Social & Personality Psychology eJournal最新文献_第2页

The Role of Apologies in Sustaining Cooperation: An Experimental Investigation 道歉在维持合作中的作用:一项实验调查

Social & Personality Psychology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-08-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3711860

Jonathan Yeo, Shi Zhuo

引用次数: 0

'What We Learn Today Is How We Behave Tomorrow': A Study on Satisfaction Level and Implementation of Environmental Health Ethics in Nigeria Institutions. "今天学的就是明天的行为":关于尼日利亚各机构环境卫生伦理的满意度和执行情况的研究。

Social & Personality Psychology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-08-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3669132

Morufu Olalekan Raimi

{"title":"'What We Learn Today Is How We Behave Tomorrow': A Study on Satisfaction Level and Implementation of Environmental Health Ethics in Nigeria Institutions.","authors":"Morufu Olalekan Raimi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3669132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3669132","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The professionalism of environmental health practitioners (EHPs) has been an emerging trend in Nigeria and is governed by the EHORECON, though the EHPs are aware of their professional responsibilities but are concerned about the lack of active engagement with their professional board. Whilst empirical research was undertaken to comprise a case study of a group of EHPs practising to assess the “reality”, on the ground, in terms of the level of awareness and understanding among EHPs about their ethical and professional responsibilities and related challenges. Objective: This study assesses the level of satisfaction with the implementation of the Environmental Health Ethics in institutions in Nigeria.Methods: Online google form was used to access a large group of EHPs. One hundred and thirty-nine (139) questionnaires were settled for, as the sample size for the study through an adapted and validated questionnaire instrument. Data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software. Results: Most of the practitioners, in general, were satisfied (85.6%) and the teaching method (54.0%) informed their decision. However, the ethical cases that were of the most concern to the majority of the practitioners (53.2%) were negligence. Conclusions: This study contributes some ideological facts to the existing literature and practice in nature. Even though, to come to the generalization with the aid of the particular study findings is complex. The study found satisfactory perceptions that signal a need for increased communication between professional bodies, respective organization/institutions, and practitioners regarding applied ethics in environmental health practice so that curriculums could reflect both theory and application. Also, decision-making guides that are empirically informed and tailored for practitioners having some value should be emphasized upon.","PeriodicalId":117634,"journal":{"name":"Social & Personality Psychology eJournal","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121316716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Neighborhoods, Networks, and Delivery Methods 社区、网络和交付方法

Social & Personality Psychology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-08-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3688559

Emilia Barili, P. Bertoli, V. Grembi

引用次数: 2

Repairing Trust Between Individuals and Groups: The Effectiveness of Apologies in Interpersonal and Intergroup Contexts 修复个人和群体之间的信任:道歉在人际和群体间语境中的有效性

Social & Personality Psychology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-07-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3812179

Christopher P. Reinders Folmer, T. Wildschut, T. Haesevoets, J. De keersmaecker, J. van Assche, P. V. van Lange

{"title":"Repairing Trust Between Individuals and Groups: The Effectiveness of Apologies in Interpersonal and Intergroup Contexts","authors":"Christopher P. Reinders Folmer, T. Wildschut, T. Haesevoets, J. De keersmaecker, J. van Assche, P. V. van Lange","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3812179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3812179","url":null,"abstract":"Transgressions and injustice are an inevitable part of social life, both in interactions between individuals and between groups. But whereas conflict between individuals typically impacts only few, conflict between groups can be harmful to many – as is illustrated by disputes between nations, political parties, and social groups. For this reason, it is crucial to understand how such transgressions can be restored. In interpersonal contexts, there is considerable evidence that apologies can restore transgressions and enable victims and perpetrators to reconcile. It is unknown, however, to what extent their remedial effectiveness may translate to conflicts between groups. The present research illuminates this question. In an experimental study (N = 272), we compared the effectiveness of apologies for restoring trust after transgressions between individuals or groups. Results revealed that both in interpersonal and intergroup contexts, apologies significantly increased trust. However, their impact was greater in interpersonal interactions (where they fully restored trust to its pre-transgression level) than in intergroup interactions (where they failed to fully restore trust). Furthermore, the effectiveness of apologies was shaped by their emotional content. In disputes between individuals, only apologies with secondary emotions fully restored trust. Conversely, in disputes between groups, neither apologies with primary emotions nor those with secondary emotions fully restored trust. This was explained by greater skepticism of apologies in intergroup contexts, particularly of apologies with secondary emotions. These findings underline that intergroup interactions are more competitive and distrusting than interpersonal interactions, and suggest that more extensive remedies may be required to reduce intergroup tensions.","PeriodicalId":117634,"journal":{"name":"Social & Personality Psychology eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129618654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

How the Covid-19 Lockdown Affected Gender Inequality in Paid and Unpaid Work in Spain Covid-19封锁如何影响西班牙有偿和无偿工作中的性别不平等

Social & Personality Psychology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-07-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3643198

Ĺıdia Farré, Yarine Fawaz, Libertad González, J. Graves

{"title":"How the Covid-19 Lockdown Affected Gender Inequality in Paid and Unpaid Work in Spain","authors":"Ĺıdia Farré, Yarine Fawaz, Libertad González, J. Graves","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3643198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3643198","url":null,"abstract":"The covid-19 pandemic led many countries to close schools and declare lockdowns during the Spring of 2020, with important impacts on the labor market. We document the effects of the covid-19 lockdown in Spain, which was hit early and hard by the pandemic and suffered one of the strictest lockdowns in Europe. We collected rich household survey data in early May of 2020. We document large employment losses during the lockdown, especially in \"quarantined\" sectors and non-essential sectors that do not allow for remote work. Employment losses were mostly temporary, and hit lower-educated workers particularly hard. Women were slightly more likely to lose their job than men, and those who remained employed were more likely to work from home. The lockdown led to a large increase in childcare and housework, given the closing of schools and the inability to outsource. We find that men increased their participation in housework and childcare slightly, but most of the burden fell on women, who were already doing most of the housework before the lockdown. Overall, we find that the covid-19 crisis appears to have increased gender inequalities in both paid and unpaid work in the short-term.","PeriodicalId":117634,"journal":{"name":"Social & Personality Psychology eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128814103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 240

Determination of Age, Gender, Dress Color and Type of a Person by Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 卷积神经网络(CNN)确定一个人的年龄、性别、着装颜色和类型

Social & Personality Psychology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3601508

C. Koushik, S. Choubey, A. Choubey, D. Naresh, N. Bhanu Prakash Reddy

{"title":"Determination of Age, Gender, Dress Color and Type of a Person by Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)","authors":"C. Koushik, S. Choubey, A. Choubey, D. Naresh, N. Bhanu Prakash Reddy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3601508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3601508","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial Intelligence is a soft computing technique that mimics the human intelligence which interprets and percepts based on the inputs given to it, for the output generation or prediction. The input image is processed by the neural network along with the help of the algorithms of Machine Learning making it advantageous to process inputs with reduced use of hardware and the complexities of implementation irrespective of number of models are needed to be developed and deployed. Determining a person’s age, gender and color and pattern of the dress is done by the help of the convolutional neural network and Computer Vision for video analytics such that they can be determined individually and in a combined manner by it at a good value of accuracy in training and validation. The existing works could determine only one but not with the combination of the parameters, so pre-trained models like the Caffe, minivggnet models are used to determine them along with the use of openCV. The coding is done in python language, wherein packages like tensorflow, keras, scikit and openCV are used. Opencv is used for the video analytics such it can be used for the trend analysis or the surveillance purposes.","PeriodicalId":117634,"journal":{"name":"Social & Personality Psychology eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124742722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Gender Differences in the Strategies Used for Task Completion: An Analysis of Marathon Runners 任务完成策略的性别差异:马拉松运动员的分析

Social & Personality Psychology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-02-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3536645

Eric J. Allen, Patricia M. Dechow

{"title":"Gender Differences in the Strategies Used for Task Completion: An Analysis of Marathon Runners","authors":"Eric J. Allen, Patricia M. Dechow","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3536645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3536645","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the strategies adopted by people completing a well-defined but difficult task: running a marathon. We find that men relative to women, undertake riskier running strategies, which increases the likelihood of a fast finish time but also increases the risk of a very poor race outcome. We show that engaging in this risky running strategy is mitigated for men who set themselves an internal goal of beating a round number finish time (e.g., 4:00 hours) and for men who have more experience (i.e., fast runners). These findings suggest that engaging in pre-race planning and setting a time goal is more helpful for males because it combats their tendency to exert too much effort early in the race. Female runners on the other hand, run more conservatively whether or not they have set themselves a round number time goal or have more experience. Furthermore, women appear to care much less about beating round number times, suggesting that women place less weight on the “bragging rights” offered by this goal. Overall, our results suggest that the genders differ in the strategies they adopt to run a marathon and that setting a round finish time goal has a positive influence on male behavior.","PeriodicalId":117634,"journal":{"name":"Social & Personality Psychology eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121474152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Sea Battle Tomorrow: The Identity of Reflexive Economic Agents 明天的海战:自反性经济主体的身份

Social & Personality Psychology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-02-03 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3531221

John B. Davis

{"title":"The Sea Battle Tomorrow: The Identity of Reflexive Economic Agents","authors":"John B. Davis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3531221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3531221","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter develops a conception of reflexive economic agents as an alternative to the standard utility conception and explains individual identity in terms of how agents adjust to change in a self-organizing way, an idea developed from Herbert Simon. It seeks to model the behavior of economic agents in a manner that builds on the important contributions of Stefano Zambelli to the understanding of computation and dynamical economic systems. This chapter distinguishes closed equilibrium and open process conceptions of the economy and argues the former fails to explain time in a before-and-after sense in connection with Aristotle’s sea battle problem. A causal model is developed to represent the process conception, and a structure-agency understanding of the adjustment behavior of reflexive economic agents is illustrated using Merton’s self-fulfilling prophecy analysis. Simon’s account of how adjustment behavior has stopping points is then shown to underlie how agents’ identities are disrupted and then self-organized, and the identity analysis this involves is applied to the different identity models of Merton, Ross, Arthur, and Kirman. Finally, the self-organization idea is linked to the recent ‘preference purification’ debate in bounded rationality theory regarding the ‘inner rational agent trapped in an outer psychological shell,’ and it is argued that the behavior of self-organizing agents involves them taking positions toward their own individual identities.","PeriodicalId":117634,"journal":{"name":"Social & Personality Psychology eJournal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134643588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Your Success is My Motivation 你的成功就是我的动力

Social & Personality Psychology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-01-04 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3515375

Prateik Dalmia, Emel Filiz-Ozbay

引用次数: 1

The Square-Root Agreement Rule for Incentivizing Objective Feedback in Online Platforms 网络平台中激励客观反馈的平方根协议规则

Social & Personality Psychology eJournal Pub Date : 2019-11-17 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3488831

Vijay Kamble, Nihar B. Shah, David Marn, A. Parekh, K. Ramchandran

{"title":"The Square-Root Agreement Rule for Incentivizing Objective Feedback in Online Platforms","authors":"Vijay Kamble, Nihar B. Shah, David Marn, A. Parekh, K. Ramchandran","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3488831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3488831","url":null,"abstract":"A major challenge in obtaining evaluations of products or services on e-commerce platforms is that of eliciting informative feedback in the absence of verifiability. We propose a simple incentive mechanism for obtaining objective feedback on such platforms. In this mechanism, an agent gets a reward only if her answer for an evaluation matches that of her peer, where this reward is inversely proportional to a popularity index of each answer. This index is defined to be the square-root of the empirical frequency at which any two agents performing the same evaluation agree on the particular answer. Rarely agreed-upon answers thus earn a higher reward than answers for which agreements are relatively more common. We call this mechanism the Square-Root Agreement Rule (SRA). \u0000 \u0000A key feature of platforms that SRA leverages is the existence of a large number of similar entities to be evaluated (e.g., restaurants, sellers, services, etc.); in this regime, we show that truthful behavior is a strict Bayes-Nash equilibrium of the game induced by SRA. Further, as the number of evaluation tasks across the platform grows, this equilibrium is asymptotically optimal for the agents across all symmetric equilibria. Moreover, under a mild condition, we show that any symmetric equilibrium that gives a higher expected payoff to the agents than the truthful equilibrium must be close to being fully informative when the number of evaluations is large. SRA can thus be an effective approach for administering reward-based incentive schemes (e.g., rebates, reputation score, etc.) on these platforms.","PeriodicalId":117634,"journal":{"name":"Social & Personality Psychology eJournal","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125483092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1