambkar, Rohit Bhakar
{"title":"Optimal Location and Sizing of Coordinated Battery Swapping and Charging Station in Power and Road Transportation Networks","authors":"Sachin Shivaji Kumbhar, Vaiju N. Kalkhambkar, Rohit Bhakar","doi":"10.1002/est2.70186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70186","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Battery swapping and charging station (BSCS) is a developing domain for energy storage and electrical vehicles (EVs). An electric vehicle charging station can be combined with a microgrid (MG) and a road traffic transportation network (RTTN) for cost-effective system operation to set up a new BSCS in a territory. This paper presents a new approach for the location and sizing of a BSCS constructed to solve the combined problem of high infrastructure cost, energy cost, and renewable energy support. The proposed model supports the participation between BSCS, MG, and RTTN for optimal location in the territory and power exchange between the MG and BSCS. This BSCS is connected with an electric network, photovoltaic (PV) units, wind turbines, and RTTN to offer auxiliary facilities and increased profit. The proposed optimization technique has been applied to a case study in Maharashtra, India, and it shows effectiveness by minimizing investment and operational cost along with location and sizing for the BSCS.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy StoragePub Date : 2025-05-14DOI: 10.1002/est2.70187
R. J. Venkatesh, Suraj Rajesh Karpe, Bapu Kokare, K. V. Pradeep
{"title":"Sand Cat Swarm Optimization and Attention-Based Graph Convolutional Neural Network for Energy Management Analysis of Grid-Connected Hybrid Wind-Microturbine-Photovoltaic-Electric Vehicle Systems","authors":"R. J. Venkatesh, Suraj Rajesh Karpe, Bapu Kokare, K. V. Pradeep","doi":"10.1002/est2.70187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A Hybrid Wind-MicroTurbine (MT)-Photovoltaic (PV)-Electric Vehicle (EV) system integrates multiple renewable energy sources (RES) and storage technologies to optimize power generation, distribution, and consumption. However, the high cost of installing wind Turbine (WT), MT, PV panels, and Energy Storage Systems (ESS), along with the necessary infrastructure, makes it a costly solution, particularly for small-scale or residential applications. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a hybrid approach for the economic assessment of a grid-connected hybrid Wind-MT-PV-EV system. The proposed method combines the Sand Cat Swarm Optimization (SCSO) algorithm with the Attention-Based Sparse Graph Convolutional Neural Network (ASGCNN), forming the SCSO-ASGCNN technique. The goal is to enhance the economic performance, cost-effectiveness, and dynamic control of the hybrid system. The SCSO algorithm is employed to optimize energy management (EM) and improve the operational efficiency of the system, while the ASGCNN is utilized to predict the forecast patterns of energy generation and consumption. The proposed method is implemented on the MATLAB platform and evaluated against several existing approaches, including the Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (AGA), Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), State-Action-Reward-State-Action (SARSA), Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), and Modified Dragonfly Algorithm (MDA). The results show that the SCSO-ASGCNN method achieves the lowest average cost of $532.63, demonstrating its superior performance in minimizing costs compared to other methods.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pd-Supported CoZn-MOF as a Potential Electrocatalyst for Electro Oxidation of Butanol in Alkaline Media","authors":"Tummala Anusha, Shaik Sharmila, Pradeep Kumar Brahman","doi":"10.1002/est2.70193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70193","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs), long-chain alcohols like butanol have gained attention over the past decade as a substitute for gasoline due to their higher energy density and reduced membrane crossover compared to short-chain alcohols such as methanol and ethanol. Although limited research has been explored on the oxidation of butanol compared to that of methanol and ethanol. In the present work, a bimetallic organic framework (CoZn-MOF) was employed to disperse Pd nanoparticles and was utilized for the first time for butanol oxidation in basic media. The CoZn-MOF was synthesized through the coprecipitation method, followed by electrodeposition of Pd nanoparticles onto the nanocomposite. The as-prepared catalyst material was characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, and FT-IR analysis. Electrochemical analysis, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and chronoamperometric studies, revealed that the Pd@CoZn-MOF/GCE showed outstanding electrocatalytic performance, higher current density (0.01895 A cm<sup>−2</sup>), excellent stability (350 cycles) and durability (3000 s), and strong resistance to catalytic poisoning from carbonaceous species during butanol electro-oxidation, which is due to the effective synergy between CoZn-MOF and Pd nanoparticles, which enhances electron transfer. The findings proved that the newly developed electro-catalyst is a promising alternative to traditional Pt-based catalysts in DACs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Charge Storage Performance of Porous Activated Carbon Derived From Bamboo Stems for Symmetric Supercapacitor Electrodes","authors":"Rohit Yadav, Savita Sharma, Hitesh Borkar, Kusum Kumari","doi":"10.1002/est2.70178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Activated carbon (AC) obtained from bamboo stems is used in this study as an electrode material for the symmetric supercapacitor as it is cost-effective and bio-renewable. The activated carbon was synthesized in two steps at the optimal temperature of 700°C, involving thermal carbonization and chemical activation with ZnCl<sub>2</sub>. The distorted honeycomb and void-containing surface morphology of the synthesized activated carbon (AC<sub>b</sub>) was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed for the crystallography, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed for the elements' chemical states. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis confirmed the mesoporosity (avg. pore radius 42.1 Å) and high specific surface area (92.1 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>) of the AC<sub>b</sub>. Electrochemical studies revealed that the three-electrode system demonstrated a specific capacitance of 75.8 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 5 mV s<sup>−1</sup> in 1 M NaOH electrolyte. A capacitance retention of 75% was obtained even after 10,000 cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles. An LED light was illuminated using a fabricated two-electrode symmetric device. However, for practical applications, more durability study is needed. This study offers insightful new information about how to best utilize chemically processed AC derived from bamboo stems in modern energy conservation systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy StoragePub Date : 2025-05-14DOI: 10.1002/est2.70181
Hakan Yilmaz, Canan Kandilli
{"title":"Energy and Exergy Analyses of A Novel Model Trombe Wall System Using Natural Zeolite-Perlite Composite Plates","authors":"Hakan Yilmaz, Canan Kandilli","doi":"10.1002/est2.70181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70181","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, the experimental performance of a model Trombe wall application using perlite-enhanced natural zeolite composite plate a thermal mass was evaluated. The production and basic parameters of the perlite-added natural zeolite plate were given, energy and exergy analyses were carried out with the data obtained from the test results, and the results were compared with similar ones in the literature. For the first time in the literature, a Trombe wall model using a natural zeolite-perlite composite plate as the thermal mass was experimentally evaluated and subjected to energy and exergy analyses. The experiments revealed that the composite Trombe wall (CTW) achieved a maximum indoor temperature of 38°C, with a notable 11.5°C temperature difference between indoor and outdoor conditions. Energy efficiency of the system varied from 21% to 70%, while exergy efficiency ranged from 0.05% to 1.10%. These results suggest that the CTW system, utilizing natural zeolite-perlite composite plates, is a promising solution for enhancing energy efficiency and thermal comfort in buildings. This study aims to contribute to future research on energy efficiency in nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEBs) and related structures.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clarifying the Loss Mechanism of Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage From the Aspects of Factors and Components","authors":"Ruochen Ding, Zhengyang Tang, Yaran Liang, Wen Su, Xinxing Lin, Zhimei Zheng, Sumin Guan","doi":"10.1002/est2.70195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70195","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Currently, advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage (AA-CAES) has been widely used, but the quantitative study of its energy loss is still unresolved. Therefore, the ideal AA-CAES with a round-trip efficiency (RTE) of 100% is defined to quantify the energy losses in the AA-CAES from the aspects of factors and components, so as to clarify the loss mechanism of AA-CAES. First, eight energy loss factors affecting the performances of AA-CAES are identified. Then, based on component type, six components of AA-CAES are identified. After that, to obtain the system energy flow, the corresponding thermodynamic models are developed. Finally, based on the given operating conditions, the energy losses corresponding to each factor and component are obtained sequentially using univariate analysis, and parametric analysis is carried out. The results show that in terms of energy loss factors, the storage device has the greatest impact on system performance with a compression work increment d<i>E</i><sub>charge</sub> of 72.56 MWh and an RTE of 89.21%. In terms of components, the compressors and turbines have the greatest impact on system performance. Furthermore, there is a synergistic effect among the factors. The effect of different factors acting together is greater than the superposition of individual values.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy StoragePub Date : 2025-05-14DOI: 10.1002/est2.70174
Suwarna Shete, R. K. Kumawat
{"title":"State of Charge Estimation Based on Cumulative Error Based-Extended Kalman Filter for Electric Vehicle Applications","authors":"Suwarna Shete, R. K. Kumawat","doi":"10.1002/est2.70174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70174","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Battery Management System (BMS) is crucial for the effective operation of lithium-ion battery (LIB) systems, particularly in estimating State of Charge (SOC). Given that LIBs exhibit nonlinear behavior, the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm proves to be an effective method for estimating SOC. However, neglecting higher-order components can lead to inaccuracies in SOC estimation and potential divergence in the estimation process. To enhance the reliability of SOC estimates, an adaptive EKF is utilized, combining elements of both the Kalman Filter (KF) and EKF. This work develops a battery management system that includes a model-driven SOC estimation approach. The proposed approach employs a cumulative error-based EKF for SOC estimation. This cumulative error is derived from a novel mathematical model that utilizes historical SOC data from the battery, thereby improving estimation accuracy. The proposed method achieved minimum Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.3352, 0.1697, and 0.412, respectively.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy StoragePub Date : 2025-05-14DOI: 10.1002/est2.70191
Hari Shankar Biswas, Amit Kumar Kundu
{"title":"Hydrogenated Diamond-Like Carbon (HDLC) as Energy Storage Nanomaterials: A Review","authors":"Hari Shankar Biswas, Amit Kumar Kundu","doi":"10.1002/est2.70191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70191","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The increasing global demand for efficient energy storage systems, driven by the proliferation of portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy sources, necessitates the development of advanced materials. Conventional energy storage technologies, such as lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, face persistent challenges related to limited capacity, efficiency, and long-term durability. Advanced nanomaterials have emerged as a solution to these challenges, and hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (HDLC) has gained significant attention as a promising candidate. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of HDLC as a nanomaterial for energy storage applications. HDLC exhibits exceptional properties, including high hardness, chemical stability, and tunable electrical conductivity, making it ideal for next-generation energy storage devices. The paper begins by discussing the critical challenges in energy storage and the role of innovative materials in overcoming these barriers. It then explores the structure, synthesis methods, and unique properties of HDLC, focusing on the impact of hydrogen incorporation on its mechanical, electrical, and chemical characteristics. The review highlights the versatility of HDLC in various applications, such as lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells, where it serves as a robust electrode material due to its superior conductivity, stability, and surface area. Recent advancements, including surface engineering and enhanced electrochemical performance, are examined alongside challenges such as material degradation and environmental concerns. Emerging trends and future research directions are identified, emphasizing HDLC's potential to revolutionize energy storage technologies and contribute to a sustainable energy future.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}