Energy Storage最新文献

{"title":"Multiobjective Electric Vehicle Charging Station Siting Under Traffic and Grid Capacity Constraints","authors":"Lingling Wan,&nbsp;Chong Gao,&nbsp;Xinghang Weng","doi":"10.1002/est2.70551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70551","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Siting choices for electric-vehicle charging stations propagate through both the road network that delivers vehicles to each candidate node and the distribution feeder that supplies the load, so a plan optimized for one side may silently degrade the other. Formulate the siting problem as a constrained multiobjective program that minimizes the annualized cost, unserved flow-captured demand and one-sided undervoltage, and enforces incremental link saturation along with substation and voltage limits in a single optimization. The traffic side was resolved through a published user-equilibrium background with charging-trip detour, pile-capacity, queue-cost, and link-time feedback, the grid side through six-block backward–forward sweep on a radial feeder, and the two layers were coupled through a node-to-bus correspondence and time-block load and modular-storage balances. NSGA-II and NSGA-III returned a pooled Pareto front on coupled IEEE 33-bus and Sioux Falls benchmarks, from which a normalized ideal-point compromise was drawn. The pooled front had 200 designs; the compromise installed 12 piles at three sites, served 64.39% at $897 158 year⁻¹, maintained a minimum voltage of 0.9640 p.u., and loaded the substation to 5.5536 MVA. In a matched high-service layout, 600 kWh of storage reduced peak loading from 6.0085 to 5.8977 MVA and restored feasibility. The traffic guard remained inactive in the base case and became active only under extreme road-capacity stress.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Scale Evaluation of Novel Alternating Carbon Fiber–Polyethylene Hybrid Laminates Reinforced With Graphene Nanoplatelets for Linerless Type-V Hydrogen Storage Vessels","authors":"Samid Khan,&nbsp;Ajay Kumar","doi":"10.1002/est2.70546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70546","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Type-V composite pressure vessels (CPVs) for hydrogen storage face challenges in balancing high structural strength, lightweight construction, and permeation-barrier performance. In this study, hybrid 4 carbon and 3 polyethylene (4C3PE) laminates alternating reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) are prepared. A comparative multi-scale analysis was conducted for Type-V laminate architectures, integrating analytical hoop-stress, finite element analysis (FEA) simulations, and ASTM D3039 tensile experiment analysis to develop a reliable design framework. Experimental characterization of the 4C3PE laminate revealed that a 2 wt.% GNP loading provides an allowable ultimate tensile strength of 648 MPa, with uniform dispersion of GNPs of an average agglomerate size (0.42 ± 0.11 μm), and a low void content below 1.5%. The carbon fiber-polyethylene interlayers function as compliant barriers, reducing interlaminar shear stresses and preventing microcrack propagation. Structural scaling studies indicate that the 4C3PE architecture with unidirectional (0/0/0)_s stacking sequences is unsafe under 70 MPa pressure for configurations under 12C11PE. The 16C15PE laminate, as the optimal design, achieves a balanced Factor of Safety of 3.11 by maintaining circumferential stresses at 208.605 MPa within allowable limits, despite the weight penalties associated with thicker laminates. Microstructural observations suggest that GNP-assisted crack deflection, PE-mediated delamination suppression, and the formation of tortuous diffusion pathways may reduce potential hydrogen-permeation routes. The study establishes a framework for screening materials in laminated architectures, with the 16C15PE laminate and 2 wt.% GNP as a promising candidate for linerless Type-V vessels. This groundwork will facilitate future tests on pressure-cycling and hydrogen permeability for full-scale vessel production.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust State-of-Charge Estimation for Lithium-Ion Batteries Using an Adaptive Invariant Extended Kalman Filter With an Enhanced Self-Correcting Model","authors":"Muhammed Inamu Rahman Thekkedath,&nbsp;Santanu Kumar Dash","doi":"10.1002/est2.70545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70545","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>State-of-Charge (SoC) estimation plays a vital role in the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries, which can be used in different applications such as Electric Vehicles (EVs). However, traditional SoC estimation methods, such as Coulomb counting and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), are often prone to accumulating errors, parameter uncertainty, and measurement noise under dynamic operating conditions. Therefore, in this work, an Adaptive Invariant Extended Kalman Filter (Adaptive IEKF) together with an Enhanced Self-Correcting (ESC) battery model will be proposed to estimate SoC in real time. Parameters of the ESC model were found by means of OCV-SoC characterization, Static Capacity Test (SCT), and Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC). Measurement noise covariance adaptation on the basis of the innovation approach was used in order to increase robustness to uncertainty and variations in operating conditions. The developed algorithm was tested with the help of MATLAB/Simulink in the case of SCT and HPPC operating profiles and implemented on an STM32F446RE microcontroller in order to verify its performance under real-time embedded conditions. The obtained experimental results confirm that the proposed technique keeps SoC estimation error under 2% under both dynamic and static operating conditions. During the HPPC, the Adaptive IEKF showed RMSE and MAE equal to 0.01487 and 0.0156, respectively, while for the SCT conditions, RMSE and MAE are 0.01112 and 0.01271, respectively.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Effects of Transition Metal (Mn, Ni) Doping and Activated Carbon on Hydrogen Storage in TiFe-Based Alloys","authors":"Muhammad Kokab Iqbal,&nbsp;Sana Yaqub,&nbsp;Majid Ali,&nbsp;Naseem Iqbal,&nbsp;Mustafa Anwar,&nbsp;Naveed Ahmed Khan,&nbsp;Rimsha Riaz,&nbsp;Muhammad Murtaza,&nbsp;Hassan Nazir","doi":"10.1002/est2.70521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70521","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>TiFe-based alloys are attractive solid-state hydrogen storage materials but their practical application is restricted by the formation of a stable surface oxide layer, which necessitates high-temperature activation before the first hydrogenation. In this study, the synergistic effects of Mn and Ni substitution with activated carbon (AC) on the activation behavior and hydrogen storage performance of TiFe-based alloys are systematically investigated. The mechanically milled TiFe-based alloys are further characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). First-cycle hydrogen absorption behavior of metal alloys is evaluated by Volumetric pressure–composition–temperature (PCT) measurements at 25°C and 5 MPa using Isorb HP-1. Results showed that TiFe-based alloys exhibited direct first-cycle hydrogen absorption without the conventional high-temperature activation treatment, revealing the effectiveness of mechanical activation in overcoming the surface oxide barrier. DSC analysis showed that Mn-, Ni-, and AC-modified alloys reduced the hydride decomposition temperature from ≈400°C to 320°C. Among the investigated compositions, TiFe_0.8Ni_0.2 + AC_0.4 exhibited the highest first-cycle hydrogen uptake of 1.7 wt.% at 25°C and 5 MPa. These findings demonstrate that the combined effects of mechanical activation, transition-metal substitution, and AC effectively eliminate the need for conventional activation while enhancing the first-cycle hydrogen storage performance of TiFe-based alloys, providing a practical strategy for room-temperature solid-state hydrogen storage.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Sensitivity Analysis of Grid-Scale Battery Storage Technologies: Feasibility Investigation for Solar Integration in India","authors":"Shubham Sanyal,&nbsp;S. K. Samdarshi","doi":"10.1002/est2.70549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70549","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study presents a comprehensive techno-economic and environmental sensitivity analysis of integrating grid-scale solar photovoltaic systems with multiple energy storage technologies to fulfill state-level electricity demand in Jharkhand, India—a resource-rich and coal-dependent state facing persistent grid reliability challenges. Addressing a critical research gap in sector-specific, multi-chemistry storage optimization under dynamic tariff regimes, the study models and compares four storage technologies—lithium ferro phosphate batteries (LFP), sodium-sulfur batteries (NaS), vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB), and pumped hydropower storage (PH), each tailored for six-hour charge retention. The open-source Solar Alone Multi-objective Advisor (SAMA) tool, used to model PV-battery hybrids, has been used with particle swarm optimization. One hundred and twenty-eight system configurations were simulated across fixed and time-of-use tariffs, with and without net metering, under varying inflation (5%–12.5%) and grid price escalation rates (−2.5% to +5%). The analysis rigorously assesses each configuration's payback period, internal rate of return (IRR), return on investment (RoI), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), emissions, and system sizing metrics. The results show that LFP batteries consistently deliver the shortest payback periods (8–13 years), the highest RoI (43%–340%), and the most stable IRR (9%–13%) under all market scenarios, marking them as the most bankable near-term solution for daily cycling. Pumped hydropower provides moderate payback periods (10–18 years) and achieves highly competitive LCOE values (USD 0.03–0.04 per kWh with net metering), making it ideal for large-scale, long-duration storage where suitable sites exist. Sodium-sulfur batteries reach RoI up to 288% in high-inflation scenarios but display greater volatility, while vanadium redox flow batteries, with payback periods of 11–22 years and no mid-life replacements, offer unique advantages for deep-cycling, stationary industrial applications. Net metering emerges as a dominant policy lever, reducing LCOE from USD 0.06–0.16 per kWh (no export) to USD 0.03–0.04 per kWh (with export) and cutting lifecycle emissions from 0.45 to 0.17 kg/kWh, while enabling a surge in optimal installed PV capacity from 3–5 GW to over 16 GW. The findings accentuate that while LFP offers superior financial performance and rapid capital recovery, sector-specific technology mapping is essential to maximize grid resilience and renewable integration by deploying NaS and PH for medium and bulk storage, and VRFB for industrial deep cycling. Ultimately, the study provides a replicable, data-driven framework for selecting and optimizing storage technologies under evolving market structures, supporting Jharkhand's and similar regions' transition from coal reliance to a resilient, renewable-powered future.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Low-Pass Filter Energy Management With Fuzzy Logic Control for Hybrid Energy Storage System","authors":"Qiang Liu,&nbsp;Weihong Zang,&nbsp;Wentao Zhang,&nbsp;Yang Zhang,&nbsp;Yuqi Tong,&nbsp;Yanbiao Feng","doi":"10.1002/est2.70542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70542","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hybrid electric mining haul trucks offer significant potential for energy conservation, cost reduction, and emission mitigation. However, their heavy-load nature necessitates an Energy Storage System (ESS) capable of concurrent high-energy and high-power density. This study addresses this need by focusing on a lithium battery-supercapacitor hybrid ESS (HESS). This study proposed an adaptive filtering-based energy management strategy for efficient power allocation and DC bus voltage regulation. The core method leverages online Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis to dynamically calculate the low-pass filter's cutoff frequency for real-time power distribution. Concurrently, a fuzzy control-based voltage compensation mechanism is developed to mitigate bus voltage instability. The integrated EMS is validated through Model-in-the-Loop (MIL) simulation and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing. Simulation results confirm the superior performance of the combined strategy. Under high-power pulsed conditions, the supercapacitor's contribution to pulse power demonstrated a 27.2% enhancement compared to fixed-parameter methods, resulting in significantly enhanced output voltage stability for the composite power supply.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149125726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Development of Interconnected Hierarchical Porous Carbon From Rice Panicle Waste: Synergistic KOH/CO2 Dual-Activation Strategy for Advanced Symmetric Supercapacitors","authors":"Awitdrus Awitdrus,&nbsp;Alifia Andra Sakinah,&nbsp;Rakhmawati Farma,&nbsp;Iwantono Iwantono,&nbsp;Agustino Agustino","doi":"10.1002/est2.70547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70547","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Herein, agricultural waste of rice panicles was adopted as a raw precursor to prepare PAC using KOH activation at different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 M) coupled with CO₂ activation at 850°C and its implementation as symmetric supercapacitor electrodes. RPPAC-0.25-850 exhibited high S_BET, hierarchical porosity, and a high degree of graphitization. At 1 A g⁻¹, RPPAC-0.25-850 attained a gravimetric capacitance of 280 F g⁻¹, Coulombic efficiency of 86.53%, and an impressive energy density of 38.95 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 413.5 W kg⁻¹. Likewise, the RPPAC-0.25-850-based symmetric SC device exhibited high GCD cycling stability, retaining 88% capacitance at 10 A g⁻¹ after 6000 GCD cycles, suggesting superior capacitance efficiency. The results suggest that agricultural waste can be a sustainable energy storage solution, with optimal KOH activation conditions for exceptional SC performance, and also offers a viable potential route for greener, more efficient energy solutions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149125725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen Production and Underground Storage for Improving the Economic Stability of Geothermal Electricity Generation","authors":"Hakkı Aydin,&nbsp;Şükrü Merey","doi":"10.1002/est2.70544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70544","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Geothermal energy provides reliable base-load electricity and is an important renewable energy source. To encourage investment in geothermal projects, governments commonly offer feed-in tariffs and financial incentives; however, these mechanisms typically expire after 10–15 years, exposing projects to fluctuations in electricity market prices, and potential revenue losses. Energy storage offers a means to mitigate this risk by allowing electricity generated during low-price periods to be stored and used when prices are higher. This study investigates hydrogen production, underground storage, and re-electrification as an energy storage strategy for geothermal electricity, using the Alaşehir geothermal field in western Anatolia, Turkiye, as a case study. In this field, geothermal power is produced from basement metamorphic rocks, while overlying sandstone formations provide suitable reservoirs for underground hydrogen storage. A stochastic Monte Carlo simulation was applied to capture uncertainties in storage capacity, system costs, and re-electrification efficiency. Results indicate an electrical power potential of 103–335 MW and annual hydrogen production of 4781–9329 tons. Underground storage costs are estimated at $12.9–20.9 million, while re-electrification of stored hydrogen could generate approximately $20.5 million in annual revenue. Overall, the findings demonstrate that hydrogen-based energy storage can significantly enhance the economic stability of geothermal electricity generation by leveraging daily and seasonal variations in electricity prices.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149125724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Utilization Factor-Based Adaptive Coordination Strategy for Electric Vehicle-to-Grid and Energy Storage in Peak Load Management","authors":"Prameeda Mohan,&nbsp;Mohammed Rezin Shanavas,&nbsp;Rajeev Thankappan Nair","doi":"10.1002/est2.70536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70536","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Global electric power grids are advancing through the use of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)technology, hybrid energy storage systems (HESS), and an increasing reliance on renewable energy sources (RES). This paper presents a novel utilization factor (UF)-based power management strategy to optimally coordinate V2G support in a power system comprising RES and HESS, improving grid resiliency by reducing grid stress from uncontrolled electric vehicle (EV) charging during peak load hours. A UF-based Power Management (UPM) module generates real-time power schedules to optimally coordinate V2G support across the available resources. The formulated UF accounts for the proximity, availability, and priority of EVs and hybrid energy storage and provides an adaptive power reference for accurate scheduling under both normal and volatile grid conditions. Local measurements and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) forecast data form the basis for accurate power sharing by the UPM module. The strategy was verified on a modified IEEE 33-bus system representing a scaled-down grid connected microgrid in MATLAB/Simulink. The real-time case study analysis using hardware-in-the-loop experiments on Opal-RT and a Raspberry Pi controller. At baseload, the UF-based approach achieved a 6.71% reduction in peak-hour optimized cost, a 13.06% decrease in per-unit voltage variation, and a 35.62% reduction in associated losses. At half-load, the method achieved a 0.04% cost reduction, with a corresponding 35.71% reduction in per-unit voltage variation and similar losses. The results verified the efficacy of the UPM module for power management, reducing grid stress, especially during peak hours, leveraging V2G, and stabilizing system parameters throughout the scheduling period.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Different Pore-Forming Agents on Electrochemical Performance of Iron Electrodes","authors":"Xiangmei Tang,&nbsp;Guang Li,&nbsp;Ruowei Yi,&nbsp;Wenwen Luo,&nbsp;Qingfeng Yi","doi":"10.1002/est2.70537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70537","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Practical application of iron-air batteries (IABs) remains constrained by the low charging efficiency and poor discharge rates of iron electrodes. Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) occurring on the iron electrode and anodic passivation reaction of the electrode itself are the primary factors contributing to the poor cycling stability and capacity degradation of IABs. Herein, stability of iron electrodes is enhanced by modifying their microstructure to alter electrochemical performance. K₂CO₃, (NH₄)₂CO₃, KCl, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used as pore-forming agents during the preparation of iron electrodes. Subsequent hot-pressing and hot-water soaking treatments yield corresponding iron electrodes Fe-K₂CO₃/NF, Fe-(NH₄)₂CO₃/NF, Fe-KCl/NF and Fe-CNT/NF, which display distinct microstructures. Hydrogen evolution reaction and iron anodic passivation process on these iron electrodes are investigated, with their electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) measured via cyclic voltammetry. In addition to exhibiting outstanding suppression performance for anodic passivation, Fe-CNT/NF also shows the smallest HER current density in the range of 0 ~ 125 mA⋅cm⁻². The iron-air battery using Fe-CNT/NF as the iron electrode and Pt/C + IrO₂ as the air electrode demonstrates favorable charge–discharge efficiency and stability, characterized by a voltage efficiency of 54.5% and discharge voltage of 0.8 V. Results reveal that the microstructure constructed with CNTs can effectively improve the electrochemical charge/discharge cycling performance of iron electrodes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}