Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management最新文献

{"title":"Detoxification of wastewater with toxic cyanide substance using TiO2-based photocatalysts","authors":"Erkan Cakiroglu ,&nbsp;Suleyman Demir ,&nbsp;Erdal Celik","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrial, agricultural, and domestic chemicals increasingly pollute the environment, affecting water, air, and soil even at low concentrations. This pollution, especially from waste, is a serious global problem. Using renewable energy like sunlight with photocatalysts offers an environmentally friendly way to remove pollutants. The focus of the innovation is the use of V, Er, and Ce-doped, multilayer mosaic-structured TiO₂ thin films coated on glass substrates with their suitable band gap values to enhance the performance and sustainability of traditional TiO₂ photocatalysts for the effective treatment of cyanide-containing wastewater under sunlight/UV light. In this study, it was aimed to produce V, Er, Ce pure/doped TiO₂ thin coatings on glass substrates with sol–gel technique and photocatalytic degradation of cyanide in wastewater by using these substrates. The structural, microstructural and electrical properties of the produced films were investigated and thin films coated on glass substrates were used as photocatalysts in the photocatalytic degradation of cyanide in wastewater under UV/sun light source. As an innovative approach, laboratory and industrial scale TiO₂, V-TiO₂, Er-TiO₂, and Ce-TiO₂ coatings with the anatase phase on glass substrates exhibit a multilayered mosaic architecture. The coatings’ refractive index, film thickness, and energy bandgap were observed to vary within the ranges of 1.6028–1.6075 nD, 2.408–2.750 μm, and 3.08–3.73 eV, respectively. Notably, a 95 % efficiency was achieved in cyanide degradation from wastewater using these modified TiO₂ films, indicating their significant potential for high-performance photocatalytic applications in environmental remediation. Photocatalytic samples demonstrated effective cyanide degradation over 10 industrial-scale cycles, with efficiency declining due to impurity buildup from real wastewater. Cleaning the surface restored activity, highlighting the material’s potential for recyclability. As a result, this innovation offers up to 95 % cyanide removal efficiency, reusability and sustainability through surface cleaning, and applicability at industrial scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101087"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green conductive paper derived from sago pulp of Southeast Sulawesi based on magnetic nanocomposite of Fe3O4/carbon nanofibers for phenol adsorption","authors":"Alimin Alimin ,&nbsp;Sri Juari Santosa ,&nbsp;Akrajas Ali Umar ,&nbsp;Rahmayanti Rahmayanti ,&nbsp;Alham Alham","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A green conductive magnetic nanocomposite paper that has been synthesized by decorating carbon nanofibers (CNFs) with Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄/CNFs) and mixed with sago pulp as phenol adsorbents has been investigated. The paper was synthesized using sago pulp waste from the sago farmer’s community. To produce cellulose paper, Sago pulp was treated mechanically and chemically through dehemicellulose and delignification techniques. Fe₃O₄ was synthesized by ultrasonication of iron sand in NaOH solution (8 M) for 120 min at 70 °C. The nanocomposite of Fe₃O₄/CNFs was prepared by ultrasonication Fe₃O₄ and CNFs in water. The nanocomposite paper was finally prepared by mixing sago’s cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with ultrasonication, followed by solvent casting drying. The phase crystallinity of the paper was evaluated via X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The phenol’s sensing and adsorption kinetic properties over the magnetic paper were examined using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of 269 nm. The result showed that the phenol was efficiently adsorbed on magnetic paper under an optimum pH of 7 at a contact time of 90 min. The adsorption followed Ho-McKay pseudo-second-order kinetics with adsorption capacity at an equilibrium of 3.15 mg/g. The magnetic and conductive paper of Fe₃O₄/CNFs should be extensively used in the adsorption of phenolic compounds in the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144723920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying silver and gold nanoparticles in water via carbazole fluorescence quenching: A simple and economical approach","authors":"Rodrigo Nicolás Núñez ,&nbsp;Alicia Viviana Veglia ,&nbsp;Natalia Lorena Pacioni","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fluorescence quenching of carbazole and carbazole@2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex was evaluated in water as an analytical strategy for the quantification of six different silver and gold nanoparticles with either gallic acid, citrate, or p-(2-hydroxyethoxy) benzoic acid as ligands. The free carbazole is more sensitive to the analyzed metal nanoparticles with detection limits in the picomolar level (e.g., 0.106 pM for citrate-stabilized silver nanorods (AgNR) and 34.5 pM for citrate-stabilized silver nanospheres (AgNP_c)) compared to the cyclodextrin-complexed carbazole (e.g., 0.200 pM for AgNR to insensitive for AgNP_c). The recovery assays in spiked tap water and surface river water for all the analyzed nanoparticles were between 90 % and 112 % with 95 % confidence. The proposed method is an excellent alternative to more sophisticated methodologies for accurately quantifying silver and gold nanoparticles in aqueous systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient eco-friendly porous green carbon fiber derived from palm waste leaves for lead removal from wastewater: RSM, and advanced modeling of machine learning","authors":"Mosaab A. Elbager ,&nbsp;Mohammad Al-Suwaiyan ,&nbsp;Qusai M. Karrar ,&nbsp;Mohammed A.A. Elgzoly ,&nbsp;Maimuna U. Zarewa ,&nbsp;Tawfik A. Saleh","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel adsorbent material green carbon fibers (GCF) synthesized from palm waste leaves for sustainable wastewater treatment, leveraging their high porosity, thermal stability, and surface functionality for effective lead (Pb²⁺) removal from aqueous media. The uniqueness of the material lies in its origin from agricultural waste and its retention of natural fibrous morphology and hierarchical pore structures, distinguishing it from conventional activated carbons. Experimental conditions included pH 5.5, temperatures (10–40) °C, adsorbent doses (25–75) mg, and lead ion concentrations (50–100) mg/L. Characterization using SEM, EDS, XRD, TGA, BET, FTIR, and zeta potential analyses confirmed a highly porous GCF structure and favorable surface chemistry. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order (PSO) model (R² = 0.952), indicating chemisorption, with a maximum capacity of 74.961  mg/g. Freundlich isotherm modeling (R² = 0.9646) suggested heterogeneous multilayer adsorption. The RSM model demonstrated high predictive reliability with Reduced 2FI model (R² = 0.9652) and among machine learning models, the Decision Tree outperformed others with R² = 0.9143 and MSE = 76.88, identifying adsorbent weight as the most critical factor. These findings highlight the viability of converting agricultural waste into high-performance adsorbents, offering an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution for heavy metal remediation in wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly sensitive and selective detection of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in aqueous system using miniaturized Bi2O3/plastic chip electrode based electrochemical sensor","authors":"Km Sapna ,&nbsp;Vartika Sharma ,&nbsp;Kamlendra Awasthi ,&nbsp;Divesh N. Srivastava ,&nbsp;Manoj Kumar ,&nbsp;Vaibhav Kulshrestha","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A facile and miniaturized Bi₂O₃/plastic chip electrode (PCE) was designed for concurrent electrochemical identification of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺. The identification was carried out through the potentiostatic electrodeposition of bismuth onto a PCE. The synthesized Bi₂O₃/PCE was analyzed employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to assess their morphology, crystal structure, and elemental composition, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed to explore electrochemical characteristics of synthesized electrodes. Under optimal experimental conditions, Bi₂O₃/PCE demonstrated significant electro-catalytic performance for Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ at lower pH, with augmented square wave-anodic stripping peak currents compared to unmodified PCE. Bi₂O₃/PCE exhibits an exceptionally high sensitivity of 12 μA L cm⁻² μg⁻¹ for Cd²⁺ and 20 μA L cm⁻² μg⁻¹ for Pb²⁺ with low detection limit of 0.09 μg L⁻¹ for Cd²⁺ and 0.07 μg L⁻¹ for Pb²⁺. The developed sensor shows highly reproducible and repeatable performance with an extensive linear range 0.2–––300 μg L⁻¹ for Cd²⁺ and 0.1–––250 μg L⁻¹ for Pb²⁺ and also exhibits good selectivity, even when accompanied by common interfering ions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis of Nigella sativa-mediated silver nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial activity and wound healing: Mechanistic insights and biomedical applications","authors":"Chella Perumal Palanisamy ,&nbsp;Sirilux Poompradub ,&nbsp;Kanokwan Sansanaphongpricha ,&nbsp;Selvaraj Jayaraman ,&nbsp;Karthik Subramani ,&nbsp;Faridah Sonsudin","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study demonstrates an eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using chloroform extract of <em>Nigella sativa</em> seeds (CENSS) for combating bacterial infections and accelerating wound repair. The work highlights the dual therapeutic potential of CENSS-AgNPs through rigorous physicochemical, biological, and mechanistic analyses. The stable AgNPs was formed because of the transformation of silver ions by the CENSS. These NPs were thoroughly characterized using various physiochemical parameters. The biosynthesized CENSS-AgNPs demonstrated substantial antibacterial activity as indicated by the prominent inhibition areas observed on the agar plates. These are prominent bacteria which play significant roles in both human health and disease. Cytotoxicity assessment on human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) revealed dose-dependent effects, with CENSS-AgNPs demonstrating feasible in wound healing by hastening scratch closure and enhancing cell migration. Furthermore, the protein expression analysis explored that CENSS-AgNPs stimulated the expression levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which are crucial for wound repair. Over all, this study underscores the therapeutic promise of CENSS-mediated AgNPs in combating infections and promoting tissue regeneration, suggesting their prospective utility in advanced wound care and biomedical fields. Further exploration of their biological mechanisms and clinical applications is warranted to harness their full therapeutic potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101085"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution and risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in urban wastewaters of Mexico City","authors":"Samuel Pérez- Rodríguez ,&nbsp;J. Tabla-Hernández ,&nbsp;A.G. Hernández–Ramírez ,&nbsp;S.B. Sujitha ,&nbsp;M.P. Jonathan ,&nbsp;Marco Moreno-Ibarra","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study assessed the contamination of potentially toxic elements (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in urban wastewaters from Mexico City, Mexico, using atomic absorption spectroscopy for risk assessment. A total of thirty-two water samples were systematically collected from the River de los Remedios (n = 17), River Tlalnepantla (n = 4), and River San Javier (n = 11) in the northern part of the metropolitan area. Results showed that average elemental concentrations, in mg L^-1, followed the order: Mn (0.39) &lt; Pb (0.17) &lt; Fe (0.12) &lt; Cu, Ni, Zn (0.06) &lt; Co, Cd (0.02), reflecting the impact of raw industrial and domestic discharges from the highly urbanized region. Concentrations of Pb and Cd surpassed the legal limits of 0.03 and 0.004 mg L^-1, respectively, for wastewater discharge. Statistical analysis of physicochemical parameters and element levels indicated that industrial activities are the main sources of PTEs. The level of pollution was assessed using the heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), contamination factor (CF), and Nemerow pollution index (NPI); results indicated moderate contamination by Pb and overall slight pollution. Human risk assessment calculated for the inhalation and dermal exposure pathways in adults and children indicated that Cd and Pb were the most critical elements that could pose adverse health effects to the local population. Dermal contact was identified as the potential exposure pathway that could pose potential risks to human health. The findings of this study indicate a deteriorating status of the aquatic system in Mexico City, primarily due to the persistent discharge of untreated wastewater, which poses a significant risk to environmental integrity and human health within the urban area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101097"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spirogyra derived CuO-NPs with antibacterial, heavy metal adsorption, and photocatalytic dye degradation: A sustainable approach in environmental remediation","authors":"Samriti Guleria ,&nbsp;Aparajita Bhasin ,&nbsp;Prince Chawla ,&nbsp;Vinay Kumar Dhiman ,&nbsp;Prashant Anil Pawase ,&nbsp;Halis Simsek","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current research work focuses on the environmentally friendly synthesis of stable copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) using aqueous extract of <em>Spirogyra</em> species as a natural reducing and capping agent. Copper (II) sulphate (CuSO₄) was used as the precursor, and the concentration of <em>Spirogyra</em> extract was evaluated from 5 % to 30 % (v/v), to identify the optimal condition for nanoparticles synthesis. The formation of CuO-NPs was confirmed using UV–visible spectrophotometry, based on the characteristic of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) within the 200–800 nm range. Moreover, particle size analysis performed through differential scanning calorimetry indicated that nanoparticles synthesized using 20 % Spirogyra extract had an average size of 12.86 nm. Additionally, functional group and structural characterization were performed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), respectively. Moreover, thermal analysis of CuO-NPs was performed by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the biosynthesized CuO-NPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity with inhibition zones of 20.8 mm against <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>, 19.95 mm against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, 19.8 mm against <em>Streptococcus lactis</em>, 19.5 mm against <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em>, 19.0 mm against <em>Shigella dysenteriae</em>, and 18.9 mm against <em>Escherichia coli</em>. Additionally, these nanoparticles demonstrated significant adsorptive removal efficiency (80–85 %) of toxic heavy metals, including Pb, As, Hg, and Cd. Photocatalytic performance tests demonstrated excellent degradation efficiencies of methylene blue and crystal violet of 90.31 % and 89.89 %, respectively, under UV irradiation in 80 min. These results indicate the potential use of <em>Spirogyra-assisted</em> CuO-NPs in antimicrobial applications, heavy metal remediation, and photodegradation of synthetic dyes relevant to food safety and environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145525360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rationale of AgNPsmodified 3-dimensional grapheneas electrochemical sensor for the ultra-tracedetermination of mercury ions","authors":"Prasanta Kumar Sahoo ,&nbsp;Srikant Sahoo ,&nbsp;Rajendra Prasad Pandey ,&nbsp;Ashis Kumar Satpati","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mercury (Hg) is a globally accepted highly toxic heavy metal pollutant and despite several important developments in the field, the determination of Hg²⁺ ions attrace levels in real-world samples is a challenge. Herein, the silver nanoparticles modified with three-dimensional graphene (AgNPs/3D-graphene) nanocomposite has been synthesised through a simple, cost-efficient, one-step freeze-casting routethat has been applied for highlysensitive determination of Hg²⁺. The 3D cellular network structure with continuous micrometersize open pores and uniformly decorated Ag nanoparticles with an average size of 30 nm has been suggested by the morphologies and structures of the as-prepared AgNPs/3D-Graphene nanocomposite. The AgNPs/3D-graphene nanocomposite-modifiedGCE (AgNPs/3D-graphene/GCE) exhibited a good linear relationship with Hg²⁺ concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 40 μg L⁻¹. The results showed that the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.08 μg L⁻¹ (S/N = 3), which is significantly less than the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended threshold. The method validation has been carried out using certified reference material (CRM). The sensitivity and stability from the composite has been achieved from the well scaffolded AgNPs all along the 3D-graphene network, which has made the method novel and stand out from othere reported. The suggested electrochemical sensor performed well in detecting Hg²⁺ in soil and borewell water samples as well as in clinical samples, which is crucial in safeguarding human health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical approach for the determination of persistent, mobile and toxic substances in environmental soil and water samples","authors":"Victoria Bolos-Sánchez,&nbsp;Sergi Gregorio-Lozano,&nbsp;Lubertus Bijlsma,&nbsp;Elena Pitarch","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reclaimed wastewater reuse for agricultural irrigation is promoted by policymakers to battle water scarcity. But persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT) substances are often not effectively removed by current wastewater treatments and may end up in soil, drainage water and even receiving aquatic environment. This work forms a part of a broader project on using contaminated water for irrigation of escarole crops. An analytical methodology based on mixed-mode liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for the determination of eight PMTs (benzophenone-3, clarithromycin, imazalil, metformin, sulpiride, terbutryn, tiapride and tramadol) in soil and drainage water samples. Moreover, it has been considered of interest to validate the methodology for environmental water <em>i.e.</em>, groundwater and surface water. Soil samples were treated using QuEChERS approach, while water samples were injected directly into the LC-MS/MS system. Isotopically labelled internal standards were used for matrix effect correction and extraction losses. The two methods have been validated satisfactorily (recoveries between 70–120 % and RSD &lt; 20 %). The limits of quantification for all compounds were 5 ng·g⁻¹ and 50 ng·L⁻¹ in soil and water, respectively. Finally, the methodology has been applied to soil and drainage water samples collected from escarole crops irrigated with tap water fortified at 5 μg·L⁻¹. In addition, the methodology was applied to real surface and groundwater samples to demonstrate its applicability. This fully validated methodology is a robust tool for determining the selected PMTs and may provide valuable insights into the environmental fate when performing future irrigation programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 101105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145525364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}