Environmental Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Comparing the Effects of Microplastics From Conventional Cigarette Butts and Heated Tobacco Device: The Role of UV ‐Induced Aging","authors":"Andraž Dolar, Veno Kononenko, Valentina Perc, Damjana Drobne, Gabriela Kalčíková, Jernej Imperl, Tina Skalar, Ula Rozman, Branka Mušič, Anita Jemec Kokalj","doi":"10.1002/tox.70184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70184","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the widespread presence of cigarette butts in the environment, the potential toxicological effects posed by microplastics (MPs) derived from them remain poorly understood. In this study, we compared the effects of MPs from conventional cigarette butts (cellulose acetate) and heated tobacco devices (cellulose acetate and polylactic acid film), the latter being under‐investigated. We also compared their effects before and after UV‐accelerated aging. The most notable change in chemical properties of MPs following UV aging was a significant reduction in nicotine content, which fell below detection limits, while elemental composition remained largely unchanged. The surface of particles remained unchanged, but the size of heated tobacco devices cellulose acetate MPs also fragmented to smaller sizes. The effects were evaluated using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Daphnia magna</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> (48 h immobilization; 1, 10, 100 mg L <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Lemna minor</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> (168 h growth inhibition; 100 mg L <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ), protozoan <jats:italic>Tetrahymena thermophila</jats:italic> (24 h, 100 mg L <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ) and in vitro cytotoxicity test model using A549 human lung cells (24 h, 100 mg L <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ). Toxicity tests revealed no significant effects of all types of MPs on any of used test models. UV‐aging of MPs did not change the toxicological profile. Our findings showed that cigarette butt‐derived MPs represent a complex mixture of polymers, residual nicotine, and metals. Comparing this research to previous studies suggests that MPs from different cigarette brands vary in chemical composition and toxicological potential.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148768719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commercial Product Based on Metarhizium Anisopliae Affects Survival, Midgut Morphology, and Behavior in the Stingless Bee Scaptotrigona depilis (Hymenoptera: Apidae)","authors":"Andressa Santoro, Daiani Rodrigues Moreira, Talita Aparecida Tódora Santana, Wingly Santos Beltrame, Nathalia Rodrigues da Silva de Carvalho, Breno Gabriel da Silva, Gustavo Henrique de Souza, Livia Bracht, Adriana Aparecida Sinópolis Gigliolli, Maria Claudia Colla Ruvolo Takasusuki","doi":"10.1002/tox.70186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70186","url":null,"abstract":"Brazilian social stingless bees are important pollinators and producers of honey, wax, royal jelly, propolis, and other products. These species are experiencing a population decline, attributed to different factors, such as the excessive use of pesticides. Biological control has been proposed as an alternative to chemical control, relying on the use of natural enemies to manage pests, including microorganisms such as entomopathogenic fungi. However, little is known about the effects of these agents on stingless bees. Therefore, this research evaluated the effect of the commercial bioproduct <jats:italic>Metarhizium</jats:italic> Oligos WP on the stingless bee <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Scaptotrigona depilis</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> . After 5 and 10 days of exposure, the bees were cold‐immobilized and then dissected in saline solution, and the midgut was collected for histological and ultrastructural analyses. Injured organs were analyzed semiquantitatively. Additionally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were determined to investigate the occurrence of oxidative stress. Behavioral assessments were also performed. Although there were no significant changes in SOD and CAT activities, oxidative stress may have been induced, possibly due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals generated during fungal infection. These effects are believed to be the cause of the observed alterations in midgut morphology, as well as physiological and behavioral changes, such as impaired locomotion. The findings demonstrate the negative impact of the bioproduct on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>S. depilis</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> stingless bees and suggest it may affect their pollination potential.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148768598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Indian Freshwaters: Toxicological Pathways, Ecological Risks, and Remediation Approaches","authors":"Vineet Kumar Poddar, Avinash Kumar, Ayan Srivastava, Swati Mittal","doi":"10.1002/tox.70185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70185","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmaceutical pollution of freshwater ecosystems is an emerging environmental and public‐health issue in India. The high drug consumption in the country, along with the presence of concentrated manufacturing hubs, inadequate wastewater treatment, and weak monitoring systems, is leading to rising pollutant release. This review summarizes the existing evidence on pharmaceutical contaminants in Indian freshwaters with the focus on classes of pollutants, sources of contamination, environmental fate, toxicological pathways, ecological risks and remediation strategies. Antibiotics, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, stimulants and anticonvulsants are identified in the review as priority contaminant groups owing to their frequent detection, high use volume, environmental persistence and ecotoxicological relevance. These residues can enter freshwater systems through discharges from pharmaceutical manufacturing, hospital effluents, domestic wastewater, livestock runoff and agricultural pathways. Their persistence is due to their physicochemical properties, adsorption to sediment, incomplete biodegradation and limited removal in conventional wastewater treatment plants. Toxicological evidence points to risks of selection for antibiotic resistance, endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, reproductive impairment, genotoxicity and bioaccumulation in aquatic food webs. The review also covers microbial degradation, phytoremediation, constructed wetlands and advanced oxidation processes as remediation options and points out that the choice of technology should be context specific for industrial, municipal and natural water systems. This review offers a novel India‐centric synthesis that links pharmaceutical production, consumption, environmental occurrence, ecological effects and remediation feasibility into an integrated framework for monitoring, policy reform and future research.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148768597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeated PM 2 .5 Inhalation Exposure Drives a Duration‐Dependent Transition From Mitochondrial Adaptation to Persistent Cardiac Toxicity in Rats","authors":"Bhavana Sivakumar, Gino A. Kurian","doi":"10.1002/tox.70189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70189","url":null,"abstract":"Fine particulate matter (PM <jats:sub>2.5</jats:sub> ) is a recognized cardiovascular toxicant, yet the exposure duration at which mitochondrial stress responses transition from adaptive to persistently injurious remains poorly defined. Here, we identified a duration‐dependent transition in mitochondrial responses under the present exposure conditions. Female Wistar rats were exposed to PM <jats:sub>2.5</jats:sub> (250 μg/m <jats:sup>3</jats:sup> , 3 h/day) for 1, 7, 14, or 21 days, followed by integrated evaluation of cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetics, redox balance, quality control pathways, and ex vivo cardiac function, with washout validation. Short‐term exposure (1–7 days) elicited transient mitochondrial oxidative stress and activation of adaptive quality control responses without impairing respiratory efficiency, electron transport chain activity, ATP production, or cardiac performance; these changes returned to values comparable to controls after a 24‐h pollutant‐free washout under the present experimental conditions. Under the exposure conditions employed, sustained mitochondrial dysfunction first became evident after 14 days of repeated exposure, characterized by coordinated suppression of mitochondrial respiration, ETC complex activities, and ATP synthesis, accompanied by mitochondrial DNA depletion, impaired biogenesis and quality control signaling, sustained oxidative stress, and intramitochondrial metal accumulation. Notably, mitochondrial and cardiac functional deficits induced after ≥ 14 days persisted despite washout, indicating that these deficits were not restored within the 24‐h recovery period examined, rather than reflecting delayed recovery within this window. Collectively, these findings define a duration‐dependent temporal toxicity progression at which repeated PM <jats:sub>2.5</jats:sub> exposure shifts cardiac mitochondria from transient, recoverable stress responses to persistent bioenergetic impairment under the present experimental conditions providing a mechanistic basis for exposure‐duration–informed cardiovascular hazard characterization.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148768599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bisphenol A–Induced Nephrotoxicity: Mechanistic Insights Into Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cellular Dysfunction","authors":"Al‐Salihi Ahmed Rashid Abdulhameed, Muhammad Nazrul Hakim Abdullah, Vuanghao Lim, Hasnah Bahari, Boon Yin Khoo, Jun Jie Tan, Yoke Keong Yong","doi":"10.1002/tox.70190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70190","url":null,"abstract":"Bisphenol A (BPA), a prevalent endocrine disruptor and component of synthetic resins, has recently gained attention for its nephrotoxic potential. Experimental evidence demonstrates that BPA induces kidney injury through oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. BPA exposure leads to excessive production of reactive oxygen species, increased lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of key antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione, resulting in redox imbalance. Concurrently, BPA activates inflammatory cytokines, including IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α, as well as the NF‐κB signaling pathway, which contribute to renal inflammation and tissue injury. Histopathological analyses consistently reveal glomerular congestion, tubular degeneration, and necrosis. In vitro studies further demonstrate reduced renal cell viability and enhanced apoptosis mediated by the activation of PI3K/AKT, Bcl2/Bax–caspase, and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways. Collectively, these findings highlight BPA's ability to cause both structural and functional damage to the kidney through oxidative and inflammatory cascades. Despite advances in understanding BPA‐induced nephrotoxicity, translating experimental findings to human health remains challenging due to interspecies variations, differing exposure routes, and inconsistent epidemiological data. Moreover, growing evidence suggests that BPA substitutes, such as bisphenol F and bisphenol S, possess similar endocrine‐disrupting and nephrotoxic effects, raising further safety concerns. Future research should focus on elucidating mechanisms underlying BPA‐induced cell cycle arrest, its long‐term effects on renal repair, and susceptibility factors such as genetic and sex‐specific differences. Addressing these gaps is essential for improving risk assessment and guiding regulatory measures to mitigate BPA‐related kidney dysfunction.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148754469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat‐Stress Alters the Effects of Antibiotics on Fish Behavior","authors":"Asma Al Shuraiqi, Aliya Al‐Ansari, Aziz Al‐Habsi, Raeid M. M. Abed, Michael J. Barry","doi":"10.1002/tox.70188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70188","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics are a common contaminant of freshwaters, yet surprisingly understudied compared to other classes of drugs. Even trace concentrations of antibiotics can alter the gut microbiome, in turn affecting multiple systems including physiology, biochemistry, and behavior. Concurrently, climate change is leading to higher average temperatures and more frequent temperature spikes. The microbiome of poikilotherms is also highly sensitive to temperature. Little is known of how these two stressors interact. In this study we investigated the effects of amoxicillin, an antibiotic that is widely used in human and veterinary medicine, on the swimming behavior and predatory avoidance responses of zebrafish at two temperatures, 28°C (normal) and 32°C (heat‐stressed). Additionally, we investigated the effects of the two stressors on the gut microbiome and heat shock protein expression. Both temperature and amoxicillin affected key behaviors including boldness, sociability, and swimming speed, with fish exposed to low‐dose amoxicillin having higher swimming velocity suggesting a possible hormesis response. Amoxicillin exposure also increased fish boldness, while temperature had the opposite effect. A high temperature also reduced fish sociability. Both stressors also altered zebrafish responses to a conspecific alarm cue and induced heat shock protein gene expression. Heat stress and amoxicillin both altered the fish gut microbiome at the genus level with heat stress alone increasing several genera (e.g., <jats:italic>Nordella</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>Nocardia</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>Reyranella</jats:italic> ), while heat stress plus high amoxicillin (20 μg/L) further increased others (e.g., <jats:italic>Bradyrhizobium</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>Legionella</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>Xanthobacter</jats:italic> ). Overall alpha diversity (Shannon) changed little, but community composition (ANOSIM) shifted most clearly under high amoxicillin and under heat combined with amoxicillin, indicating dose‐ and temperature‐dependent restructuring of the gut microbiome. Overall, the microbiome is emerging as an important regulator of physiology and behavior that is vulnerable to multiple stressors.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioaccessibility of Metal(loid)s From Anthropogenic Contamination in Dry Riverbed Sediments in the Cartagena–La Unión Mining District (Murcia, SE Spain): Implications for Human Health Risk Assessment","authors":"José Gregorio Cuevas, Ángel Faz, Silvia Martínez‐Martínez, Juan Carlos Beltrá, Jacinto Martínez, José A. Acosta","doi":"10.1002/tox.70187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70187","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the contamination levels, bioaccessibility, and potential health risks of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in sediments from three dry riverbeds (El Beal‐EB, Las Matildes‐LM, and Ponce‐PN) impacted by historical mining activities in the Cartagena‐La Unión Mining District. Sediment samples (20 samples from EB, 13 samples from LM, and 19 samples from PN) were collected and analyzed for total and bioaccessible metal(loid) concentrations, and physicochemical properties. Spatial distribution for the contamination factor (Cf), pollution load index (PLI), and correlation analyses were employed to evaluate sediment pollution status. Bioaccessibility was determined using the Solubility Bioaccessibility Research Consortium (SBRC) method. Human health risks were assessed using hazard quotients (HQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR) for children, considering total (scenario 1) and bioaccessible (scenario 2) concentrations. The PLI indicated severe contamination, with maximum values of 66, 78, and 80 for EB, LM, and PN, respectively. Bioaccessible fractions varied widely across all metals and sites, ranging from 0.04% for As to 98.4% for Cd in Las Matildes; in El Beal, Pb bioaccessibility varied between 22.0% and 92.1%, while in Ponce, Pb bioaccessibility ranged from 5.6% to 96.3%. In addition, PN exhibited that pH and inorganic carbon collectively govern metal(loid) bioaccessibility, with strongly acidic conditions enhancing the solubility of Cd, Pb, and Zn. The correlations between total and bioaccessible metal(loid) concentrations were strong and significant in EB‐PN, but no correlation in LM was found, emphasizing the importance of site‐specific geochemical factors in assessing human health risks. Health risk assessments revealed that total Pb concentration posed the highest non‐carcinogenic risk (non‐carcinogenic risk was considered significant when HQ &gt; 1), with HQ reaching a mean value of 2.43 in LM and 1.09 in EB. However, when non‐carcinogenic risk was evaluated via bioaccessible fraction, mean HQ values decreased by 58% for Pb, remained above the safety threshold (HQ &gt; 1) in specific samples. Additionally, total As concentrations contributed to carcinogenic risk, with values exceeding the threshold (CR &gt; 10 <jats:sup>−5</jats:sup> ) across the riverbeds. However, when bioaccessible concentrations were considered, carcinogenic risk was substantially reduced (CR &lt; 10 <jats:sup>−5</jats:sup> ), indicating no significant carcinogenic risk. This study highlights the importance of considering bioaccessibility in risk assessment studies of mining‐impacted areas.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"275 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thiram Disrupts Hepatic and Tibial Calcium Homeostasis via ER Stress‐Mediated IP3R1 / VDAC1 Hyperactivation","authors":"Shah Nawaz, Quan Mo, Zhao Zhang, Muhammad Farhan Rahim, Farah Ijaz, Chuxian Quan, Muhammad Asif, Mudassar Iqbal, Md. F. Kulyar, Jiakui Li","doi":"10.1002/tox.70182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70182","url":null,"abstract":"Thiram is an agricultural fungicide known to disrupt cellular calcium homeostasis by inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial calcium overload in hepatic and growth plate (GP) tissues. Current study investigated thiram‐induced alterations at mitochondria‐associated membranes (MAMs) and their impact on inter‐organ calcium signaling. Following thiram exposure in chickens, hepatic ER stress markers GRP78 and CHOP, along with key calcium‐transfer proteins mediating ER‐mitochondrial coupling, including inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1) and voltage‐dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), were significantly upregulated. Importantly, hepatic ER stress driven hyperactivation of IP3R1/VDAC1 signaling was accompanied by parallel calcium dysregulation and mitochondrial stress responses in the tibial growth plate, providing direct evidence that liver ER stress acts upstream of skeletal calcium imbalance. These findings establish a previously unrecognized liver‐bone axis in which thiram‐induced hepatic ER stress propagates calcium signaling disturbances to the growth plate, thereby disrupting chondrocyte calcium homeostasis and bone development. Collectively, this study elucidates a mechanistic framework linking MAM‐mediated calcium‐transfer, ER stress, and cross‐organ communication, offering new insights into how toxicant‐induced hepatic stress orchestrates systemic calcium metabolism and skeletal pathology.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Route-Dependent Toxicity and Ecological Selectivity of Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil in Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae).","authors":"Silvane Zancanaro de Oliveira, Elizabete Artus Berte, Juliana Marceli Hofma Lopes, Cristiane Lurdes Paloschi, Edgar de Souza Vismara, Vitória Alves Pereira, Fernanda Raulino Domanski, Natália Ramos Mertz, Fabiana Martins Costa, Everton Ricardi da Silva Lozano, Jhenneffer Tainara Zancanaro Ghizzi, Michele Potrich","doi":"10.1002/tox.70181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intensification of agricultural practices has led to an increase in the use of insecticides, raising concerns about the exposure of non-target organisms, particularly pollinators. In this context, plant-derived essential oils have been proposed as environmentally friendlier alternatives due to their low persistence; however, their toxicological effects on bees remain insufficiently characterized, especially with respect to different exposure routes. This study evaluated the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil to Africanized Apis mellifera worker bees under three exposure pathways: indirect spraying, direct spraying, and ingestion. The essential oil was tested at a concentration of 0.75% (v/v). Bee survival was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, while potential sublethal behavioral effects were assessed through vertical displacement and flight resumption assays. Indirect spraying and ingestion did not significantly affect worker survival compared with the control, indicating low toxicity under conditions simulating residual environmental or dietary exposure. In contrast, direct spraying caused an approximately 20% reduction in survival over the experimental period, demonstrating route-dependent toxicity, although mortality remained substantially lower than that observed for the positive control (fipronil). Behavioral assays showed no significant impairment of flight performance in surviving bees. Overall, the results indicate that the toxicity of M. alternifolia essential oil to A. mellifera is strongly influenced by the route of exposure, underscoring the importance of exposure pathways in environmental risk assessment. These findings contribute to understanding the physiological selectivity of botanical insecticides and provide relevant information for evaluating the safety of essential oils for pollinator protection in agroecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148705214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cephalosporin-Induced Haemotoxicity, Apoptosis, DNA Damage in Clarias gariepinus: Ameliorative Role of Chlorella vulgaris.","authors":"Hesham Taher, Alaa El-Din Salah El-Din, Khaled Y AbouelFadl, Alaa El-Din H Sayed","doi":"10.1002/tox.70176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cephalosporin is increasingly recognized as an emerging aquatic pollutant capable of inducing systemic toxicity in non-target organisms. This study investigated the comparative toxic effects of three commonly used cephalosporins-cefepime, ceftriaxone, and cefotaxime-on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), with emphasis on hematological, cytotoxic, genotoxic, hepatorenal, and metabolic alterations, as well as the potential protective role of dietary Chlorella vulgaris (50 g/kg feed). Fish were allocated into seven experimental groups: control, cefepime (0.5 mg/L), cefepime + C. vulgaris, ceftriaxone (1 mg/L), ceftriaxone + C. vulgaris, cefotaxime (1 mg/L), and cefotaxime + C. vulgaris, and exposed for 15 days. Exposure to cephalosporin induced significant hematological disturbances, including reductions in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and total leukocyte count, together with marked changes in differential leukocyte profiles. In addition, all tested cephalosporin significantly increased erythrocyte apoptosis and DNA damage, as evidenced by elevated apoptotic cell percentages and increased comet assay tail moment values, confirming marked cytotoxic and genotoxic stress. Serum biochemical analyses revealed significant elevations in liver enzymes, renal function markers, total protein, total cholesterol, and glucose, indicating substantial hepatic, renal, and metabolic impairment, with cefepime generally exerting the most pronounced biochemical toxicity, whereas ceftriaxone produced the highest genotoxic response. Dietary supplementation with Chlorella vulgaris partially but significantly ameliorated many of these adverse effects by improving hematological indices, reducing erythrocyte apoptosis, attenuating DNA damage, and modulating hepatorenal and metabolic disturbances, although complete restoration to control levels was not consistently achieved. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that cephalosporin residues can induce multi-system toxicity in C. gariepinus, while C. vulgaris represents a promising natural dietary strategy for mitigating cephalosporin-induced physiological and cellular damage in aquatic organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148711840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}