Lola Virág Kiss, Dóra Klára Baranyi, András Ittzés, Anikó Seres, Péter István Nagy
{"title":"Nano Zinc Oxide Toxicity Varies With Age and Sex in Panagrellus redivivus","authors":"Lola Virág Kiss, Dóra Klára Baranyi, András Ittzés, Anikó Seres, Péter István Nagy","doi":"10.1002/tox.24544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24544","url":null,"abstract":"ZnO NPs can adsorb onto soil particles and potentially enter groundwater. Nematodes and other soil microfauna are vital to the soil's health and nutrient cycles, yet they are seriously endangered by ZnO NPs. A dose–response study using <jats:italic>Panagrellus redivivus</jats:italic> was applied. The study evaluated the effects of ZnO NPs with sizes of 15 and 140 nm on various age groups (J2, J3‐J4 and adult) and sexes. After nematodes were exposed to varying ZnO concentrations, their survival was assessed 24 h later using a microplate setup. Males demonstrated increased mortality at higher concentrations of ZnO (15 nm), due to their size and morphological differences. As for the age groups, J2 larvae showed the lowest survival rate to ZnO NPs. However, the larger‐size ZnO NPs proved to be more toxic in the case of younger age groups and marginally more toxic in adult and female individuals due to their irregular shape and higher ion release. Our results highlight significant differences in survival to ZnO NPs based on nematode sex and age. Larvae (J2) were the most responsive, and the difference between the two applied compounds was the most visible there, suggesting the importance of involving various life stages in toxicity assessments.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144183952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natália Magosso, Patrick Vieira de Souza, Ariana Musa Aquino, Vanessa Aguiar Rocha, Matheus Naia Fioretto, Luiz Guilherme Alonso Costa, Silvana Gisele Pegorin de Campos, Luiz Fernando Barbisan, Luis Antonio Justulin, Jodi A Flaws, Wellerson Rodrigo Scarano
{"title":"Maternal Exposure to an Environmentally Relevant Phthalate Mixture Modulates the Steroidogenic Genes in the Adrenal Glands Throughout Postnatal Development of Male Rats.","authors":"Natália Magosso, Patrick Vieira de Souza, Ariana Musa Aquino, Vanessa Aguiar Rocha, Matheus Naia Fioretto, Luiz Guilherme Alonso Costa, Silvana Gisele Pegorin de Campos, Luiz Fernando Barbisan, Luis Antonio Justulin, Jodi A Flaws, Wellerson Rodrigo Scarano","doi":"10.1002/tox.24545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phthalates are a group of chemicals used as plasticizers to enhance the malleability and flexibility of various products. The adrenal glands are responsible for producing hormones that maintain homeostasis, regulate blood pressure, and mediate stress responses. Early exposure of the adrenal glands to environmental toxicants can impair important responses, which can result in damage of adrenal development and functionality. This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal exposure to a phthalate mixture on the development of the offspring's adrenal glands. Pregnant females (SD) were divided into three groups and treated daily, orally, from gestational day (GD) 10 to postnatal day (PND) 21 with corn oil (vehicle; Control: C) or a phthalate mixture containing 21% DEHP, 35% DEP, 15% DBP, 8% DiBP, 5% BBzP and 15% DiNP at doses of 20 μg/kg/day (T1) or 200 mg/kg/day (T2). The pups were weighed and euthanized at PND22, PND120, and PND540. Adrenal glands were collected and analyzed for steroidogenesis. Our results indicate that both doses of the mixture affected cholesterol metabolism and its mitochondrial internalization, altered the expression of StAR, Cyp11a1, and Cyp19a1, and created a microenvironment conducive to estrogenization. With aging, both doses modulated steroidogenic genes, leading to indications of hyposecretion. The higher dose (T2) also induced mitochondrial stress through the overexpression of Gpx1. In conclusion, our findings highlight the genic expression alterations in the adrenal glands of offspring exposed to phthalates during gestation and lactation, as well as their long-term consequences across different developmental stages, as potential impacts on adrenal homeostasis and metabolic functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144157574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"RETRACTION: Lipoic Acid and Calligonum Comosumon Attenuate Aroclor 1260‐Induced Testicular Toxicity in Adult Rats","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/tox.24543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24543","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:mixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\">RETRACTION: <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>H.A.A.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Aly</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>A.M.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Alahdal</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>A.A.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Nagy</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>H.M.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Abdallah</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>E.A.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Abdel‐Sattar</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, and <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>A.S.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Azhar</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, “,” <jats:source>Environmental Toxicology</jats:source> <jats:volume>32</jats:volume>, no. (<jats:year>2017</jats:year>): <jats:fpage>1147</jats:fpage>–<jats:lpage>1157</jats:lpage>, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22310\">https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22310</jats:ext-link>.</jats:mixed-citation>The above article, published online on 1 September 2016 in Wiley Online Library (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http://wileyonlinelibrary.com\">wileyonlinelibrary.com</jats:ext-link>), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, April Rodd; and Wiley Periodicals LLC. A third party notified the publisher that they had found evidence of image manipulation in Figure 7. An investigation by the publisher confirmed that Figure 7 panel F is a duplication and 180‐degree rotation of Figure 7 panel E. The retraction has been agreed due to the evidence of image manipulation which fundamentally compromises the conclusions presented in the article. The authors were notified of this decision but did not respond.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144113799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mixture Matters: Exploring the Overlooked Toxicity of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim in Aquatic Environments.","authors":"Bárbara S Diogo,Sara Rodrigues,Sara C Antunes","doi":"10.1002/tox.24528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24528","url":null,"abstract":"Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TRIM) are two antibiotics included in the third Watch list to be monitored in inland waters by the Water Framework Directive. However, their mixture (MIX) is overlooked and is especially concerning because it mirrors the real conditions in natural aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of SMX (150 μg/L), TRIM (30 μg/L), and MIX (150 μg/L SMX + 30 μg/L TRIM) in different standard species: Aliivibrio fischeri (bioluminescence inhibition), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (growth inhibition), Lemna minor (growth inhibition and biochemical biomarkers), Daphnia magna (immobilization/mortality, reproductive effects, and biochemical biomarkers), and Danio rerio (survival, hatchability, abnormalities, and biochemical biomarkers). Considering all the parameters evaluated, and using the Independent Action model and the antibiotics ecotoxicological assessment approach, the results reveal that: (i) all antibiotics affect the bacteria A. fischeri and E. coli differently, causing a pronounced E. coli inhibition growth; (ii) SMX and MIX were slightly toxic to D. magna (after 48 h) and D. rerio (after 96 h), and moderately toxic to L. minor (after 7 days) and D. magna (after 10 days); (iii) TRIM was slightly toxic to all organisms tested, except for L. minor, which exhibited moderate toxicity; (iv) the interaction of the antibiotics in mixture varied significantly depending on the parameter; however, it revealed similar toxicity to SMX. Significant ecotoxicological data were obtained, clarifying the ecological risks of these antibiotics in aquatic ecosystems. Remaining vigilant regarding environmental contamination linked to levels of SMX and TRIM in surface waters is crucial. Assessing the combined impacts of multiple stressors is essential for prioritizing environmental safety and ecotoxicity assessments for antibiotics amidst climate change, preserving the health and integrity of aquatic ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144122041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bisphenol A Induces Neuronal Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress Through TRPV4 Channel Signaling Pathways: Protective Role of Alpha-Lipoic Acid.","authors":"Ramazan Çinar,Mustafa Nazıroğlu","doi":"10.1002/tox.24541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24541","url":null,"abstract":"Bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental toxin, exerts adverse effects by increasing mitochondrial (mROS) and intracellular (iROS) reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and Ca2+ influx in neurological diseases. However, antioxidants can mitigate these detrimental effects. This study aimed to investigate the protective role of antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) against BPA-induced TRPV4 channel stimulation, oxidant, and apoptotic changes in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Five experimental groups were established: control, ALA, BPA, BPA + ALA, and BPA + TRPV4 antagonist (ruthenium red, RuR). BPA increased excessive Ca2+ influx and TRPV4 current density, while BPA- and TRPV4 agonist (GSK1016790A)-induced TRPV4 stimulations were downregulated following incubation with ALA and RuR. BPA-induced increases in oxidant markers (lipid peroxidation, mROS, iROS), apoptotic markers (caspase-3, -8, and -9), Zn2+, and cell death were reduced by ALA and RuR treatment. Conversely, BPA-induced reductions in cell viability, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase levels were restored following treatment. In summary, ALA attenuated BPA-induced excess Ca2+ influx, Zn2+ accumulation, apoptosis, and oxidative neurotoxicity via TRPV4 inhibition. Therefore, ALA may offer protection against BPA-induced neuronal cell death associated with oxidative neurotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144103879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MiR-1 Is Regulated by Hydrogen Peroxide via MAPK and Limits Cell Migration and Invasion.","authors":"Maricica Pacurari,Irmanecia Cox,Ibrahim Farah","doi":"10.1002/tox.24538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24538","url":null,"abstract":"MicroRNA-1 (miR-1) is a conserved microRNA that is highly expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues. Moreover, miR-1 regulates genes and has critical roles in cell migration and invasion. Downregulation of miR-1 has been found in many pathologies of numerous organs, including the lungs. What exactly contributes to the downregulation of miR-1 is not fully understood, and in the present study, we investigated whether ROS regulate miR-1 and its role in cell migration and invasion. A549 cells were grown and maintained in DMEM:F12 (1:1) and supplemented with 10% FBS and 1000 U of Penicillin/Streptomycin and maintained as recommended by the manufacturer (ATCC). Cell migration and invasion, IHC, Western blot, qPCR, ROS, miR-1 transfection, and qPCR were used to determine miR-1 regulation and its role in cell migration. Exogenous miR-1 decreased the formation of ROS and inhibited cell migration and invasion, whereas inhibition of miR-1 increased ROS formation and stimulated cell migration and invasion. Inhibition of miR-1 induced the formation of actin filaments contractile structures, whereas exogenous miR-1 limited the formation of these structures. Hydrogen peroxide significantly decreased miR-1 level, whereas inhibition of Nox4 had no effect on miR-1 level. Alpha amanitin did not decrease miR-1 level, whereas inhibition of NF-кB temporally decreased miR-1 level. This study demonstrates that ROS suppress miR-1 and that miR-1 is posttranscriptionally regulated via MAPK. Endogenous Nox4-dependent ROS are not involved in miR-1 regulation, whereas exogenous ROS regulates miR-1. NF-κB plays a key role in miR-1 regulation in both redox and nonredox environments. Moreover, Mir-1 limits cell migration and invasion even in the presence of ROS. TSP-1 is a major regulator of TGFβ and its expression is upregulated by ROS. Our work indicates ROS is a major regulator of miR-1 and TSP-1 and could be a potential therapeutic target to limit ROS- and non-ROS-mediated processes in lung cells.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144065851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"RETRACTION: Pachymic Acid Activates TP53INP2/TRAF6/Caspase‐8 Pathway to Promote Apoptosis in Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/tox.24539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24539","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:mixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\">RETRACTION: <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>X.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Li</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>A.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>He</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>C.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Liu</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>Y.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Li</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>Y.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Luo</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>W.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Xiong</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>W.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Nian</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, and <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>D.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Zuo</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, “,” <jats:source>Environmental Toxicology</jats:source> (EarlyView): <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24195\">https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24195</jats:ext-link>.</jats:mixed-citation>The above article, published online on 1 April 2024 in Wiley Online Library (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/\">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/</jats:ext-link>), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, April Rodd; and Wiley Periodicals LLC. Following an investigation by the publisher, the parties have concluded that this article was accepted solely on the basis of a compromised peer review process. Therefore, the article must be retracted. Deyu Zuo disagrees with this decision on behalf of the authors.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"230 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143940004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"RETRACTION: Identification of Potential Therapeutic Targets for Breast Cancer Using Mendelian Randomization Analysis and Drug Target Prediction","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/tox.24540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24540","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:mixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\">RETRACTION: <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>Z.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Huang</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>H.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Zheng</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>H.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Wang</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>H.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Ning</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>A.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Che</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, and <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>C.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Cai</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, “,” <jats:source>Environmental Toxicology</jats:source> (EarlyView): <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24249\">https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24249</jats:ext-link>.</jats:mixed-citation>The above article, published online on 6 April 2024 in Wiley Online Library (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/\">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/</jats:ext-link>), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, April Rodd; and Wiley Periodicals LLC. Following an investigation by the publisher, the parties have concluded that this article was accepted solely on the basis of a compromised peer review process. Therefore, the article must be retracted. The authors have been informed of this decision.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143945683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"RETRACTION: Single-Cell Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals Intra-Tumor Heterogeneity in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/tox.24542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24542","url":null,"abstract":"Y. Nie, G. Yao, Y. Wei, S. Wu, W. Zhang, X. Xu, G. Li, F. Zhou, and Z. Yang, \"Single-Cell Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals Intra-Tumor Heterogeneity in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma,\" Environmental Toxicology (EarlyView): https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24243. The above article, published online on 4 April 2024 in Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor-in-Chief, April Rodd; and Wiley Periodicals LLC. Following an investigation by the publisher, the parties have concluded that this article was accepted solely on the basis of a compromised submission and peer review process. In addition, the authors did not respond to requests to that they verify the origin of the tumor samples and cell lines used in the analysis. Therefore, the article must be retracted. The authors have been informed of this decision.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143945155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Induction of Netosis by 2,2,4,4-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-47) in Cyprinus Carpio.","authors":"Zihan Gao,Junchen Yu,Yizhao Huang,Yang Jiang,Jingzeng Cai,Ziwei Zhang","doi":"10.1002/tox.24529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24529","url":null,"abstract":"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), extensively utilized as brominated flame retardants, have attained pervasive application in diverse products, thereby manifesting as omnipresent contaminants in the global environmental landscape. Among the PBDEs, 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) exhibits the broadest distribution and is recognized for its adverse impact on fish. The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) known as \"NETosis\" is a neutrophil antimicrobial mechanism that plays an important role in the immune system. However, the impact of BDE-47 on the aquatic animal immune system remains unknown. Therefore, our research investigated the toxic mechanism of BDE-47 to fish neutrophils. Firstly, the quantitative analysis of NETs showed that BDE-47 induced the synthesis of NETs. Furthermore, our findings demonstrated that BDE-47 could enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The results also suggested that BDE-47 may play a role in promoting neutrophil autophagy and apoptosis. In addition, BDE-47 exposure inhibited the activities of oxidative stress-related antioxidant enzymes and increased malondialdehyde levels, thus causing oxidative stress. Finally, BDE-47 phosphorylated P38 and extracellular signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) pathway proteins. Collectively, BDE-47 promotes NETs formation by facilitating the ROS/P38/ERK axis and oxidative stress in carp neutrophils, promoting cellular autophagy, in addition to activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and this toxicity exists in a dose-dependent manner. The study investigated the fundamental mechanisms of BDE-47 on carp neutrophils. This investigation offered fresh perspectives on the immunotoxicological mechanisms of BDE-47 and provided a new basis for mitigating the adverse effects of BDE-47 on aquatic animals.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143932899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}