Engineering Structures最新文献

{"title":"Behaviour and modelling of concrete in circular hybrid multitube concrete columns","authors":"C.W. Chan ,&nbsp;T. Yu ,&nbsp;S.S. Zhang ,&nbsp;W.C. Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)-concrete-steel hybrid multitube concrete columns (MTCCs) are a new form of hybrid columns recently proposed by the second author. An MTCC consists of an outer FRP tube, a number of inner steel tubes, with the space inside all tubes filled with concrete. The new column has many advantages over existing column forms, including its ample ductility, excellent durability and cost effectiveness. A number of experimental studies have demonstrated the structural advantages of MTCCs and provided the first insight into their structural behaviour. However, the experimental studies do not allow the complex confinement mechanism on the concrete in MTCCs to be thoroughly examined, due to the difficulty in measuring the nonuniform distributions of axial stresses and confining pressures. Against this background, this paper presents an in-depth study on the behaviour and modelling of the concrete in MTCCs. This study started with the development of three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) models to simulate the compressive behaviour of circular MTCCs. The FE models were validated using the test results and then used to examine the confinement mechanism of circular MTCCs due to the complex interaction between the multiple tubes and concrete in MTCCs. Furthermore, mechanism-informed one-dimensional (1D) stress-strain models for the concrete in MTCCs were proposed for design use; the models were found to provide reasonably accurate predictions of the FE and test results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120055"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axial compression behavior of GFRP-steel composite tube confined seawater sea-sand concrete intermediate long columns","authors":"Hao Fu ,&nbsp;Jun Tian ,&nbsp;Chee-Loong Chin ,&nbsp;Hongbo Liu ,&nbsp;Jinyun Yuan ,&nbsp;Shengwen Tang ,&nbsp;Rihao Mai ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the issue of excessive river sand consumption and to leverage the cost-effectiveness of GFRP, this study develops a novel GFRP-steel composite tube confined seawater sea-sand concrete (GFCTSSC) column. This research presents an experimental investigation on the behavior of GFCTSSC intermediate long columns. The study reveals the working mechanism and failure modes of GFCTSSC. The effects of the number of GFRP layers and slenderness ratio on the mechanical properties of GFCTSSC are also examined. The results show that GFCTSSC intermediate long columns experience local longitudinal tearing of the GFRP layers and global buckling failure. The ultimate bearing capacity of the specimens increased by up to 12.05 % with GFRP confinement. The ultimate bearing capacity and strength enhancement index increased with more GFRP layers but decreased with higher slenderness ratios. However, the peak deflection exhibited positive correlations with both parameters. Finally, existing prediction models for ultimate bearing capacity were evaluated to assess their suitability for practical offshore engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120157"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of flexural performance on corrosion-damaged RC beams retrofitted with UHPFRCC under marine exposure","authors":"Jing-Pu Tang ,&nbsp;Ran Feng ,&nbsp;Wai-Meng Quach ,&nbsp;Jun-Jie Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an investigation on the corrosion resistance and flexural performance of corrosion-damaged reinforced concrete (RC) beams retrofitted with ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (UHPFRCC) under marine environment. In this study, a novel simulation method of severe marine corrosion, was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of various UHPFRCC thicknesses on the crack propagation, stiffness, ductility, durability and load-carrying capacities of beams near ocean surfaces. In this method, the reduction of rebar cross-sectional area and the artificial marine cyclical dry-wet exposure over 360 days, were incorporated. Findings of this study reveal that the UHPFRCC retrofitting can substantially elevate the crack resistance, yield strength and load-carrying capacities; highlighting a marked improvement in both the stiffness and ductility, particularly after exposure. Moreover, the analysis on the effect of marine exposure underscores the pivotal role of UHPFRCC in preventing rebar from further corrosion, thereby extending the structural lifespan in the corrosive marine environment. Finally, a theoretical model was introduced to assess the bending resistance of UHPFRCC retrofitted beams. The results of this study offer a critical reference for the rehabilitation of marine infrastructure, supporting the UHPFRCC retrofitting as a viable solution against the pervasive challenge of corrosion in ocean engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120193"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A collaborative enhancement design method of load-bearing and vibration isolation characteristics for honeycomb meta-materials","authors":"Jiawang Yong ,&nbsp;Yiyao Dong ,&nbsp;Wanting Li ,&nbsp;Yanyan Chen ,&nbsp;Zhiwen Ren ,&nbsp;Zhishuai Wan ,&nbsp;Daining Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A collaborative enhancement design method of load-bearing and vibration isolation characteristics for honeycomb meta-materials is proposed and validated by a novel quasi-chiral honeycomb meta-material (QCHM). The QCHM, which replaces the vertex of traditional diamond honeycomb mate-material (DHM) with chiral structure and introduces metal pins into the structure, is designed based on the proposed method. The static mechanical properties and vibration isolation capacities of the QCHM are analyzed through finite element method (FEM) and experiments. In comparison to conventional DHM, findings indicate that the QCHM surpasses in load-bearing capability and stiffness while exhibiting bandgaps with reduced initial frequency and expanded bandwidth. Additionally, the incorporation of particle damping further enhances the vibration attenuation and customization capacities of the QCHM. Overall, through the concept of assembly to establish a productive local resonance configuration, this investigation directs vibration energy towards the local structure and utilizes particle damping for energy dissipation, resulting in the development of honeycomb meta-materials featuring superior load-bearing capacity and broad low frequency bandgap characteristics. The proposed method offers a viable approach for optimizing the implementation of meta-materials in practical settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120164"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recommended concrete damage plasticity parameters and constitutive models for UHPC in ABAQUS","authors":"Mina Fakeh ,&nbsp;Akram Jawdhari ,&nbsp;Amir Fam","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the concrete damage plasticity (CDP) model of finite element (FE) software ABAQUS is validated and calibrated for ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), for the first time. The CDP model is widely used for nonlinear FE analysis and was derived exclusively for normal strength concrete (NSC), hence the need for the current investigation. Inverse FE analysis at the material level was first performed on compressive UHPC cylinder and direct tension UHPC tests from literature, to evaluate the effects of primary CDP inputs, namely: dilation angle, eccentricity, stress ratio, and UHPC stress-strain (<em>σ</em>-<em>ε</em>) curves for compression and tension. Multiple analytical <em>σ-ε</em> models available for the compressive and tensile behavior of UHPC were evaluated within the framework of CDP and inverse FE analysis and were compared with experimental results. Best performing models including those with modifications proposed in this study were identified and recommended for future FE studies. Due to the UHPC material unique response and strong mesh size dependency, modelling its tensile behavior by a <em>σ</em>-<em>ε</em> approach was deemed inaccurate and thus recommended to be replaced with a stress-crack displacement alternative. A tensile strength-dependent revision term is proposed for the post-peak portion of the tensile stress-crack displacement relationship. A component level FE analysis, conducted on 22 structural members of various types (i.e. beams, slabs, columns), material and geometric characteristics, loading, and boundary conditions, confirmed the accuracy of proposed CDP inputs and the recommended modifications. The study results offer valuable guidance essential for the numerical analysis of UHPC members and structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120154"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Static collapse resistance performance assessment of precast concrete beam–column substructures using wet connections under uniformly distributed load","authors":"Zidong Zhao ,&nbsp;Yilin Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Cheng ,&nbsp;Mengzhu Diao ,&nbsp;Yi Li ,&nbsp;Weijing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precast concrete (PC) frame structures using wet connections consist of composite beam and column including prefabricated and cast-in-situ concrete parts, characterized by specific complex load mechanisms when large structural deformation is induced during progressive collapse. Therefore, PC beam–column substructures using specific construction methods of wet connections were focused: 1) in PCWC-1, connected beam reinforcements through mechanical sleeves and anchored reinforcements using anchor plates; 2) in PCWC-2, anchored beam reinforcements by bending the end into 90°; 3) in PCWC-1, connected column reinforcements by grouting sleeves with thread connections in one end, while in PCWC-2 by similar sleeves with overlapping reinforcements in one end. Collapse tests were conducted under quasi-static uniformly distributed load (UDL) to get actual responses close to engineering practice. And the corresponding collapse resistance mechanisms were examined analytically. The experimental results indicated that: 1) in the compressive arch action (CAA) stage, higher concrete strength of the cast-in-situ parts was vital for improving the collapse resistance performance of the PC substructures, with the peak load reaching 134 kN, 23 % greater than the 109 kN in the reinforced concrete (RC) substructure; 2) in the catenary action (CA) stage, anchor plates reduced the substructure’s ductility, but the 90° bending enabled the PC substructure to achieve a collapse resistance of 168 kN, comparable to the RC’s 158 kN. The analytical results demonstrated that: 1) in the CAA stage, beam flexural action primarily contributed to the collapse resistance, with higher-strength cast-in-situ concrete increasing the contribution in the PC substructures by 29 % compared to the RC substructure; 2) adopting cast-in-situ concrete at each beam-end segment resulted in more balanced bending moment developments at the beam-end sections near the middle and side columns, compared to using concrete toppings alone, with moment ratios of 3.5/10 and 1.5/10, respectively, at the peak load stage; 3) in the CA stage, the bending moments developed along the beam due to UDL that induced curved beam deformation, together with the axial force of the reinforcement jointly contributed to the collapse resistance. However, the bending moment contributed less in the PC substructures (9 % ∼ 13 %) than in the RC one (18 %), due to weakened cooperation of the prefabricated and cast-in-situ beam parts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120138"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-dependent seismic safety assessment of aging steel bridge piers in varied atmospheric conditions","authors":"Qiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenlei Jia ,&nbsp;Jianian Wen ,&nbsp;Wensu Chen ,&nbsp;Faiz Shaikh ,&nbsp;Qiang Han","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steel bridge piers are typically considered to have good seismic performance and ductility. However, long-term exposure to atmospheric environment can lead to corrosion of the steel bridge piers, which may lead to different performance and failure modes throughout life-cycle stages. This study aims to explore the time-varying seismic performance evolution of steel bridge piers in different atmospheric environments and propose a time-varying seismic evaluation method based on performance requirements. First, a numerical simulation method for aging steel bridge piers is developed by considering the time-varying model of corrosion characteristic parameters. The degradation patterns and failure modes of steel bridge piers with varying parameters throughout their entire life-cycle in industrial and marine atmospheric environments are then analyzed. The concept of time-varying degradation ratio and aging damage index is used to quantify the effects of time-varying factors on seismic performance. Finally, formulas for predicting critical displacement values based on performance requirements are established, and a time-varying seismic performance evaluation method and process are presented. The results show that the seismic performance degradation of aging steel bridge piers caused by different service environments can reach up to 23.7 %. In addition, in the early stages of service, seismic performance of aging steel piers may be significantly reduced, with the displacement ratio for safety performance points decreasing by up to 28.6 %. Corrosion leads to more pronounced plastic deformation and stress concentration in the failure mode of aging steel piers. The aging damage index is affected by the coupling of corrosion parameters and geometric parameters. As service time progresses, the value and variability of aging damage index of steel piers increase. The accuracy of the formula for predicting time-varying critical displacement values, considering performance requirements, is validated through supplementary models and previous test results. The results underscore the importance of considering aging effect and environmental factors in the seismic performance evaluation. The proposed time-varying seismic performance evaluation method can provide reference for the life-cycle seismic design and verification of aging steel bridges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120182"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overloaded vehicle identification for long-span bridges based on physics-informed multi-task deep learning leveraging influence line","authors":"Jun Liu ,&nbsp;Yuqin Li ,&nbsp;Shoubin Dong ,&nbsp;Licheng Zhou ,&nbsp;Zejia Liu ,&nbsp;Bao Yang ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Jiang ,&nbsp;Yiping Liu ,&nbsp;Liqun Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid development of the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system of bridges, data-driven methods for overloaded vehicle identification based on deep learning on large-scale monitoring data is playing an increasingly important role to ensure the long-span bridges safety. In recent years, physics-informed deep learning models incorporating domain knowledge have been demonstrated to have better performance, however, the state-of-the-art deep learning models for overloaded vehicle identification (OVI) have not yet well utilized structure knowledge of bridges. Such physics-informed models still remain to be developed and explored. In this paper, a novel multi-task deep learning model IL-MOVI is proposed for overloaded vehicle identification leveraging bridge influence line for identifying overloaded vehicles on long-span bridges. The proposed model IL-MOVI learns to mine the spatial features of the response data collected by the bridge SHM system by leveraging the bridge structure knowledge of the influence line, and maps the response data to the force distribution on the bridge, which significantly improves the spatial feature mining ability of the model. IL-MOVI uses temporal convolutional network to extract the temporal features of the sequence, and design attention mechanism on time scale to pay attention to important moments. In addition, the model is designed in a multi-task architecture to force the spatial features to align with the overall traffic flow state, improving the generalization of the shared spatial features and the identification performance. The experimental results on an OVI dataset, which is established by using the cellular automaton to model traffic flow and applying the modeled traffic flow to the finite element model of a long-span bridge, show that leveraging bridge structure knowledge and the multi-task architecture can effectively improve the capability of the deep learning model on the OVI task. The visualization of network parameters of the spatial feature mining module shows that the network parameters can fit well with the inverse matrix of the influence line, which demonstrates that the proposed method incorporating bridge structural knowledge such as influence line with deep learning model is feasible and interpretable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120163"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embedded through-section (ETS) technique for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams – Experimental and analytical study","authors":"Adriana S. Azevedo,&nbsp;João P. Firmo,&nbsp;João R. Correia,&nbsp;João Almeida","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an experimental and analytical study about the effectiveness of the embedded through-section (ETS) technique for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The influence of the following parameters on the structural efficacy of the ETS technique was assessed by testing full-scale RC beams in a three-point bending configuration up to failure: (i) the material of the ETS bars, ribbed steel bars and sand coated carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars, bonded to concrete with an epoxy-based adhesive; and (ii) the inclination of the ETS bars, 90° and 45° with respect to the beams longitudinal axis. The test results confirmed the efficacy of the ETS technique: compared to the reference (unstrengthened) RC beam, the shear strength increased 47 %, 58 % and 59 % using respectively steel bars at 90°, CFRP bars at 90° and CFRP bars at 45°. In the second part of the study, the failure loads of the ETS-strengthened RC beams were predicted using analytical formulations adapted from those proposed in different design codes and guidelines for conventional shear reinforcement or strengthening systems. Relatively accurate estimates were obtained with the formulae from ACI 440–2 R and Eurocode 2; yet, the most accurate predictions were obtained with the formulae from fib Model Code 2010 considering relatively low values of the compressive field inclination (23° &lt; <em>θ</em> &lt; 28°), which is consistent with the inclination values of the main shear cracks observed in the experimental tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120038"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact response of steel-BFRP hybrid-reinforced beams designed with different reinforcement equivalence principles","authors":"Renbo ZHANG,&nbsp;Xinchen LI,&nbsp;Liu JIN,&nbsp;Xiuli DU","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To solve the corrosion problems of steel bars in reinforced concrete (RC) structures and brittle damage in pure fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforced concrete structures, hybrid-reinforced concrete (hybrid-RC) structures combining FRP and steel bars have been proposed. The studies on hybrid-RC structures have focused on static loading conditions, while the structures may also be subjected to impact loading, leading to significant damage. Due to the difference in the properties of FRP and steel bars, FRP bars are always equivalent to steel bars based on different principles in calculation and design, e.g., equal-area, equal-strength, and equal-stiffness. In this work, to investigate the impact behavior of hybrid-RC beams and the influence of design principles, 17 specimens were designed and modeled using Basalt FRP (BFRP) bars replacing steel bars. The results show that the equal-strength-reinforced beams have the smallest damage extent, and the largest impact and reaction forces. While the equal-stiffness-reinforced beams have the greatest damage extent, the beams exhibited a better deformation and deformation recovery capacity. The impact resistance of equal-area-reinforced beams is between the remaining two. Besides, to fully utilize the material performance, for structures with high deformation and damage control requirements, it is recommended to use equal-strength-reinforced beams; for structures that need to reduce residual deflections, impact forces and reaction forces, equal-stiffness-reinforced beams are suggested; and if the economy of the materials is considered, equal-area-reinforced beams may be the preferred choice. The current study could be a reference for impact-resistant design for hybrid-RC structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120181"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}