Engineering Structures最新文献_第9页

Image-driven multimodal prediction of deformation and stress evolution in thin-walled structures 薄壁结构变形与应力演化的图像驱动多模态预测

IF 6.4 1区工程技术

Engineering Structures Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122338

Yansong Liu , Meng Zou , Yingchun Qi , Ruizhe Wu , Jiangquan Li , Jiafeng Song , Shucai Xu , Weiguang Fan , Qingyu Yu

{"title":"Image-driven multimodal prediction of deformation and stress evolution in thin-walled structures","authors":"Yansong Liu , Meng Zou , Yingchun Qi , Ruizhe Wu , Jiangquan Li , Jiafeng Song , Shucai Xu , Weiguang Fan , Qingyu Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The prediction of deformation patterns and full-field stress responses in thin-walled tubes driven by unit cell images remains largely unexplored. Two major challenges exist: how to directly construct finite element models of thin-walled tubes from 2D unit cell images to enable structural response simulation, and how to achieve multimodal, temporal response prediction based on a single image. To address these issues, this study proposes an integrated image-driven prediction framework that fuses a generative adversarial network with a temporal modeling network, enabling direct generation of 10-frame stress evolution sequences under axial compression from a static unit cell image. To support data-driven modeling, we developed a highly automated simulation platform, which streamlines the entire pipeline from image-based structure generation to automated modeling and finite element simulation, allowing for the construction of a large-scale image-to-stress dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed fusion model improves the average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM) on the test set by 14.70 % and 5.68 %, respectively, compared to the original Pix2Pix model, while maintaining an average inference time of only 0.0288 s per image, highlighting both accuracy and efficiency. Moreover, the model exhibits strong robustness across key metrics such as stress area ratio, Hausdorff boundary distance, and high-stress region error. On previously unseen test configurations, the average relative error of the predicted mean stress is approximately 4.65 %. This study presents a highly efficient and scalable paradigm for full-field response modeling and rapid performance prediction of complex structures in an image-driven manner.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122338"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Deep learning-based realtime multiload response prediction and inverse analysis of offshore bridges 基于深度学习的海上桥梁多荷载响应实时预测与反演分析

IF 6.4 1区工程技术

Engineering Structures Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122330

Zhu-Yu Sun , Yu-Tao Guo , Kang Ge , Chao Hou , Zhen-Zhong Hu

{"title":"Deep learning-based realtime multiload response prediction and inverse analysis of offshore bridges","authors":"Zhu-Yu Sun , Yu-Tao Guo , Kang Ge , Chao Hou , Zhen-Zhong Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Offshore bridges operate in complex ocean environments, making structural analysis, design, and monitoring more challenging. Existing typical time history analysis and nonlinear model updating based on finite-element methods are computationally intensive and time consuming, limiting the usage in many scenarios. To create a more efficient analytical tool, a Deep Learning-based Offshore Bridge Predictor (DeepOBP) is proposed. The model integrates structural characteristics and coupled dynamic loads in the ocean environments, enabling millisecond level and high precision nonlinear dynamic offshore bridge response predictions. A differentiable structural inverse framework (Inverse DeepOBP) couples the surrogate model with gradient-based optimization is further developed to enable rapid damage identification and model calibration for structural health monitoring. The experimental results show that DeepOBP demonstrates high accuracy under both normal operating conditions and multihazard coupled conditions, with R² = 0.93 and 0.92. Inverse DeepOBP delivers more than a 10-fold and more than a 10<sup>4</sup>-fold speed-up over surrogate-based model updating with the heuristic algorithm and nonlinear finite element model updating, respectively, while maintaining relative errors below 7 % for each identified parameter, enabling efficient structural analyses and real-time monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122330"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146154154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A component model of fully welded connections in steel frame at elevated temperature 高温下钢架全焊接连接的构件模型

IF 6.4 1区工程技术

Engineering Structures Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122220

Lizhi Hu , Shenggang Fan , Tiangui Xu , Yiwen Wu , Xiaobin Qiu

{"title":"A component model of fully welded connections in steel frame at elevated temperature","authors":"Lizhi Hu , Shenggang Fan , Tiangui Xu , Yiwen Wu , Xiaobin Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical behavior of fully welded connections in steel frames (FWC-SF) is significantly affected by fire, whereas their high-temperature response remains insufficiently understood. This study conducted fire tests and finite element (FE) simulations to systematically investigate the temperature distribution, deformation characteristics, and failure mechanisms of FWC-SF joints. Experimental results revealed pronounced temperature gradients among the joint components. And joint failure was primarily governed by the formation of plastic hinges at beam ends, which induced excessive rotational deformations, characterized by local buckling of the beam bottom flange and web, as well as cracking of the concrete slab. Parametric analyses further demonstrated the sensitivity of the joint fire resistance to the load ratios, component dimensions, and thickness of fireproof coatings. The degradation of the mechanical properties of FWC-SF joints exhibits pronounced non-uniformity, with the residual rotational stiffness and flexural capacity retaining about 20 % and 50 % of their ambient-temperature values at 600 °C, respectively. A simplified component model was then developed to characterize the temperature–moment–rotation relationship of FWC-SF joints. The model accounts for the upward shift of the plastic neutral axis induced by material degradation and incorporates the nonlinear behavior of key components, including the beam flanges, web, and rebars. Comparisons with experimental and numerical results confirm that the proposed model can reliably reproduce the degradation of rotational stiffness and flexural capacity of FWC-SF joints exposed to fire, thereby providing an effective tool for fire resistance assessment and design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122220"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental evaluation and theoretical prediction of single hardwood dowel connections in softwood and hardwood 软、硬木单钉连接的试验评价与理论预测

IF 6.4 1区工程技术

Engineering Structures Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122251

Inayat Ullah Khan , Mahbube Subhani , Kazem Ghabraie , Mahmud Ashraf

{"title":"Experimental evaluation and theoretical prediction of single hardwood dowel connections in softwood and hardwood","authors":"Inayat Ullah Khan , Mahbube Subhani , Kazem Ghabraie , Mahmud Ashraf","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of single wooden dowel double-shear joints tested under compression loading parallel to the grain. Tasmanian Oak (a premium Australian native hardwood) was used as the dowel material, while Spotted Gum (a high-density native hardwood) and Radiata Pine (the most widely planted softwood in Australia) were used as the timber members. Wooden dowel timber-to-timber connections (WDTCs) exhibited initial elastic embedment of the dowel, followed by mixed-mode failure involving tensile bending and tensile shear. These failure modes are not accounted for in the yield limit equations of the National Design Specification (NDS) or Eurocode 5, resulting in inaccurate predictions of stiffness and load capacity for WDTCs. There is limited research on mechanics-based modelling of WDTC stiffness and capacity. In this study, several theoretical models were refined, adapted, or newly developed to predict joint stiffness, yield load, and maximum load capacity. These include beam-on-elastic-foundation models, spring-in-series models, post-test deformation–based models, embedment stiffness-based model and Johnson theory–based models for both uniform and non-uniform stress distributions. All these models are assessed against the current WDTC test data. The capacities were also compared with the new Eurocode 5 proposed yield-limit equation for WDTCs. Complementary tests, including embedment of timber with steel and wooden dowels, isolated dowel embedment, and dowel bending, were conducted to improve understanding of WDTCs behaviour and to provide input parameters for the theoretical models. The refined and newly developed mechanics-based models can be applied either independently or in conjunction with NDS models for WDTCs design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122251"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental and numerical study of flow field hydrodynamics in a corrugated plate sidewall steel aqueduct 波纹板边墙钢渡槽流场水力学试验与数值研究

IF 6.4 1区工程技术

Engineering Structures Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122239

Ye Peng , Hongye Gou , Zhuang Tan , Wenhao Li , Junming Wang , Yi Bao

引用次数: 0

Behavior and evaluation of the lap splice for steel-FRP composite bars embedded in concrete beams 混凝土梁内预埋钢- frp复合筋搭接性能及评价

IF 6.4 1区工程技术

Engineering Structures Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122240

Yi Zheng , Zeyang Sun , Liuzhen Yao , Xin Wang , Yang Wei , Hanbin Ge

{"title":"Behavior and evaluation of the lap splice for steel-FRP composite bars embedded in concrete beams","authors":"Yi Zheng , Zeyang Sun , Liuzhen Yao , Xin Wang , Yang Wei , Hanbin Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lap splice is a convenient method for connecting discrete non-weldable bars into a reinforcing unit via adequate splice lengths. When placed into concrete beams, it also serves as a bond test protocol that simulates the non-uniform stress states in structural components. Steel-fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bar (SFCB) is a novel rebar composed of an inner steel bar and an outer FRP layer. With a higher initial elastic modulus than FRP bars and a stable positive post-yield hardening stage, SFCBs are likely to exhibit lap splice performance distinct from both FRP bars and steel bars. Four-point bending tests were conducted exploratorily on concrete beams with lap-spliced SFCBs. The variables include the embedment length in lap splices (10<em>d</em><sub>b</sub>, 15<em>d</em><sub>b</sub>, 20<em>d</em><sub>b</sub>), the presence or absence of stirrups in the splice zone, and the rebar arrangement (distributed or bundled reinforcement). The lap splice specimens failed in pre-yield, near-yield, and post-yield states, and specimens with sufficient embedment length demonstrated post-yield stiffness. With increasing embedment length from 10 <em>d</em><sub>b</sub> to 15 <em>d</em><sub>b</sub> and 20 <em>d</em><sub>b</sub>, the average bond strength decreased by 14 % and 26 %. Stirrups within the splice zone effectively prevented brittle failure, while they did not significantly affect load-carrying capacity when embedment lengths were relatively short. When the cross-section for distributed reinforcement is congested, the two-bar bundled lap splice specimens exhibit a 15 % higher average bond strength. A simplified bond stress distribution model matches the experimental observations and demonstrates potential for predicting the achievable tensile stress of lap-spliced SFCBs in concrete members.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122240"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synthesis of shape morphing compliant mechanisms based on the curved beam load path method 基于弯曲梁荷载路径法的变形柔性机构综合

IF 6.4 1区工程技术

Engineering Structures Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122323

Haoyang Huang , Yiming Wang , Zhiqiang Ke , Ding Tang , Weiming Wang , Yunlu Zhang , Youshui Xie

{"title":"Synthesis of shape morphing compliant mechanisms based on the curved beam load path method","authors":"Haoyang Huang , Yiming Wang , Zhiqiang Ke , Ding Tang , Weiming Wang , Yunlu Zhang , Youshui Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compliant mechanisms (CMs), which utilize material elasticity to transmit motion, forces, and energy, present a lightweight, low-maintenance, and precise alternative to traditional rigid mechanisms. However, designing high-precision shape morphing CMs is challenging. Traditional Load Path Method typically use straight beam elements and struggle to control path intersections effectively, leading to limited morphing ranges, high stress, and complex structures reliant on 3D printing. This study proposes the Curved Beam Load Path Method, which integrates curved beam elements to expand the design flexibility and employs an optimized path generation strategy with two-level connections and collision detection algorithms to prevent path intersections. Applied to sector-shaped CMs and variable camber wing trailing edges, this method not only simplifies structures but also significantly reduces stress levels (by 25.7 % and 31.6 %, respectively) and maintains high-precision deformation control (with an average error of 1.85 %). These findings affirm the efficacy of the Curved Beam Load Path Method in reducing stress, streamlining structure, and enhancing manufacturability, thereby confirming its practicality and superiority in the design of shape morphing compliant mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122323"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An uncoupled dual-mechanism system for seismic resilience of high-rise buildings: Parametric analyses and preliminary design procedures 高层建筑抗震弹性非耦合双机制体系：参数分析与初步设计程序

IF 6.4 1区工程技术

Engineering Structures Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122363

Fei Tong , Constantin Christopoulos

{"title":"An uncoupled dual-mechanism system for seismic resilience of high-rise buildings: Parametric analyses and preliminary design procedures","authors":"Fei Tong , Constantin Christopoulos","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As urban densification accelerates, high-rise construction has been adopted worldwide to meet increasing housing needs, including in earthquake-prone regions. High-rise buildings are particularly vulnerable to higher-mode effects, which can cause substantial and unintended damage even if code provisions are followed. To address this challenge, the authors have developed a novel dual-mechanism system, named MechRV3D, consisting of uncoupled rocking and shear mechanisms integrated at the base of structures. This system achieves low-damage response by controlling both first mode-governed and higher mode-dominated seismic demands. The MechRV3D system allows the superstructure to remain essentially elastic under Maximum Considered Earthquakes, minimizing structural and non-structural damage. This performance has been validated through nonlinear time history analyses and analytical studies. To support practical design, this paper conducts parametric numerical analyses on a series of generic high-rise buildings incorporating the MechRV3D system. Key design parameters, including the rocking moment, the lateral yield strength, and the lateral stiffnesses, are systematically varied to evaluate their impacts on the seismic response. The resulting families of seismic performance spectra provide clear relationships between design inputs and critical response metrics, such as peak inter-story drift ratio and maximum base displacement. These spectra are synthesized into design charts and procedures to guide engineers in proportioning the MechRV3D system in the early design stage. By uncoupling overturning and shear demands, this system offers a rational and resilient approach to high-rise seismic design. The findings lay a foundation for generalizing this low-damage design for high-rise buildings and informing future experimental validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122363"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Floating debris impact on historical masonry arch bridges: Model updating and fluid-structure interaction simulation 历史砌体拱桥浮石冲击：模型更新与流固耦合仿真

IF 6.4 1区工程技术

Engineering Structures Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122350

Quanjun Hua , Qing Chun , Yu Yuan

{"title":"Floating debris impact on historical masonry arch bridges: Model updating and fluid-structure interaction simulation","authors":"Quanjun Hua , Qing Chun , Yu Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Historical masonry arch bridges represent critical transportation infrastructure and irreplaceable cultural heritage, yet they face severe threats from floating debris impact during extreme hydrological events. Existing research primarily focuses on ship impact on modern bridges, paying insufficient attention to the material degradation caused by long-term weathering and water erosion. Moreover, current simulation methods often lack adequate bidirectional fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation for woody debris impact, leading to inaccurate safety evaluations. This study takes the Nanjing Putang Bridge—a nine-span historical masonry arch bridge constructed in 1512 and a Chinese key national cultural heritage site—as a case study. Two key contributions are presented: first, the development of a two-stage finite element model updating approach based on operational modal analysis to map material degradation; and second, the integration of the updated model with bidirectional FSI simulation to systematically investigate the bridge’s mechanical response under woody debris impact. Results show that under combined water flow and debris impact, tensile stress concentrates on the side wall of Pier No. 5 and joints between Arch No. 3 to No. 6 and their respective arch shoulder walls, without causing structural collapse. Additionally, existing ship collision codes overestimate the impact force of floating woody debris, while the current simulation impact values are only 13–41 % of code-derived ones. This overestimation is corrected by introducing a regression-derived dynamic correction coefficient. This study provides a reliable numerical framework for the safety assessment of historical masonry arch bridges against floating debris impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122350"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intelligent lightweight design of bolted spherical joints in spatial grid structures based on topology optimization with 3D-LSGAN predictor 基于3D-LSGAN预测器拓扑优化的空间网格结构螺栓球面连接智能轻量化设计

IF 6.4 1区工程技术

Engineering Structures Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122326

Jinchao Gu , Xiongyan Li , Wei Wang , Wenfeng Du , Zhuang Xia , Suduo Xue

{"title":"Intelligent lightweight design of bolted spherical joints in spatial grid structures based on topology optimization with 3D-LSGAN predictor","authors":"Jinchao Gu , Xiongyan Li , Wei Wang , Wenfeng Du , Zhuang Xia , Suduo Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bolted spherical joints (BSJs) are critical components in spatial grid structures. Traditionally, they consist of solid steel spheres and bolt holes, offering good manufacturability and versatility but limited potential for weight reduction and performance enhancement. This study proposes an intelligent lightweight design method that integrates topology optimization (TO) and deep learning. A design database was first established using the SIMP method. A three-dimensional Least Squares Generative Adversarial Network (3D-LSGAN) was then trained to generate innovative structural designs. After post-processing, the performance of these designs was evaluated and optimized using a TOPSIS-based multi-attribute decision-making approach. Validation on a double-layer grid structure shows that the optimal intelligent design maintains acceptable maximum von Mises stress levels across multiple loading conditions, significantly improves stress distribution uniformity, and achieves mass reductions of 83.86 % and 5.46 % compared with the initial and single-TO designs, respectively. These results demonstrate that the proposed framework provides an effective approach for the intelligent and lightweight design of BSJs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 122326"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146154151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0