Environmental Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Cadmium-Induced Mitochondrial and MAMs Dysregulation in Rat Testis: The Protective Role of D-Aspartate.","authors":"Debora Latino,Sara Falvo,Massimo Venditti,Alessandra Santillo,Giulia Grillo,Gabriella Chieffi Baccari,Imed Messaoudi,Maria Maddalena Di Fiore","doi":"10.1002/tox.24559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24559","url":null,"abstract":"Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal, disrupts the structure of seminiferous tubules and induces cell death at multiple stages of sperm development. Cd also impairs Leydig cells (LCs), resulting in reduced serum testosterone (T) levels. This study primarily examined the impact of Cd on the mitochondrial compartment and mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) in rat testis. Additionally, the potential of D-aspartate (D-Asp) to mitigate Cd-induced effects on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis was assessed by administering D-Asp simultaneously or preventively with Cd. The findings demonstrated that Cd exerts reprotoxicity by affecting the mitochondrial compartment and MAMs, evidenced by an imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics, impaired mitophagy pathway, and downregulated mitochondrial biogenesis. Cd exposure also reduced lipid transfer-related factor expression and increased ER stress. Moreover, elevated levels of Ca2+ transfer-related proteins, indicative of perturbed Ca2+ homeostasis, may be associated with enhanced oxidative stress and apoptosis, which are known effects of Cd. Immunofluorescent analysis revealed that the Cd-induced mitochondrial and MAMs damage was prominent in LCs, spermatocytes, and spermatids, confirming the metal's adverse effects on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. Conversely, co-administration or preventive administration of D-Asp with Cd preserved mitochondrial homeostasis and functional ER-mitochondria interactions. In conclusion, the study offers novel insights into the cellular mechanisms underlying Cd-induced reprotoxicity. Importantly, it highlights the efficacy of D-Asp in preventing or counteracting testicular damage caused by Cd by enhancing mitochondrial and MAMs functionality.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"724 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144769795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the Elemental Impurity Levels in Different Mushroom Species and Probabilistic Risk Assessment.","authors":"İsmail Acar,Fadime Canbolat,Faruk Ayata","doi":"10.1002/tox.24556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24556","url":null,"abstract":"Mushroom cultivation and traditional mushroom procurement are widespread worldwide. Therefore, it is important to determine the extent of the risk of heavy metal exposure by consuming wild edible mushrooms. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of four elemental impurities (Cd, Pb, As, and Hg) in edible mushroom species (Macrolepiota mastoidea, Bovista aestivalis, Tricholoma fracticum, Helvella sp., and Rhizopogon roseolus) collected from Çanakkale and Van regions of Türkiye and to investigate potential health risks. For elemental impurity analysis, 0.3 g dry samples of mushrooms collected in Çanakkale and Van provinces between 2022 and 2023 were weighed and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Target hazard quotient (THQ) was calculated for non-carcinogenic risk assessment in children and adults, followed by hazard index (HI) for each mushroom. Carcinogenic risk (CR) was determined. Probabilistic total THQ and total CR in children and adults were calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation method. Cd levels in five mushroom species ranged between 11.19-4838.71 μg/kg, Pb levels between 495.43 and 2836.81 μg/kg, As levels between 3267.52 and 25823.07 μg/kg, and Hg levels between 0.00 and 1594.50 μg/kg. The non-carcinogenic risk potential of As level was observed in all mushroom samples. THQ value was found to be greater than 1. These values also affected the HI value in all mushrooms; the latter was also greater than 1. Since As was detected in all mushrooms in the study and the CR value of this risk element was at a level that may pose a potential carcinogenic hazard, a potential health risk in adults and children can be noted. Furthermore, the Monte Carlo simulation showed that the health risks due to elemental impurity accumulation in mushrooms may increase significantly in children and adults, causing serious health problems. Children are more severely affected by elemental impurity concentrations than adults, especially considering their body weight, which makes it necessary to take protective measures.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144756313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: Machine Learning Analysis of Oxidative Stress‐Related Phenotypes for Specific Gene Screening in Ovarian Cancer","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/tox.24555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24555","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:mixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\">RETRACTION: <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>C.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Pan</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>C.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Pan</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>L.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Chen</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, and <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>A.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Lin</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, “,” <jats:source>Environmental Toxicology</jats:source> <jats:volume>39</jats:volume>, no. (<jats:year>2024</jats:year>): <jats:fpage>4763</jats:fpage>–<jats:lpage>4775</jats:lpage>, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24321\">https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24321</jats:ext-link>.</jats:mixed-citation>The above article, published online on 20 August 2024 in Wiley Online Library (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/\">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/</jats:ext-link>), has been retracted by agreement between the authors; the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, April Rodd; and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. Following an investigation by the publisher, the parties have concluded that the true authorship of the article has come under question. Therefore, upon request of the authors, the article has been retracted.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Assessment of Methylparaben and Propylparaben on Allium cepa Root Tips by Comet and Allium cepa Assays","authors":"Muhammad Usman Jamil, Muhammad Muddassir Ali, Sehrish Firyal, Muhammad Ijaz, Furqan Awan, Asad Ullah","doi":"10.1002/tox.24553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24553","url":null,"abstract":"Parabens (PBs) are alkyl esters of para‐hydroxybenzoic acid and are widely used in pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, and cosmetics due to their antimicrobial properties. Parabens are also known as “Endocrine disruptors” and can cause toxicity in different organisms. Parabens, especially methylparaben and propylparaben are also present in many environmental matrices, such as water sources and soil, and can cause cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in different organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the two most commonly used types of parabens that are methylparaben and propylparaben on meristematic cells in onion root tips by comet assay and cytological anomaly‐based evaluation. Root growth inhibition assay was used to evaluate root growth inhibition. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>A. cepa</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> assay was used to assess mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs). DNA damage was assessed by comet assay. The half maximal effective concentration (EC<jats:sub>50</jats:sub>) on the growth of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>A. cepa</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> cells calculated for methylparaben and propylparaben was 75 ug/mL (2.70 ± 0.10 cm) and 25 ug/mL (2.70 ± 0.2 cm), respectively. Similarly, dose‐ and time‐dependent decrease in mitotic index (MI), increase in chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and increase in DNA damage were observed by the exposure of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>A. cepa</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> root tips to methylparaben and propylparaben upon 24 h and 48 h exposure periods. The findings of the study showed that propylparaben is more cytotoxic and genotoxic than methylparaben as evidenced by a significant reduction in MI, along with an increase in chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage when compared to methylparaben.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144611003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Biochemical Indexes, Antioxidant Responses, Inflammation, and Anti-Stress Responses of Juvenile GIFT Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).","authors":"Qin Zhang,Yi Xie,Yuanhui Zhang,Ziqi Zhang,Jiang Zhou,Dongsheng Liu,Yongqiang Liu,Tong Tong","doi":"10.1002/tox.24554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24554","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effects of cadmium (Cd2+) exposure on the biochemical indexes, antioxidant responses, non-specific immune responses, inflammatory responses, anti-stress responses, and related gene expression levels of juvenile GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four groups of juveniles were cultured for 30 days in four aquaculture waters with different levels of Cd2+ concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/L). Key findings include: In comparison to the control group (0 mg/L Cd2+), cadmium stress significantly impacted the liver and serum biochemical indices of juvenile tilapia (p < 0.05). The activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the gills, liver, and serum were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) showed the opposite trend. The expression levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), sonic hedgehog (SHH), and cytochrome oxidase 1A (CYP1A) were significantly down-regulated (p < 0.05) and the expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon γ (IFNγ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), metallothionein (MT), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the liver were significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the concentration of cadmium in aquaculture water exceeded 0.2 mg/L, and the biochemical indexes, antioxidant responses, non-specific immune responses, inflammatory responses, and anti-stress responses of juvenile GIFT tilapia were markedly altered. These findings highlight that even sub-lethal Cd2+ concentrations (≥ 0.2 mg/L) pose substantial risks to the physiological health and survival of juvenile tilapia.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Contamination Status, Source Apportionment, and Ecological and Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Road Dust: A Case Study in Masjed Soleyman City, Khuzestan, Iran.","authors":"Mahboobeh Dehvari, Bahman Ramavandi, Elham Maraghi, Zeinab Ghaedrahmat, Mehdi Ahmadi","doi":"10.1002/tox.24549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metals (HMs) pollution in road dust has an adverse effect on human health and the environment. This study evaluates the pollution level with the different geochemical indices and the ecological and health risks of HMs pollution in the road dust of Masjed Soleyman city, Khuzestan province, Iran. The samples were collected from the main streets with different land uses of industrial, commercial, residential, and heavy traffic. The most minerals identified in dust samples were crystalline silicate and carbonate minerals. Aluminum (Al: 12730 mg/kg), iron (Fe: 10295 mg/kg), manganese (Mn: 173.25 mg/kg), and barium (Ba: 149.31 mg/kg) had the highest mean concentrations of all the land uses. Based on the geo-accumulation index (I_geo), road dust in Masjed Soleyman city was moderately to heavily contaminated with HMs such as antimony (Sb) and copper (Cu) and they were mostly from anthropogenic sources. According to the contamination indices, different classes of HMs contamination in road dust were observed. The non-carcinogenic hazard index was less than one (HI < 1) in both children and adults through all exposure pathways. The total cancer risk (TCR) indicates a possible carcinogenic risk for children. The highest value of the ecological risk index for dust samples was in the industrial area (ERI = 222.23). The cluster analysis (CA) results were consistent with the results of the correlation analysis and PCA, indicating similar sources of some HMs. Considering the health risk for children and the presence of HMs in dust samples, it is necessary to make decisions in mitigating potential risks associated with HMs pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subchronic Exposure of Tri‐Ortho‐Cresyl Phosphate Reduces T‐Cell Population in Mice","authors":"Jiaqi Wang, Jie Chen, Zixuan Pan, Pan Wang","doi":"10.1002/tox.24552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24552","url":null,"abstract":"Tri‐ortho‐cresyl phosphate (TOCP) is a widely used organophosphorus compound in industry and agriculture, but its immunotoxicity has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the immunotoxicity of TOCP in mice by examining changes in immune cell populations and histopathological alterations in the spleen. Male ICR mice were administered TOCP via daily oral gavage at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW)/d for 28 days to evaluate its effects on immune cell populations in blood and spleen. TOCP treatment at 400 mg/kg BW/d reduced white blood cell counts by 18% and decreased lymphocyte counts by 10.5% compared to the control group. Specifically, CD3<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> T cell counts in blood decreased by 17.4%. In the spleen, TOCP exposure reduced the proportion of T cells by 13.3%. TOCP also disrupted the structural integrity of the splenic white pulp. In vitro the TOCP metabolite cresyl saligenic phosphate (CBDP) inhibited splenic lymphocyte proliferation, selectively increasing T cell proportions by 21.25% and inhibiting B cell proportions by 13.18%, different from in vivo findings. This suggests that the reduction of T cells observed in vivo may not be solely due to direct cytotoxic effects of TOCP on T cells. These observed changes in immune cell counts and spleen histology indicate that TOCP has a systemic immunotoxicity in vivo, which could lead to compromised immune surveillance and defense function.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144532941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecotoxicology of Mercerized Cellulose–Treated Tannery Effluents Using Salvinia auriculata (Salviniaceae) as a Bioindicator","authors":"Alex Rodrigues Gomes, Letícia Paiva de Matos, Abner Marcelino Silva, Abraão Tiago Batista Guimrães, Thiarlen Marinho da Luz, Rafaela Ribeiro de Brito, Aline Sueli Lima de Rodrigues, Juraci Alves de Oliveira, Ivandilson Pessoa Pinto de Menezes, Guilherme Malafaia","doi":"10.1002/tox.24550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24550","url":null,"abstract":"Given the growing concern over the environmental impacts of industrial effluents, particularly from tanneries, assessing the ecotoxicological risks associated with these effluents, even after remediation treatments, is crucial. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the potential effects of exposure to raw and treated tannery effluents with mercerized microcrystalline cellulose particles (MCPs) on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Salvinia auriculata</jats:italic></jats:styled-content>. This study addresses the need for sustainable treatment alternatives that can reduce toxicity while assessing the residual impacts on aquatic plants. Plants were exposed to effluent dilutions (0.3% and 3.1%) for 15 days under controlled conditions. Biomarkers related to growth, photosynthesis (chlorophyll <jats:italic>a</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>b</jats:italic>, and total), oxidative stress (ROS, MDA, nitrite), and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and SOD/CAT ratio) were analyzed. Although MCPs reduced chromium concentrations, treated effluents still caused significant toxicity, with root growth inhibition reaching 40% and chlorophyll <jats:italic>a</jats:italic> decreasing by over 30%. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis revealed clear group separation, driven by Cr accumulation and changes in key physiological and biochemical markers. These findings highlight the partial effectiveness of MCPs and the importance of including ecotoxicological endpoints when evaluating treatment technologies. Although MCPs represent a promising step toward environmentally friendly remediation, further optimization is needed to reduce residual toxicity and assess long‐term and multispecies effects. The study also reinforces the utility of aquatic macrophytes as sentinel organisms in environmental monitoring and supports the development of more robust effluent management strategies that integrate both chemical and biological evaluations.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144319558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “LINC01572 Promotes Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer Progression Through EIF4A3‐Mediated β‐Catenin mRNA Nuclear Exportation”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/tox.24551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24551","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144311360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity in Commercial Danio rerio and Its Implications for Ecotoxicology.","authors":"Carmen M Flores-Farfan, Alejandro J Condori-Flores, Sergio B Bernuy-Rodriguez, Mário J Araújo, Rodrigo A Caceres-Zegarra, Eusebio W Colque-Rondon, Daniel S Luque-Zurita, Edgar Quispe-Chipana, Luis C Lizarraga-Vargas, Alexandre Campos, Vitor Vasconcelos, Armando J Arenazas-Rodriguez","doi":"10.1002/tox.24548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a widely used aquatic model organism. However, fish from confined groups may experience inbreeding and loss of heterozygosity, which could affect biological responses and research outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the genetic differences among zebrafish populations from different commercial suppliers and assess their influence on responses to copper exposure. Seven groups of 3-month-old zebrafish were obtained from the major commercial breeders in the Arequipa region, Peru, and coded as zfRS, zfRN, zfHN, zfHV, zfHS, zfDN, and zfCN. Morphometric and morphological analyses were performed on a subsample, while genetic assessments focused on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, examining phylogeny, haplotypes, and polymorphisms. Additionally, mortality, sublethal effects, and liver histology were evaluated in response to four copper concentrations (ranging from 0.125 to 1.0 mg/L). No evident morphometric or morphological distinctions were observed between groups. On the contrary, COI gene assessment classified the seven groups into two main genetic clades, with the zfRS group being genetically distinct from the others. Two primary origins (Asian and North American) were identified, and moderate haplotype diversity (0.43 ± 0.06) and low nucleotide diversity (0.00137 ± 0.00) were observed. The zfHS and zfRN groups exhibited the highest intra-group variability. Significant differences in lethal and sublethal responses to copper exposure were found, along with distinct forms of histological damage (e.g., steatosis, hemorrhages, fibrosis, and nuclear damage). Notably, the most genetically diverse groups (zfHS and zfRN) exhibited the highest resistance to copper-induced stress. Relying exclusively on fish from commercial breeders with uncontrolled confined populations for ecotoxicology research may lead to biased conclusions, as these factors affect the consistency and reliability of biological responses in laboratory testing. Therefore, the use of fish from potentially long-standing confined groups in research must be avoided.</p>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}