Engineering Structures最新文献

{"title":"Static collapse resistance performance assessment of precast concrete beam–column substructures using wet connections under uniformly distributed load","authors":"Zidong Zhao ,&nbsp;Yilin Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Cheng ,&nbsp;Mengzhu Diao ,&nbsp;Yi Li ,&nbsp;Weijing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precast concrete (PC) frame structures using wet connections consist of composite beam and column including prefabricated and cast-in-situ concrete parts, characterized by specific complex load mechanisms when large structural deformation is induced during progressive collapse. Therefore, PC beam–column substructures using specific construction methods of wet connections were focused: 1) in PCWC-1, connected beam reinforcements through mechanical sleeves and anchored reinforcements using anchor plates; 2) in PCWC-2, anchored beam reinforcements by bending the end into 90°; 3) in PCWC-1, connected column reinforcements by grouting sleeves with thread connections in one end, while in PCWC-2 by similar sleeves with overlapping reinforcements in one end. Collapse tests were conducted under quasi-static uniformly distributed load (UDL) to get actual responses close to engineering practice. And the corresponding collapse resistance mechanisms were examined analytically. The experimental results indicated that: 1) in the compressive arch action (CAA) stage, higher concrete strength of the cast-in-situ parts was vital for improving the collapse resistance performance of the PC substructures, with the peak load reaching 134 kN, 23 % greater than the 109 kN in the reinforced concrete (RC) substructure; 2) in the catenary action (CA) stage, anchor plates reduced the substructure’s ductility, but the 90° bending enabled the PC substructure to achieve a collapse resistance of 168 kN, comparable to the RC’s 158 kN. The analytical results demonstrated that: 1) in the CAA stage, beam flexural action primarily contributed to the collapse resistance, with higher-strength cast-in-situ concrete increasing the contribution in the PC substructures by 29 % compared to the RC substructure; 2) adopting cast-in-situ concrete at each beam-end segment resulted in more balanced bending moment developments at the beam-end sections near the middle and side columns, compared to using concrete toppings alone, with moment ratios of 3.5/10 and 1.5/10, respectively, at the peak load stage; 3) in the CA stage, the bending moments developed along the beam due to UDL that induced curved beam deformation, together with the axial force of the reinforcement jointly contributed to the collapse resistance. However, the bending moment contributed less in the PC substructures (9 % ∼ 13 %) than in the RC one (18 %), due to weakened cooperation of the prefabricated and cast-in-situ beam parts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120138"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-dependent seismic safety assessment of aging steel bridge piers in varied atmospheric conditions","authors":"Qiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenlei Jia ,&nbsp;Jianian Wen ,&nbsp;Wensu Chen ,&nbsp;Faiz Shaikh ,&nbsp;Qiang Han","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steel bridge piers are typically considered to have good seismic performance and ductility. However, long-term exposure to atmospheric environment can lead to corrosion of the steel bridge piers, which may lead to different performance and failure modes throughout life-cycle stages. This study aims to explore the time-varying seismic performance evolution of steel bridge piers in different atmospheric environments and propose a time-varying seismic evaluation method based on performance requirements. First, a numerical simulation method for aging steel bridge piers is developed by considering the time-varying model of corrosion characteristic parameters. The degradation patterns and failure modes of steel bridge piers with varying parameters throughout their entire life-cycle in industrial and marine atmospheric environments are then analyzed. The concept of time-varying degradation ratio and aging damage index is used to quantify the effects of time-varying factors on seismic performance. Finally, formulas for predicting critical displacement values based on performance requirements are established, and a time-varying seismic performance evaluation method and process are presented. The results show that the seismic performance degradation of aging steel bridge piers caused by different service environments can reach up to 23.7 %. In addition, in the early stages of service, seismic performance of aging steel piers may be significantly reduced, with the displacement ratio for safety performance points decreasing by up to 28.6 %. Corrosion leads to more pronounced plastic deformation and stress concentration in the failure mode of aging steel piers. The aging damage index is affected by the coupling of corrosion parameters and geometric parameters. As service time progresses, the value and variability of aging damage index of steel piers increase. The accuracy of the formula for predicting time-varying critical displacement values, considering performance requirements, is validated through supplementary models and previous test results. The results underscore the importance of considering aging effect and environmental factors in the seismic performance evaluation. The proposed time-varying seismic performance evaluation method can provide reference for the life-cycle seismic design and verification of aging steel bridges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120182"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overloaded vehicle identification for long-span bridges based on physics-informed multi-task deep learning leveraging influence line","authors":"Jun Liu ,&nbsp;Yuqin Li ,&nbsp;Shoubin Dong ,&nbsp;Licheng Zhou ,&nbsp;Zejia Liu ,&nbsp;Bao Yang ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Jiang ,&nbsp;Yiping Liu ,&nbsp;Liqun Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid development of the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system of bridges, data-driven methods for overloaded vehicle identification based on deep learning on large-scale monitoring data is playing an increasingly important role to ensure the long-span bridges safety. In recent years, physics-informed deep learning models incorporating domain knowledge have been demonstrated to have better performance, however, the state-of-the-art deep learning models for overloaded vehicle identification (OVI) have not yet well utilized structure knowledge of bridges. Such physics-informed models still remain to be developed and explored. In this paper, a novel multi-task deep learning model IL-MOVI is proposed for overloaded vehicle identification leveraging bridge influence line for identifying overloaded vehicles on long-span bridges. The proposed model IL-MOVI learns to mine the spatial features of the response data collected by the bridge SHM system by leveraging the bridge structure knowledge of the influence line, and maps the response data to the force distribution on the bridge, which significantly improves the spatial feature mining ability of the model. IL-MOVI uses temporal convolutional network to extract the temporal features of the sequence, and design attention mechanism on time scale to pay attention to important moments. In addition, the model is designed in a multi-task architecture to force the spatial features to align with the overall traffic flow state, improving the generalization of the shared spatial features and the identification performance. The experimental results on an OVI dataset, which is established by using the cellular automaton to model traffic flow and applying the modeled traffic flow to the finite element model of a long-span bridge, show that leveraging bridge structure knowledge and the multi-task architecture can effectively improve the capability of the deep learning model on the OVI task. The visualization of network parameters of the spatial feature mining module shows that the network parameters can fit well with the inverse matrix of the influence line, which demonstrates that the proposed method incorporating bridge structural knowledge such as influence line with deep learning model is feasible and interpretable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120163"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embedded through-section (ETS) technique for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams – Experimental and analytical study","authors":"Adriana S. Azevedo,&nbsp;João P. Firmo,&nbsp;João R. Correia,&nbsp;João Almeida","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an experimental and analytical study about the effectiveness of the embedded through-section (ETS) technique for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The influence of the following parameters on the structural efficacy of the ETS technique was assessed by testing full-scale RC beams in a three-point bending configuration up to failure: (i) the material of the ETS bars, ribbed steel bars and sand coated carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars, bonded to concrete with an epoxy-based adhesive; and (ii) the inclination of the ETS bars, 90° and 45° with respect to the beams longitudinal axis. The test results confirmed the efficacy of the ETS technique: compared to the reference (unstrengthened) RC beam, the shear strength increased 47 %, 58 % and 59 % using respectively steel bars at 90°, CFRP bars at 90° and CFRP bars at 45°. In the second part of the study, the failure loads of the ETS-strengthened RC beams were predicted using analytical formulations adapted from those proposed in different design codes and guidelines for conventional shear reinforcement or strengthening systems. Relatively accurate estimates were obtained with the formulae from ACI 440–2 R and Eurocode 2; yet, the most accurate predictions were obtained with the formulae from fib Model Code 2010 considering relatively low values of the compressive field inclination (23° &lt; <em>θ</em> &lt; 28°), which is consistent with the inclination values of the main shear cracks observed in the experimental tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120038"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact response of steel-BFRP hybrid-reinforced beams designed with different reinforcement equivalence principles","authors":"Renbo ZHANG,&nbsp;Xinchen LI,&nbsp;Liu JIN,&nbsp;Xiuli DU","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To solve the corrosion problems of steel bars in reinforced concrete (RC) structures and brittle damage in pure fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforced concrete structures, hybrid-reinforced concrete (hybrid-RC) structures combining FRP and steel bars have been proposed. The studies on hybrid-RC structures have focused on static loading conditions, while the structures may also be subjected to impact loading, leading to significant damage. Due to the difference in the properties of FRP and steel bars, FRP bars are always equivalent to steel bars based on different principles in calculation and design, e.g., equal-area, equal-strength, and equal-stiffness. In this work, to investigate the impact behavior of hybrid-RC beams and the influence of design principles, 17 specimens were designed and modeled using Basalt FRP (BFRP) bars replacing steel bars. The results show that the equal-strength-reinforced beams have the smallest damage extent, and the largest impact and reaction forces. While the equal-stiffness-reinforced beams have the greatest damage extent, the beams exhibited a better deformation and deformation recovery capacity. The impact resistance of equal-area-reinforced beams is between the remaining two. Besides, to fully utilize the material performance, for structures with high deformation and damage control requirements, it is recommended to use equal-strength-reinforced beams; for structures that need to reduce residual deflections, impact forces and reaction forces, equal-stiffness-reinforced beams are suggested; and if the economy of the materials is considered, equal-area-reinforced beams may be the preferred choice. The current study could be a reference for impact-resistant design for hybrid-RC structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120181"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic analysis of long-span bridges with vibration control systems: A novel reduced-order model and comparative study","authors":"Zhanhang Liu ,&nbsp;Limin Sun ,&nbsp;Lin Chen ,&nbsp;Ashraf El Damatty","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-span bridges, especially suspension bridges, are highly vulnerable to wind-induced vibrations, such as vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs), which necessitate the use of mechanical dampers for control. While a full finite element model (FEM) of the bridge with vibration control systems ensures accuracy of dynamic analysis, it is often computationally expensive due to the large number of degrees of freedom (DOFs). This study presents a reduced-order model that strikes a balance between computational accuracy and efficiency of dynamic analysis, making it ideal for the parametric design of damping devices. The model is based on the modal truncation method, retaining only a limited number of lower-order modes of the undamped bridge to capture the dominant vibration responses induced by wind loads. To compensate for the impact of point-wise control forces and minimize errors from modal truncation, quasi-static correction modes are introduced based on the static deformations of the bridge under unit forces applied at each damper location. The proposed model is applied to the modal analysis of a long-span suspension bridge equipped with damped outriggers and tuned mass dampers (TMDs) to suppress VIVs. The model is compared to both the full FEM and the conventional modal truncation method. Results show that the quasi-static correction significantly improves the accuracy of damping computations, reducing errors by up to 71.2% compared to the uncorrected modal truncation method. Most notably, the computational efficiency improves dramatically compared to the full FEM, with the number of DOFs reduced by approximately two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, a combination of damped outriggers and TMDs tuned to a single mode is sufficient to supply damping for all the bridge vibration modes subjected to VIVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120066"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic performance of 3D printed reinforced concrete walls: Experimental study and numerical simulation","authors":"Chao Liu ,&nbsp;Zhan Liang ,&nbsp;Huawei Liu ,&nbsp;Yiwen Wu ,&nbsp;Yukun Zhang ,&nbsp;Guoliang Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D printed concrete technology is developing rapidly but faces challenges in large-scale applications because the seismic performance of these structures is unclear. This study investigated the seismic performance of 3D printed reinforced concrete wall (3DPRCW) under quasistatic cyclic loading and developed a finite element model based on the parameters of interfacial pore defects to conduct parametric analyses. The results showed that interlayer interfaces significantly affected crack initiation and propagation, resulting in X-shaped through-cracks and shear compression failure. The ultimate load-bearing capacity of the rectangular cross-section was 17.8 % higher than that of the corrugated cross-section. The load-bearing capacity of the 3DPRCW was linearly positively correlated with the axial compression ratio in the range of 0.1–0.3, whereas increasing the core column’s concrete strength had no significant effect. The failure mechanism was analyzed based on interfacial pore defects. These findings provide critical insights into seismic design methodologies for 3DPRCW structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120176"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of additional static wind angle of attack on discrepancies between 2D and 3D flutter of suspension bridges","authors":"Yan Zhang ,&nbsp;Haili Liao ,&nbsp;Qiang Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The disparity in critical flutter wind speed (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>cr</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) between two-dimensional (2D) section models and three-dimensional (3D) full aeroelastic bridge models is crucial for determining the wind-induced safety of long-span suspension bridges. However, it remains unclear whether this disparity is due to the effects of additional static wind angle of attack (ASWAOA), multi-modal coupled effects, or both. In present study, the mechanisms underlying the difference between 2D and 3D <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>cr</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> of suspension bridges are investigated using analytical methods with focusing on the ASWAOA effects. Firstly, suspension bridges are simplified to simply-supported bridges to eliminate multi-modal coupled effects, enabling a thorough investigation into the ASWAOA effects on 2D and 3D <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>cr</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>. The concept and calculation method for evaluating the equivalent ASWAOA of 3D models are also proposed. Secondly, the ASWAOA effects on 2D and 3D flutter performances of suspension bridges with simple and continuous span-layout types are further discussed. The results show that the ASWAOA effects substantially reduce the 2D and 3D <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>cr</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> as positive initial wind angle of attack increases. However, the discrepancy between 2D and 3D equivalent ASWAOA is minimal, and the suspension bridges experiencing multi-modal coupled flutter indicates that the discrepancies between 2D and 3D <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>cr</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> arise primarily from the multi-modal coupled effects rather than the ASWAOA effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120137"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electromechanical self-sensing characteristics of carbon fiber composites: Multi-level mechanisms and equivalent electrical circuit model based analysis","authors":"Hyung Doh Roh","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electromechanical self-sensing ability of the carbon fiber composites was investigated by analyzing the change in the electrical resistance when subjected to mechanical deformation or failure. This behavior is due to the combined effects of the intrinsic piezoresistivity of the carbon fibers and intra-tow/inter-tow/inter-ply interactions, which are pertinent to the bundled (tow-level), woven/unidirectional (ply level), and stacked (laminate-level) nature of the laminated composites. The mechanisms were interpreted using electrically equivalent circuit models, which aided in numerical analysis and sensitivity prediction by considering the electrical resistance changes with respect to tensile deformation. The proposed model included the electromechanical behavior of multiscale carbon fibers, such that the gauge factors are 0.19 for the monofilament and 0.217 for the tailored composite. In addition, the terms with respect to the bending direction were considered because the composite exhibited various resistance changes in terms of the fiber and loading directions. By understanding the electromechanical mechanisms using the proposed models, the self-sensing ability and sensitivity of carbon fiber composites can be tailored. A proof-of-concept of Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) self-sensing was demonstrated on a 3D-printed bridge structure, in which The CFRP underneath the bridge enabled real-time deflection monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120102"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Web openings in inverted steel and concrete composite beams – Experimental insights and numerical simulation","authors":"Till Janiak,&nbsp;Georgios Christou,&nbsp;Martin Classen","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Composite beams can achieve high material and spatial efficiency in high-rise buildings by integrating equipment, such as ventilation or supply lines, through cut-out openings in the steel web. These openings lead to a redistribution of internal forces, creating additional local demands on the design of steel, concrete, and shear connectors. Composite beams with single flange and composite dowels provide significant potential in the construction of ceilings. The so-called integral ceiling, which possesses an inverted cross-section and a concrete slab under tension, offers additional advantages such as enhanced accessibility from the top for maintenance work and the possibility of thermal activation. The existing literature on inverted composite beams, particularly in the context of web openings, is limited. Therefore, this paper presents experimental investigations on inverted composite beams with web openings to gain insights into the local structural mechanisms within these regions, mainly focusing on the shear bearing capacity. A total of 24 tests were conducted, investigating various configurations of openings with different geometries and modified parameters such as reinforcement, prestressing, slab height, and slab orientation. The experimental results are enriched by numerical simulations to investigate the distribution of global and local internal forces. Results indicate similar bearing behaviour and failure mechanisms to those of composite beams under positive bending moments, suggesting that existing design provisions may be applicable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 120127"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}