ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M.最新文献

{"title":"Development of a Tool to Calculate the Preventive Maintenance Interval Using a Semi- Markovian Model Including a Degraded State","authors":"Desarrollo De, Una Herramienta, Para El, Cál-culo Del, Intervalo De, Mantenimiento Preven-tivo Usando, Un Modelo, Semi-Markoviano Que, Incluye Un, Estado Degradado, A. Sánchez-Herguedas, Rodrigo-Muñoz, V. Congreso, Ingeniería Mecánica","doi":"10.18502/espoch.v3i3.16618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/espoch.v3i3.16618","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to develop a tool that calculates the optimal preventive maintenance interval when the income from the operation of an asset changes. The income can be modified by market disturbances or by the decrease in the efficiency of the asset due to its degradation. A system with four states is designed to model the operation and maintenance process: operational, corrective, preventive, and degraded operation is mathematically modeled. The system evolves over time, according to a semi-Markovian process. The transitions and sojourn times between each state produce the accumulation of costs and income as returns (negative or positive) in a variable called average accumulated return. The average accumulated return is defined by a system of difference equations that are solved by applying the ztransform. The solution is a function that is dependent on the preventive interval. By derivation, the mathematical expression of the optimal preventive interval that maximizes the average accumulated return is obtained. From this expression, it can be deduced that the size of the optimal preventive interval is directly affected by the income from the asset operation. Higher income increases the size and lower income decreases it. For this reason, the maintenance manager must observe the changesoccuring in the income from the use of his equipment in order to optimize his management economically. \u0000Keywords: preventive interval, income, semi-Markovian model, Wiener process. \u0000Resumen \u0000Se presenta una herramienta que calcula el intervalo de mantenimiento preventivo óptimo, cuando se modifica el ingreso obtenido por el funcionamiento de un activo. El ingreso se puede modificar por alteraciones del mercado, o por la disminución de la eficiencia del activo debido a su degradación. Para reflejar el proceso de operación y mantenimiento se modela matemáticamente un sistema con cuatro estados: operativo, correctivo, preventivo y operativo degradado. El sistema evoluciona en el tiempo, según un proceso semi-markoviano. Las transiciones y los tiempos de permanencia entre cada estado provocan la acumulación de costes e ingresos como retornos (negativos o positivos) en una variable llamada retorno medio acumulado. El retorno medio acumulado se define por un sistema de ecuaciones en diferencias que se resuelve aplicando la transformada z. La solución es una función que depende del intervalo preventivo y de la que por derivación se obtiene la expresión matemática del intervalo preventivo óptimo que maximiza el retorno medio acumulado. De esta expresión se deduce que el ingreso por el uso de un activo afecta directamente al tamaño del intervalo preventivo óptimo. Un mayor ingreso aumenta el tamaño y un menor ingreso lo disminuye. Por este motivo, el responsable de mantenimiento debe observar las modificaciones que se producen en los ingresos por el uso de sus equipos, con objeto de optimizar económicamente su gestión. \u0000Palabras Clave: Intervalo preventivo, Ingresos, Model","PeriodicalId":11737,"journal":{"name":"ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141810241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the Incidence of CO and CO2 Gas Emission Levels and Temperature, of the Automotive Air Conditioning System Inside an Interprovincial Bus at Different Environmental and Operating Conditions","authors":"Ángel Danilo Parra Parra, Luis Fernando Taguada Cruz, Johnny Pancha Ramos, Víctor Bravo Morocho","doi":"10.18502/espoch.v3i3.16622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/espoch.v3i3.16622","url":null,"abstract":"The present curricular integration work proposes to analyze the levels of CO and CO2 gas emissions in the passenger compartment of an interprovincial bus, considering environmental and functional conditions, to obtain values that are analyzed, allowing to know the comfort conditions of the passenger, and considering an ideal temperature of 22∘C. The study was carried out on the selected route during the bus route, both in the central and peripheral urban sectors, where the influx of users is notable throughout the day. The field measurements were carried out (August 5-10), inside the passenger compartment of an interprovincial bus, considering operating variables of the automotive air conditioning system, such as condition, OFF, air recirculation, and air renewal. Data were collected in the passenger compartment’s front, middle, and rear sections. An IAQ TESTO 440 gas analyzer was used through the CO2 and the CO probe, located at a height of 1.1 m from the floor, which was considered as the average respiratory level of the passenger, generating the data in lapses of 10 min. Once the analysis has been carried out, the data is tabulated and the concentration levels of emissions produced by the users’ exhalation are determined. Finally, by tabulating the data, it was possible to know the concentration percentages of the gas emissions produced by the users, in the different locations of the passenger compartment. It is recommended that for future research, a study be carried out with data collected from a full day of travel. \u0000Keywords: Air conditioning, optimization, gas emissions, air quality, passenger cabin, comfort, gas analyzer, interprovincial transport. \u0000Resumen \u0000Este trabajo de integración interna propone analizar el CO2 y las emisiones de CO2 en el habitáculo de los autobuses interurbanos, teniendo en cuenta las condiciones ambientales y funcionales, para obtener los valores analizados, que permitan conocer el estado de confort del pasajero. Teniendo en cuenta la temperatura ideal de 22∘C. En la ruta seleccionada, el estudio se realizó a lo largo de la ruta del bus, tanto en la zona céntrica como en la semiurbana donde hay una gran cantidad de usuarios a lo largo del día. Se realizaron mediciones de campo (del 5 al 10 de agosto) al interior del habitáculo de un bus interurbano, teniendo en cuenta variables operativas del sistema de aire acondicionado del vehículo como condición, apagado, recirculación de aire y cambio de aire. Los datos se recopilan en las partes delantera, media y trasera de la cabina. El analizador de gases IAQ TESTO 440 se utiliza como medio para los detectores de CO2 y CO, colocado a una altura de 1,1 metros del estanque, que se considera la frecuencia respiratoria media del pasajero, produce datos en un tiempo breve en 10 minutos. Una vez que se completa el análisis, se tabulan los datos y se determina la concentración exhalada del usuario. Finalmente, es posible conocer el porcentaje de emisiones generadas por el usuar","PeriodicalId":11737,"journal":{"name":"ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141806487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epilithic Diatoms as Bioindicators of Water Quality in the Jimbitono River, Morona Santiago, Ecuador","authors":"Bolivar Heredia, Patricio Méndez, Miguel Osorio","doi":"10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15797","url":null,"abstract":"The Jimbitono River water quality was evaluated using epilithic diatoms as bioindicators, extending the Water Quality Index and the Water Quality Trophic Index. Three monitoring stations were found along the Jimbitono River with only one record. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrates, phosphates, fecal coliforms, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids were analyzed. With the Water Quality Index, regular results were obtained for the PJ-01 and PJ-02 stations and poor for the PJ-03 station, the latter being explained by human interventions that are generated upstream of said station. In the analysis of epilithic diatoms, 1800 diatom organisms corresponding to 56 species were found, of which the most representative were Craticula molestiformis with 122 organisms. In the results of the Trophic Index of Water Quality, an oligotrophic level of negligible contamination was acquired for station PJ-01, for PJ-02 a ß-mesotrophic level of moderate contamination, and for PJ-03 an","PeriodicalId":11737,"journal":{"name":"ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140689411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the Water Quality of the Copueno River by Macroinvertebrate Analysis","authors":"Lizbeth Maurat, Daniela Astudillo, Catalina Patiño, Luis Fernández, Kathia Loja","doi":"10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15830","url":null,"abstract":"In the Copueno River located in the area between Macas and Proaño, water quality was determined using the Water Quality Index (ICA) and the BMWP/col Index. For this purpose, three sampling points defined mainly by their accessibility were taken, three water samples were taken for physicochemical analysis, and three water samples were taken for microbiological analysis, all according to the stipulations of NTE INEN 2169:2013 and NTE INEN 2176:2013. The IQA-Data 2015 program was used for the physicochemical parameter analysis, which showed values of 58.57 for point 1, 67.47 for point 2, and 51.76 for point 3, which according to the water quality classification table based on the ICA (NSF), the water has a classification of ”Regular” in the three points. For the determination of water quality, it has been made the BMWP/col. \u0000Keywords: Copueno, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, water quality, analysis. \u0000Resumen \u0000En el río Copueno ubicado en la zona entre Macas y Proaño, se determinó la calidad del agua mediante el Índice de Calidad de Agua (ICA) y el Índice BMWP/col. Para ello tomaron tres puntos de muestreo definidos principalmente por su accesibilidad, se tomaron tres muestras de agua para los análisis fisicoquímicos y tres muestras de agua para los análisis microbiológicos todo esto según lo estipulado en las NTE INEN 2169:2013 y NTE INEN 2176:2013. Para el análisis de parámetros fisicoquímicos se utilizó el programa IQA-Data 2015 que mostró valores de 58.57 para el punto 1, de 67.47 para el punto 2 y de 51.76 para le punto 3 lo que según la tabla de clasificación de calidad de agua en función al ICA (NSF) el agua tiene una clasificación de “Regular” en los tres puntos. Para la determinación de la calidad de agua se realizó mediante el índice BMWP/col. \u0000Palabras Clave: Copueno, Macroinvertebrados Bentónicos, Calidad del Agua, Análisis.","PeriodicalId":11737,"journal":{"name":"ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140687326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity of Metals from the Mining Industry in Latin American Countries","authors":"Jessica Arcos, Nayely Jara, González Josselyn","doi":"10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15809","url":null,"abstract":"Lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) are widely recognized as global pollutants that constitute public health problems. This literature review encourages collaborative research in countries with minimal information on the subject and highlights the need for legislation and educational efforts to stop anthropogenic activities that expose Latin American populations. The evidence compiled based on the analysis of 59 documents including books, standards, specialized magazines, etc., presents the reality of the mining industry in countries such as Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru, with Chile standing out as a producer of Cu and Pb, followed by Peru as the main exporter of Hg. Regarding environmental contamination, the contamination of soil and water in the four countries by Pb, Cu, Hg, among others, were quite evident, concerning a health risk either by exposure or ingestion. \u0000Keywords: toxicity, heavy metals, mining. \u0000Resumen \u0000El plomo (Pb) y el mercurio (Hg) son metales ampliamente reconocidos como contaminantes globales, que constituyen problemas de salud pública. Esta revisión bibliográfica alienta la realización de investigaciones colaborativas en países con información mínima sobre el tema, y destaca la necesidad de crear una legislación y esfuerzos educativos para detener las actividades antropogénicas que exponen a las poblaciones latinoamericanas. La evidencia recopilada basada en el análisis de 59 documentos entre los que figuran libros, normas, revistas especializadas, etc, presenta la realidad de la industria minera de países como Colombia, Chile, Ecuador y Perú, destacándose Chile como productora de Cu y Pb, seguido de Perú como principal exportador de Hg. En cuanto a la contaminación ambiental, en los cuatro países la contaminación de suelo y agua por Pb, Cu, Hg, entre otros, es evidente siendo un riesgo para la salud ya sea por exposición o ingestión. \u0000Palabras Clave: toxicidad, metales pesados, minería.","PeriodicalId":11737,"journal":{"name":"ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140688719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NoSQL Database Benchmarking: Key/value in an Application-building Environment","authors":"Aracely Miranda, Pilar Oña, Karen Mendoza, Wilson Chango","doi":"10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15813","url":null,"abstract":"The proportion of data generated is constantly growing as the number and variety of connected devices increase, advances in data storage and mining supporting this evolution bring along the development of new techniques for searching and accessing data and realizing applications. This article was developed to carry out a comparative analysis of three databases: Redis, CouchBase, and Amazon DynamoDB to provide key characteristics to choose the right keyvalue NoSQL system for the type of applications, data used, and data processing. This was done through qualitative and quantitative research by expressing the results through comparative tables with characteristics that were obtained through a literature review and defined by the authors after the use of each of the databases. It can be concluded from the study of quantitative data that DynamoBD is highly rated for its ease of use, easy configuration, automatic retrieval, and data replication. However, in the qualitative data, CouchBase is the best option for the user considering it is cross-platform and can be adapted to websites, apps, etc. \u0000Keywords: Redis, CouchBase, DynamonDB, Web Applications, NoSQL. \u0000Resumen \u0000La proporción de datos generados crece constantemente a medida que aumenta la cantidad y variedad de dispositivos conectados, los avances en el almacenamiento y la extracción de datos respaldan esta evolución, la cual trajo consigo el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas para buscar y acceder a los datos y realización de aplicaciones. Este artículo se desarrolló con el objetivo de realizar un análisis comparativo de tres bases de datos: Redis, CouchBase y Amazon DynamoDB. Con la finalidad de proporcionar características claves para elegir el sistema NoSQL clave-valor correcto para el tipo de aplicaciones, datos utilizados y procesamiento de datos. Se realizó mediante investigación de índole cualitativa y cuantitativa al expresar los resultados mediante cuadros comparativos con características que fueron obtenidas a través de una revisión bibliográfica y definidos por los autores posterior al uso de cada una de las bases de datos. Se puede concluir que con el estudio de los datos cuantitativos DynamoBD obtiene una alta calificación por su fácil uso, fácil configuración, recuperación automática y replicación de datos. No obstante, en los datos cualitativos CouchBase es la mejor opción para el usuario por ser de multiplataforma que se puede adaptar a sitios web, aplicaciones, etc. \u0000Palabras Clave: Redis, Couchbase, DynamoDB, Aplicaciones Web, NoSQL.","PeriodicalId":11737,"journal":{"name":"ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140687937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benthic Macroinvertebrates as Bioindicators of water quality in the Copueno River, Morona- Ecuador","authors":"Justo Narváez, Patricio Méndez, Josselyn Gonzalez, Gabriela Jindiachi, Nayely Jara","doi":"10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15822","url":null,"abstract":"The water quality of the Copueno River located in the city of Macas, Province of Morona Santiago was determined through the use of physicochemical, biological, and microbiological parameters using benthic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators using the BMWP/COL Biological Index. A total of 59 individuals distributed in 17 families corresponding to 12 orders of species were recorded. Complementarily, the IQA DATA software was used at 3 different points to determine the water quality index in August 2021. As a result, at point 1 a value of 49.93 was obtained, while points 2 and 3 maintained values of 30.94 and 36.64 respectively; demonstrating that the quality at point 1 is doubtful, while for point 2 it is acceptable. Subsequently, the Shannon-Weaver biodiversity index was applied and significant differentials were found between the average diversity of macroinvertebrates with results of 1.68 for point 1 and 2.17 for point 2. \u0000Keywords: water quality, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, Water Quality Index, BMWP/COL Biological Index, Copueno River, Shannon - Weaver Biodiversity Index. \u0000Resumen \u0000Se determinó la calidad del agua del Río Copueno ubicado en la ciudad de Macas, Provincia de Morona Santiago mediante la utilización de parámetros fisicoquímicos, biológicos y microbiológicos utilizando macroinvertebrados bentónicos como bioindicadores empleando el Índice Biológico BMWP/COL. En total se registró un total 59 individuos distribuidos en 17 familias correspondiente a 12 órdenes de especie. Complementariamente, se utilizó el software IQA DATA en 3 diferentes puntos para determinar el índice de la calidad del agua en el mes de agosto del 2021. Como resultado en el punto 1 se obtuvo un valor de 49,93, mientras que los punto 2 y 3 mantuvieron valores de 30,94 y 36,64 respectivamente; demostrando que la calidad en el punto 1 es dudosa, mientras que para el punto 2 es aceptable. Posteriormente se aplicó el índice de biodiversidad de Shannon – Weaver y se encontró diferenciales significativas entre la diversidad media de macroinvertebrados con resultados de 1,68 para el punto 1 y 2,17 para el punto 2. \u0000Palabras Clave: Calidad del Agua, Macroinvertebrados Bentónicos, Índice de La Calidad del Agua, Índice Biológico BMWP/COL, Río Copueno, Índice de Biodiversidad de Shannon – Weaver.","PeriodicalId":11737,"journal":{"name":"ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140690118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Rock Material Through Point Load Test Index, Granulometry, and Dimensions of Specimens","authors":"Ernesto Feijoo","doi":"10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15826","url":null,"abstract":"The characterization of rock material in mining projects is important, specifically with respect to compressive strength, since this parameter establishes safety factors for slopes in quarries and/or fortification systems for tunnels. This work proposes a simple and practical application methodology. It is proposed with accessible tests in situ, such as granulometric indices and point load test index, to more than a predetermined dimensioning of the specimens. The physical properties mentioned are established in a simple but methodical way; and in this work, 180 tests have been carried out on specimens of the same material, from the sector called Cojitambo, province of Cañar (Ecuador). The results obtained allow the characterization of the rock, establishing for this work that the point load test index has values between 3037 MPa and 4992 MPa, which categorizes rock material as a class of hard rock. It was concluded that the proposal avoids the permanent sending of samples to the laboratory, saving time and money, therefore, a calculation methodology has been structured for the stated objective. \u0000Keywords: granulometry, compression, rock, point load test index. \u0000Resumen \u0000Es importante la caracterización del material rocoso en proyectos mineros, específicamente respecto a la resistencia a compresión, ya que mediante este parámetro se establecen factores de seguridad para taludes en canteras y/o sistemas de fortificación para túneles. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo proponer una metodología simple, sencilla y de aplicación práctica. Se la plantea con ensayos accesibles in situ, como los índices granulométricos e índice de carga puntual, a más de un predeterminado dimensionamiento de las probetas. Las propiedades físicas mencionadas se las establece de una forma sencilla, pero metódica y en este trabajo se han ejecutado 180 ensayos sobre probetas de un mismo material, proveniente del sector denominado Cojitambo, provincia del Cañar (Ecuador). Los resultados obtenidos permiten la caracterización de la roca, estableciendo para este trabajo que el índice de carga puntual tiene valores entre los 3.037 MPa y 4.992 MPa, lo que categoriza al material rocoso como una clase de roca dura. Se pudo concluir que la propuesta evita el envío permanente de muestras a laboratorio, ahorrando tiempo y dinero, por lo tanto, se ha estructurado una metodología de cálculo para el objetivo planteado. \u0000Palabras Clave: granulometría, compresión, roca, índice de carga puntual.","PeriodicalId":11737,"journal":{"name":"ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140688868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cadmium in the Soil and its Presence in Cocoa","authors":"Luis Fernández, Luis Yanchatipán","doi":"10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15805","url":null,"abstract":"Cadmium is a heavy metal from both natural and anthropogenic sources, whose concentration in the soil poses a real danger to the health of all organisms. In Ecuador, cocoa is an important agricultural product whose demand has grown over time. It is also the main source of livelihood for hundreds of small farmers. However, the presence of cadmium in the soil has become a major concern, as a result, several remediation methods have been proposed to eliminate or neutralize cadmium in the soil The bibliographic review proposes several physicochemical and biological methods capable of neutralizing the mobility of cadmium in the soil. The use of microorganisms capable of storing cadmium is a viable option due to its easy application and low implementation cost. The concentration of cadmium in cocoa beans shows values above the permissible limits established in Regulation No 488/2014 for cocoa products. Although there are no established values for cadmium concentrations in cocoa beans, this regulation can be taken as a reference in order to establish standards for cocoa production in Ecuador. \u0000Keywords: cadmium, cocoa, maximum permissible levels, bioremediation, bioaccumulation. \u0000Resumen \u0000El cadmio, metal pesado proveniente de fuentes naturales como antropogénicas cuya concentración en el suelo supone un peligro real para la salud de todo organismo. En el Ecuador el cacao es un importante producto agrícola cuya demanda ha crecido con el tiempo además de ser el sustento de cientos de pequeños productores, por ello se han planteado varios métodos de remediación que permiten eliminar o en cuyo caso neutralizar la presencia de cadmio en el suelo. La revisión bibliográfica propone diversos métodos fisicoquímicos y biológicos capaces de neutralizar la movilidad del cadmio en el suelo. El uso de microorganismos capaces de almacenar el cadmio supone una opción viable por su fácil aplicación y bajo costo de implementación. La concentración de cadmio en las semillas de cacao muestra valores por encima de los límites permisibles establecidos en Reglamento N 488/2014 para productos derivados del cacao, aunque no exista valores establecido para concentraciones de cadmio en las semillas de cacao, se puede tomar como referencia este reglamento con el fin de establecer normas para la producción de cacao en el Ecuador. \u0000Palabras Clave: Cadmio, Cacao, Máximos Permisibles, Biorremediación, Bioacumulación.","PeriodicalId":11737,"journal":{"name":"ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140689378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the Soil by Means of Indicators for Agriculture Parish of San Isidro Province “Morona Santiago”","authors":"Marjorie Morocho, Noemi Guzmán, Jennyfer Astudillo, Juan Haro, Carla Haro","doi":"10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/espoch.v4i1.15807","url":null,"abstract":"This article is based on the bibliographic review of the topics associated with the indicators formed by the following physical, chemical, and biological parameters, in which these indicators help us to analyze the quality and health of the soil for agriculture. Soil is an irreplaceable life resource that allows plants, animals, and humans to thrive, so not all of its functions are recognized; the general concept of fertile soil refers to its chemical properties, especially with the availability of the main macronutrients. However, there is still no universal standard to evaluate changes in soil quality, which uses indicators sensitive to the management and characteristics of soil properties, such as soil climatic conditions to assess its condition. This research aims to present an efficient methodology to analyze the evaluation of processes and costs when implementing or putting into practice the indicators in a certain locality such as the “San Isidro” parish of the “Morona” canton. Therefore, it is essential to allude to aspects such as advantages, disadvantages, definitions, characteristics, and elements that make up the indicators clearly and concisely. \u0000Keywords: soil quality, indicators, agriculture, physical, chemical and biological parameters. \u0000Resumen \u0000Este artículo está basado en la revisión bibliográfica de los temas asociados con los indicadores conformados por los siguientes parámetros físicos, químicos y biológicos, en las cuales estos indicadores nos ayudan a analizar la calidad y salud del suelo para la agricultura. El suelo es un recurso de vida insustituible que permite que las plantas, los animales y los seres humanos prosperen, de tal manera no se reconocen todas sus funciones, por lo que el concepto general de suelo fértil se refiere a sus propiedades químicas, especialmente con la disponibilidad de los principales macronutrientes. Sin embargo, todavía no existe un estándar universal para evaluar los cambios en la calidad del suelo, en la cual utilice indicadores sensibles al manejo y características de las propiedades del suelo, como las condiciones climáticas del suelo para evaluar su condición. Resultados, se presenta una metodología eficiente para analizar los procesos y costos al momento de implementar y poner en práctica los indicadores en una determinada localidad como es de la parroquia “San Isidro” del cantón “Morona”. Por lo tanto, es fundamental aludir aspectos como ventajas, desventajas, definiciones, características y elementos que componen los indicadores de forma clara y concisa. \u0000Palabras Clave: Calidad del suelo, indicadores, agricultura, parámetros físicos, químicos, biológicos.","PeriodicalId":11737,"journal":{"name":"ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140687409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}