Engineering Structures最新文献

{"title":"Underwater shaking table test on seismic responses of deep-water bridge pier considering the effect of constraint boundary at pier top","authors":"Kun Wu ,&nbsp;Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Xin Huang ,&nbsp;Bo Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhong-Xian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The water-pier interaction remarkably affects the seismic performance of deep-water bridges. There are many studies on the dynamic responses and damage analysis on the water-pier coupling system. However, many studies on the water-pier interaction assumes a free boundary at pier top, while there is a constraint at pier top in the real engineering. The boundary condition significantly affects the responses of the pier under earthquake according to the structural dynamics. In this study, a series of underwater shaking table tests were conducted to investigate the responses of deep-water pier considering the effect of constraint boundary at pier top. The model pier was designed and assembled with a specially-made rubber material. The seismic responses of pier were measured under ground motions with various characteristics. The results declared that the proposed test scheme was effective to provide a displacement constraint at the pier top. The constraint boundary increased the natural vibration frequency, hydrodynamic pressure, acceleration, and relative displacement of pier and decreased the strain of pier. As the constraint stiffness at pier top changed from 0 to 200 kN/m, the natural vibration frequency increased by up to 140.0 % and the responses of pier increased by up to 375.3 %. The earthquakes with pulse effect increased the responses of pier by up to 176.8 % then those without pulse effect. The seismic responses of the pier increased by up to 60.0 % when the water depth changed from 0 to 2.0 m. The effect of constraint boundary at pier top should be considered in the design of deep-water bridge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121487"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A method for investigating the responses of cable-stayed bridge exposed to distinctive tank truck fires","authors":"Hao Wan,&nbsp;Gang Zhang,&nbsp;Yuhang Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper designs novel tank truck fires on deck and establishes a fire-structural calculation method for cable-stayed bridges. The designed fires include tank fire, spill fire, and their combined fire, the features of fire sources are configured based on surface conditions of deck and thickness of fuel. The established calculation method is traced in three stages, reproducing tank truck fires on deck by fire dynamics model, simulating thermal conduction in finished cables via heat transfer model, and analyzing thermal-mechanical performances of entire bridge through multi-scale finite element model. The calculation process of fire-exposed cables is experimentally validated and utilized for capturing fire responses of a cable-stayed bridge under the three fire scenarios. The main findings indicate that, tank fire causes a more significant reduction in force on several cables before their fracture than spill fire; spill fire eventually induces the fracture of more cables than tank fire; their combined fire contains the differences in fire behaviors of tank fire and spill fire; and a steeper deflection or rotation increment eventually occurs under spill fire or combined fire. The designed tank truck fires and the proposed calculation method provide an accessible approach for evaluating fire responses of cable-stayed bridges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121481"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-scale dynamics and water-tightness tests of a closed cavity double skin curtain wall","authors":"Kehinde J. Alawode ,&nbsp;Amal Elawady ,&nbsp;Seung Jae Lee ,&nbsp;Arindam Gan Chowdhury ,&nbsp;Guido Lori","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional double skin curtain walls have been around for a while and are mostly designed as pressure equalized rain screens with cavity openings to the external climate. Cavity permeability which is formed by both intentional and non-intentional openings (i.e., holes or defects, respectively) impacts the pressure equalization rate and wind load sharing ratio between the two skins. Cavity permeability is also known to affect the weather-tightness of the building envelope. Recently, a double skin curtain wall with a closed cavity, also referred to as a Closed Cavity Façade (CCF) was developed in the façade industry. Compared to the traditional double skin curtain wall, the closed cavity curtain wall has at least two orders of magnitude lower cavity permeability. Currently, there is no guidance on the wind load sharing for this newly developed closed cavity curtain wall, neither are any details on the behaviour of the units when there are defects that lead to a higher cavity permeability. To date, the water tightness of these units using realistic rain and strong winds has not been investigated systematically. To improve the understanding of the behaviour (wind-induced vibrations, water penetration due to wind-driven rain, and load sharing) of this closed cavity system, full-scale wind tunnel testing is carried out on this unit at the NHERI Wall of Wind Experimental Facility. The tests were conducted at 22.4 m/s, 31.3 m/s and 40.2 m/s wind speeds with wind directions from 0° to 180° in 15° increments. This study shows the dependence of the cavity pressure on wind speeds when there are defects. Also, higher pressure fluctuations leading to higher loads on the external glazing are observed. Higher dynamic amplification is associated with the non-defective units. Load sharing is observed to be dependent on the stiffness and permeability of the unit, while in a defective unit, it was also dependent on the wind speed. The closed cavity unit performed effectively under co-occurring wind and rain conditions when there was no defect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121498"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and analysis of an origami-embedded multi-stable metastructure with shape reconfiguration","authors":"Size Ai ,&nbsp;Shuai Hou ,&nbsp;Jianzheng Wei ,&nbsp;Zhimin Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-stable metastructures possess the ability to shape and function on demand or environmental changes, which has promising applications in the development of shape-reconfigurable structures. However, the steady-state characteristics of multi-stable structures typically remain unaltered after fabrication. In this paper, a combined multi-stable structure (CMS) with shape reconfigurable function is designed, which consists of symmetric curved beams embedded Kresling origami. The CMS steady-state characteristics are tuned by coupling the snap-through energy barrier of the steady-state of both Kresling origami and the curved beam. Firstly, the tri-stable characteristics of Kresling origami are analyzed using a truss model, and the force-displacement relation is also obtained by experiments. Then, a reverse design method for B-spline curved beams is proposed, leading to a bi-stable curved beam model within the CMS. The mechanical properties and feasibility of multi-stable tuning for the CMS are analyzed by experiments and numerical simulations. Finally, the metastructure of the arrayed CMS is designed, and a predicting method for the rotation angle in the rotational multi-stable is introduced. The multi-stable metastructures are fabricated using 3D-printing technology, and the functions of multi-stable tuning and multi-directional reconfigurable deformation are validated. These results offer new insights and references for the design of shape-reconfigurable structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121483"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic amplification factors in instantaneously loaded structures","authors":"Alex Sixie Cao ,&nbsp;Pedro Palma ,&nbsp;Andrea Frangi","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dynamic amplification factors are used to include dynamic effects in equivalent static analyses. Theoretical boundaries for the dynamic amplification factor in instantaneously loaded structures, with and without initial velocity, are determined using the pseudo-static method and a compatibility criterion is derived for various structural responses and pulse loading shapes. For instantaneously loaded structures without initial velocity, the dynamic amplification factor can exceed the widely assumed upper boundary of 2 and is possible in some situations with practical relevance. For instantaneously loaded structures with an initial velocity, such as for debris impact loading, the dynamic amplification factor does not have an upper boundary and its value depends on the ratio of the drop height of the impacting object and the dynamic displacement of the impacted structure, as well as on the structural response type. The developed analytical model agrees well with experimental results of debris loading on ductile steel beams and can be used in the design against impact loading. The compatibility criterion between the structural response type and the loading pulse shape, for instantaneous loading, shows that a linear response is only compatible with a triangular pulse, and a rigid-plastic response with a rectangular pulse. This result deviates from the linear response and rectangular loading pulse currently used in EN 1991-1-7:2006 and in the JCSS Probabilistic Model Code for vehicular impact, and may lead to an underestimation of the dynamic effects in dynamic analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121464"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear tension stiffening and cracking behaviour of concrete reinforced with EN 1.4301 and EN 1.4482 stainless steel rebars","authors":"H. Moodley ,&nbsp;S. Afshan ,&nbsp;P. Desnerck ,&nbsp;J. Melo","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an experimental investigation into the tension stiffening behaviour and crack formation of concrete elements reinforced with stainless steel rebars. Specimens reinforced with 12 mm diameter cold-rolled austenitic EN 1.4301 and 16 mm diameter hot-rolled lean-duplex EN 1.4482 stainless steel rebars were tested under uniaxial tension, with strain and crack development monitored using a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. The study compares the tension stiffening stress–strain responses and cracking behaviour of stainless steel and conventional B500C carbon steel rebars, showing broadly similar behaviour up to first cracking, but with differences emerging due to the nonlinear stress-strain response of stainless steel. In particular, stainless steel rebars exhibited a less pronounced tension stiffening effect in 12 mm bars, comparable behaviour in 16 mm bars and a continuation of tension stiffening beyond the 0.2 % proof stress that gradually decayed towards the bare rebar response. The applicability of codified models from <em>Eurocode 2</em>, <em>Model Code 1990</em> and <em>Model Code 2010</em>, including those for tension stiffening, crack spacing and crack width prediction, is assessed for stainless steel rebars. Finally, an improved tension stiffening model for stainless steel rebars is presented, based on <em>Model Code 1990</em>, <em>Model Code 2010</em> and <em>Eurocode</em> formulations and incorporating the Ramberg-Osgood stress-strain relationship.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121458"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical behavior and design method of low-yield-point steel buckling-restrained brace and connections","authors":"Yunshan Tong ,&nbsp;Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Yue Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel assembled low-yield-point steel buckling-restrained brace (ALYBRB) was proven to have favorable and stable seismic performance. However, the absence of optimized brace-to-frame connection and design methods restricted the realization of its superiority. The influence of design parameters on the performance of ALYBRBs and brace-to-frame connections was evaluated through parameter analysis. Considering the synergistic interaction among frame, gusset plate, and ALYBRB, design recommendations for optimized configurations of gusset plates were given, and a design method for ALYBRBs and connections based on damage control concepts was proposed. Results indicated that the upper limit of the gap between core and external restraint system and core width-to-thickness ratio could be relaxed to half of core thickness and 15, respectively, compared to specifications. Within the recommended range, ALYBRBs exhibited insensitivity to gap-size variations, improving processing and assembly efficiency. The double-angle steel cross-sectional dimensions should accommodate the spatial requirements for the core, bolts, and spacers. The core can be effectively constrained by the external restraint system with four equally spaced bolt groups and two groups of end-strengthening bolts. Unreliable gusset plates limited the load-bearing capacity of ALYBRBs, resulting in lower load-bearing capacity in beam-column-ALYBRB models compared to ALYBRB models. The stability and strength of gusset plates were improved by optimized stiffener configuration, ensuring full utilization of seismic performance of ALYBRBs. End stiffeners should be positioned along the entire free edge of the gusset plates. The intermediate stiffener length should ensure the stiffened gusset plate length is at least 0.69 times its total length.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121455"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on protection measures of concrete gravity dams subjected to underwater explosion","authors":"Aobo Liu ,&nbsp;Gaohui Wang ,&nbsp;Wenbo Lu ,&nbsp;Zhiyong Qi ,&nbsp;Shengguo Zhu ,&nbsp;Yanpian Mao ,&nbsp;Zheng Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With increasingly tense international situations, the safety issues of dams under underwater explosion strikes have attracted attention because of their strategic importance. However, there is a lack of research on anti-explosion measures and technologies for dams, especially by means of experiments. Therefore, model experiments were designed to explore protection methods for concrete gravity dams subjected to underwater explosion. A 1:60 scale-down gravity dam with a height of 2 m and 13 dam sections was constructed, and the dynamic responses of the dam were monitored using various sensors. Initially, the influence of lowering the reservoir level is studied from the perspective of operation. Subsequently, the mitigation effects of the bubble curtain on the upstream face of the dam are investigated. Ultimately, the effects of an upstream protection layer constructed with hollow glass microsphere (HGM)-mixed concrete, asphalt concrete (AC), and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) are compared. The results reveal that lowering the reservoir level is an effective protective measure for dams under underwater explosion. The upstream HGM-mixed concrete layer and the use of a bubble curtain have excellent mitigation effects due to the differences in impedance between air and concrete. The upstream AC layer upstream of the dam exhibits good energy-absorbing performance, which also decreases the velocity response of the dam. The effect of the UHPC layer on reducing response is general, but its high strength can be used for local protection. Based on the experimental results and their protective mechanisms, recommended protection methods for actual concrete gravity dams are proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121478"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of Kresling origami: Smart design, mechanics, and applications","authors":"Ji Zhang ,&nbsp;Jintong Chen ,&nbsp;Xizi Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuai Liu ,&nbsp;Changguo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Origami, an ancient art form, has shown significant potential in various fields, yet faces challenges such as material strength, precision control, and practical adaptability. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress and challenges of origami structures, with a particular focus on kresling origami, in geometric design, actuation modes, mechanical behavior, and multiphysics applications. First, it compares representative origami structures in terms of geometric features, mechanical properties, and application scenarios, and evaluates the functions and learning costs of different origami modeling software. Second, it summarizes common actuation methods—including mechanical, pneumatic, magnetic, and smart driving—and analyzes the integration challenges and improvement strategies for different geometric types under each mode. In terms of mechanical behavior, it reviews methods such as theoretical modeling, finite element simulation, and experimental validation, as well as the performance and limitations of origami structures in strength, stiffness, stability, fatigue life, and vibration control. The multiphysics applications cover acoustics, optics, electromagnetics, thermal science, fluid mechanics, flexible electronics, robotics, aerospace, and architecture, highlighting the broad potential of origami in interdisciplinary design. Finally, it suggests that future research focus on material innovation, geometric optimization, smart actuation, and multiphysics-coupled design, leveraging artificial intelligence, high-throughput simulation, and advanced manufacturing to accelerate the transition of origami structures from theory to practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121499"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence mechanism of structural characteristics on the fatigue cracking mode at the rib-to-deck welded joint","authors":"Yuqiang Gao,&nbsp;Zhongqiu Fu,&nbsp;Bohai Ji,&nbsp;Bangchong Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fatigue resistance of rib-to-deck welded joints in orthotropic steel decks is primarily governed by the dominant cracking modes, which are influenced by structural configurations and component dimensions. Clarifying the influence mechanisms of these factors on cracking modes can aid in the accurate prediction of fatigue resistance and guide structural design. In this study, the equivalent structural stress method is employed, and an orthogonal test is designed to identify the dominant influencing factors. The influence mechanism of the dominant factor on both crack initiation position and dominant cracking modes is then analyzed. Additionally, structural parameter ranges corresponding to the crack initiation position and cracking mode are established based on the analysis results and real bridge data. The results show that the weld penetration ratio and the weld access hole radius are the primary determinants of crack initiation positions and cracking modes. The weld penetration ratio affects the overall stress distribution of the structure, and increasing it can reduce the probability of crack initiation for each cracking mode. Meanwhile, the weld access hole primarily influences the diaphragm and its adjacent areas. The predicted crack initiation positions and cracking modes within the proposed structural parameter ranges align closely with those observed in real bridges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121376"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}