Engineering Structures最新文献

{"title":"Orthotropic steel deck reinforcement technique for super-long span bridges with thin dense-reinforced UHPC Layers","authors":"Zihao Luo ,&nbsp;Chengjun Tan ,&nbsp;Junhui Cao ,&nbsp;Kun Liu ,&nbsp;Sui Luo ,&nbsp;Jiahe An ,&nbsp;Hua Zhao ,&nbsp;Xudong Shao ,&nbsp;Dutao Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most of the long-span bridges over the last few decades adopted the traditional OSD (orthotropic steel deck) system, which has suffered from serious fatigue cracking after operation. This cracking phenomenon even directly affects the service life of those bridges. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a reinforcement technology to increase the stiffness of the existing OSD system to prevent further cracking. This paper proposes a reinforcement technique using thin dense-reinforced UHPC layers. Compared to LWCD (light weight composite deck) and previous reinforcement methods, the challenges of the proposed method are that the existing OSDs of super-long span bridges have thicker top steel plates, and have to use relatively thinner UHPC layers since the super-long span bridges are extremely sensitive to the added self-weight. Therefore, the neutral axis of the UHPC-based reinforced composite decks is near the interface between the steel plate and the UHPC layer or even within the steel plate. As a result, this reinforced composite deck shows different mechanical properties and the previous related calculation formula is no longer applicable. Based on the second Jiujiang Bridge in China, the corresponding global and local finite element analysis first verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. Then, several sets of specimens are carried out to investigate the bending performance of this UHPC-based composite decks under sagging and hogging moments, considering four parameters, i.e., the steel plate thickness, <em>t</em>_<em>s</em>, stud spacing, <em>d</em>, UHPC layer thickness, <em>h</em>_<em>u</em> and the number of transverse rebars, <em>n</em>_<em>r</em>. The failure modes, cracking process, relative slip and mechanical properties analysis are discussed. In addition, the theoretical calculation methods are proposed to predict the cracking and ultimate loads. Moreover, with the proposed calculation methods, the parameter analysis and sensitivity of the bending behavior of the reinforced steel-UHPC composite decks are also investigated. Based on the tests and theoretical analysis, some design recommendations for UHPC-based reinforcement for OSDs of super-long span bridges have been conducted. The findings of this study can provide a reference for the reinforcement technology of dense-reinforced UHPC layers in super-long span bridges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121444"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An equivalent shell model for elastic gridshell analysis","authors":"Giambattista Romano ,&nbsp;Salvatore Sessa ,&nbsp;Daniele Lancia ,&nbsp;Luciano Rosati","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel framework for modelling elastic gridshells, and particularly their deployment phase, using a continuum shell model derived from the Special Cosserat Theory of rods. Such an approach enforces energetic equivalence between discrete rod-based gridshell configurations and a continuum shell representation, enabling the derivation of constitutive parameters that accurately reflect the structural behaviour. Numerical simulations validate the model’s remarkable accuracy, achieving a maximum percentage root mean square error of about 2% when compared to traditional discrete beam models. Experimental validation on a real-world structure, the Toledo 2.0 gridshell, further confirms the model’s predictive capability. The proposed methodology provides an efficient and versatile tool for the early stages of gridshell design. It permits rapid assessment of structural performance, thus significantly reducing computational overhead while maintaining high accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121462"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting bending after impact failure mode and strength of hybrid sandwich composites: A machine learning approach","authors":"Faizan Mirza ,&nbsp;Jason P. Mack ,&nbsp;Z.H. Duan ,&nbsp;K.T. Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the use of machine learning to predict post-impact flexural failure modes and residual strength in hybrid foam-core sandwich composites. Experimental data were obtained from low-velocity impact and bending after impact (BAI) tests at various impact energy levels under room and low temperatures, and with inward/outward bending configurations. To enhance model performance and interpretability, domain-informed interaction features such as (impact energy × dent depth) and (dent depth × bending direction) are incorporated to improve classification and regression models. Three models named Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Ridge Regression, and Random Forest are trained and evaluated. The improved LDA model achieved 97 % test accuracy in classifying failure modes with only one misclassification. For residual strength prediction, the interaction enhanced Ridge Regression model reached R² values of 0.90. Feature importance analysis reveals that combined damage indicators (e.g., dent depth under specific loading and temperature) are key drivers of model performance. Temperature as a feature, enabled the model to correctly predict core dominated failures for low temperature specimens and facesheet dominated failures for room temperature specimens, consistent with experimental observations. This work presents a predictive framework that incorporates physically meaningful interactions into interpretable machine learning models to predict BAI damage modes and failure strength using only impact conditions, without requiring complex failure criteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121493"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Backbone moment-rotation models for partial-strength steel endplate connections","authors":"Zizhou Ding,&nbsp;Ahmed Elkady","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phenomenological rotational spring models are critical components of system-level numerical simulations that employ the concentrated plasticity approach. These models must accurately capture the nonlinear behavior and degradation mechanisms in structural members and connections. Robust models for partial strength/semi-rigid steel flush and extended endplate connections are currently missing. Using the large amount of experimental data in the literature for endplate connections, complemented with parametric continuum finite element simulation, robust nonlinear models are developed. The models characterize the nonlinear monotonic backbone moment-rotation response up to failure as well as the post-failure response. The models achieve high accuracy metrics with 75 % of the data being predicted with an error of less than ±10 %. Statistical metrics are also provided to quantify the model uncertainty. The regression-based models are consistent, in definition and format, with those found in existing modelling guidelines/standards such as ASCE 41. The proposed models support robust nonlinear analysis procedures, particularly as part of the performance-based evaluation, retrofit, and design framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121465"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of high-damping rubber cores to enhance the damping performance of elastomeric seismic isolators","authors":"G. Pianese ,&nbsp;A.B. Habieb ,&nbsp;D. Losanno ,&nbsp;G. Milani","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a numerical investigation into the feasibility of high-damping rubber cores as a viable alternative to lead cores in elastomeric seismic isolators. With increasing environmental and regulatory concerns over the use of lead, exploring sustainable damping solutions has become a crucial research direction. This study employs finite element analysis to investigate the effects of different high-damping rubber compositions and varying rubber core volumes on key mechanical properties, such as vertical stiffness, horizontal stiffness, and damping ratio. Unlike previous studies, this research not only examines the geometric effects of high-damping cores but also explores the impact of rubber material properties, providing a comprehensive assessment of their role in seismic isolation performance. The findings suggest that high-damping rubber cores have the potential to enhance energy dissipation while maintaining mechanical stability, offering a promising step toward the development of more sustainable seismic isolators. While further experimental validation and optimization are needed, this study lays a strong foundation for future advancements in the field, guiding the transition toward lead-free high-performance isolation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121463"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic response of a hexagon-type multi-body floating photovoltaic under three types of freak waves","authors":"Guoyan Li ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Qiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Haoran Li ,&nbsp;Ouming Su ,&nbsp;Yiting Feng ,&nbsp;Bin Wang ,&nbsp;Hang Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photovoltaic systems are structurally fragile. Therefore, in the development of floating photovoltaic (FPV), a primary concern is the potential damage caused by extreme sea conditions, especially by freak waves. To investigate the effects of freak waves on a FPV, a coupled buoy-connector-fender-mooring numerical model is established to study the dynamic response of a FPV assembly consisting of 4 hexagon-type modules under three types of freak waves (crest-type, trough-type, and close-type). The results indicate a prompt increase in wavelet energy across five regions in response to the impact of the freak waves, including high and low frequency regions, single and double wave dominant frequency regions, as well as natural frequency region. Compared with the other two types, the trough-type freak wave results in smaller sway/heave motions and mooring line tension but larger roll motion. The crest-type and close-type freak waves, on the other hand, induce more significant increase in energy in the low frequency regime. Near the impact region, FPV assembly faces an increased risk of green water. Among the three, the trough-type freak wave creates smaller air gaps but for a shorter duration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121488"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive feature-extraction graph network for physical systems: Prediction of inviscid compressible flow in urban explosion","authors":"Beibei Li,&nbsp;Bin Feng,&nbsp;Li Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-fidelity numerical simulation of complex physical systems (e.g., urban explosion) is computationally demanding owing to the precise modeling of the intricate physical interactions within large spatial domains. Machine learning-based surrogate models provide high efficiency but are often limited by direct input-output mappings that fail to capture underlying physical laws, reducing generalizability. Graph neural networks (GNNs) offer a potential solution, but often exhibit sensitivity to input features and limited adaptability across systems with diverse inputs. In this study, we propose an Adaptive feature-extraction graph network (AdaFGN), which integrates an adaptive feature extractor with the advanced GNN modules. The extractor learns informative feature representations, while GNN modules model the underlying dynamic physical interactions. Validation results on compressible flows, including air blasts and urban explosions, demonstrate that AdaFGN: 1) predicts pressure fields with an average RMSE of 0.009; 2) generalizes robustly to unseen and real-world scenarios; 3) offers effective and flexible feature engineering; and 4) maintains efficiency with only a 2.2 % increase in inference time compared to GNNs without the feature extractor. These advantages stem from effective feature extraction and physical interaction modeling, establishing AdaFGN as a robust surrogate model for physical simulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121482"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact resistance and residual axial capacity of concrete-filled cold-formed steel built-up columns under two subsequent impacts","authors":"Xiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Zihua Tian ,&nbsp;Guangze Lei ,&nbsp;Longxiang Hou ,&nbsp;Qianxiang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the impact resistance and post-impact axial bearing capacity of novel concrete-filled cold-formed steel (CF-CFS) built-up columns. A total of 12 CF-CFS columns were subjected to two identical impacts using a drop hammer testing machine, followed by axial bearing capacity tests. The experiments recorded the complete impact process, time-history curves of impact force and mid-span deflection, axial load-displacement curves, and final failure modes. The effects of various parameters on the dynamic response and residual ultimate bearing capacity of the specimens were analyzed. Finite element analysis was conducted based on the experimental results to reveal the energy dissipation mechanism of CF-CFS columns and to compare their impact resistance with that of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns. The results indicate that CF-CFS columns exhibit excellent impact resistance, undergoing bending deformation and retaining residual bearing capacity after two lateral impacts. It was found that the impact force plateau value during the second impact was higher than that of the first impact, and the deflection induced by the second impact was smaller than that of the first impact. In the axial load tests on the impact-damaged columns, specimens with fixed-sliding boundary conditions exhibited the lowest residual ultimate bearing capacity. Due to fastening, high-stress regions in CF-CFS columns were concentrated between the two rows of fasteners near the impact point. When comparing CF-CFS with typical CFST, it was found that under high-impact energy, CF-CFS columns exhibited longer impact duration and greater mid-span deflection compared to CFST columns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121475"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compression-bending behavior of corrugated steel-sprayed ECC composite arches","authors":"Zhanming Wu ,&nbsp;Faqi Liu ,&nbsp;Yuyin Wang ,&nbsp;Ou Zhao ,&nbsp;Changyong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The corrugated steel-sprayed ECC composite (CSSECCC) arch functions as an innovative structural form, offering excellent ductility and high construction efficiency. Four 6 m-span specimens were tested under different loading conditions and ECC fiber types to study their compression–bending behavior, focusing on failure modes, load–displacement curves, composite effect, and other key mechanical behaviors. Under three-point, mid-span, and <em>L</em>/4 span position loading, the failure locations of CSSECCC arches were observed at 7 <em>L</em>/8, <em>L</em>/2, and <em>L</em>/4 positions, respectively, with cracking occurring in the ECC layer. The CSSECCC arch with smaller eccentricity and cross-sectional bending moment exhibited higher ultimate bearing capacity compared to those with larger eccentricity and bending moment. The CSSECCC arch with PE fibers exhibited a 12.9 % higher ultimate bearing capacity than the one with PP fibers. Furthermore, an extensive parametric analysis was conducted based on the developed refined finite element model. The results indicate that increasing the ECC thickness and strength, as well as the corrugation size of the CS, can significantly enhance the compression-bending bearing capacity of CSSECCC arches. Finally, a method for predicting the compression-bending bearing capacity of CSSECCC arches was introduced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121438"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coda wave entropy and implantable sensing technology: A novel approach for early-age crack assessment in concrete structures","authors":"Ziqian Yang ,&nbsp;Bin Ma ,&nbsp;Qingzhao Kong ,&nbsp;Hong Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.121401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Entropy is a fundamental physical concept used to measure the changes in disorder, randomness, or uncertainty within a system. Concrete, transitioning from a healthy state to the formation of massive cracks, can be regarded as a stochastic process that evolves from simplicity to greater complexity. This study introduces the concept of coda wave entropy (CWE) as a qualitative metric to assess early-age crack development in concrete, with the combination of implantable sensing technology (IST). In the IST, a novel implantable sensor that integrates an array of piezoceramic units is designed for generating cylindrical ultrasonic waves within concrete for omni-directional detection. The recorded coda waves, which undergo multiple scattering and reflection within the concrete material, exhibit high complexity and incoherence. The CWE is developed to indicate these characteristics from both the signal time and frequency domains. To validate the feasibility of the CWE to qualitatively characterize random concrete early-age cracks, numerical studies are carried out. The relationship between the CWE index, crack density, and signal frequency is preliminarily investigated. Afterward, the combined CWE and IST are applied in a shear wall reciprocating loading experiment to demonstrate the method’s effectiveness in the assessment of early cracks. Both numerical and experimental results confirm a correlation between the CWE index and the progression of cracking in concrete.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11763,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Structures","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 121401"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}