Zeyu Shi , Zhongwei Wang , Hongyuan Ding , Zhaotong Liu , Zhimin Fu , Wenjie Li , Jingzhou Fei
{"title":"Multi-source data fusion for marine four-stroke diesel engine fault diagnosis: An adaptive weight transfer learning framework","authors":"Zeyu Shi , Zhongwei Wang , Hongyuan Ding , Zhaotong Liu , Zhimin Fu , Wenjie Li , Jingzhou Fei","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In practical marine engine health management, single-source diagnostic models often fail to generalize across varying operating conditions and between simulated and measured data, limiting reliable fault diagnostic under realistic service variability. This study addresses these challenges by targeting lubrication-system fault diagnosis and proposing a multi-source domain adaptation framework for four-stroke marine diesel engines. The framework integrates a “shared-specialized collaborative” cross-domain network to balance feature generality and domain specificity, a dynamic weighted adversarial subdomain alignment mechanism based on information entropy to learn batch-level weights for source–target pairs, and a semi-supervised learning strategy with an auxiliary regularizer to stabilize transfer under limited target labels. The validation is carried out on an instrumented 8 V396 testbed at 25%, 50% and 75% load and on complementary simulated source domains. The framework achieves average diagnostic accuracies of 83.64% (pure real measured scenarios) and 82.37% (real-simulation hybrid data scenarios). These results confirm superior classification performance and cross-domain generalisation capabilities. This study provides a feasible pathway for effective multi-source data fusion and utilisation in marine diesel engine health management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 121194"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unlocking flexibility value in energy communities: an assessment across multiple energy markets in Portugal","authors":"João Victor Costa, Diogo Couceiro, Diana Neves","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy communities are emerging as key enablers of decentralised, locally autonomous and resilient energy systems, in which third-party aggregators play a crucial role in managing demand-side flexibility across markets. This study addresses the need for a quantitative, multi-market assessment of how residential flexibility from energy communities can be optimally scheduled considering a case study in Portugal. The central premise is that an independent aggregator can pool and manage residential flexibility in ways that generate additional value streams for both the community and the aggregator through differentiated market-participation strategies. A multi-objective optimisation framework is applied to a residential energy community equipped with photovoltaic generation, a battery energy storage system, and flexible loads. A profit-redistribution mechanism to co-optimise community cost savings and aggregator profit from trading flexibility is tested across the Day-Ahead, Intraday, automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve, and Local Flexibility Markets. Results show aggregator net profits between 1.0–19.5%, up to 1281 €/year, and community energy cost reductions between 2.0–28.8%, up to 405 € annually by participant, with revenue stacking providing additional gains. Peak-load reductions reach up to 17%, while the Self-Sufficiency Ratio varies from 29.7% to 31.4%. Reserve services and local flexibility markets deliver higher economic benefits than wholesale price arbitrage, but their practical use is constrained by market entry thresholds, respectively 1 MW and 0.01 MW. Adequate remuneration for the participants will also depend on explicit profit-redistribution schemes to ensure balanced outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 121173"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Kalamuddin Ansari, Zahra Mundrawala, Amber Tomar, Sudarshan Kumar
{"title":"Effect of pressure on emission and transition characteristics of ammonia/hydrogen flameless combustion at high thermal intensities for carbon-free gas turbine applications","authors":"Mohammad Kalamuddin Ansari, Zahra Mundrawala, Amber Tomar, Sudarshan Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation of turbulent non-premixed ammonia/hydrogen combustion under high-pressure (1–5 bar) and high-thermal-intensity conditions in a flameless combustion regime relevant to carbon-free gas turbine applications. Experiments conducted in a conical combustor with offset tangential air injection are complemented by a chemical reactor network (CRN) and CFD simulations. Results show a systematic reduction in NO<sub>x</sub> emissions with increasing pressure, attributed to altered reaction pathways and extended residence times. Image-based flame diagnostics helped investigate thermal gradients and intensity distributions as possible indicators of the transition from conventional to flameless combustion mode. These diagnostics reveal pressure-dependent changes in flame structure, indicating a transition from uniform flameless combustion at low pressure to localized ignition and stronger thermal gradients at higher pressures. The influence of equivalence ratio on flame uniformity and luminosity is also identified. Overall, this work demonstrates the technical feasibility of high-pressure NH<sub>3</sub>/H<sub>2</sub> flameless combustion and highlights its strong potential as an emission-control strategy for carbon-free gas turbine systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 121219"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ce Zhang , Minxia Li , Xun Chen , Chaobin Dang , Xiuming Li , Zongwei Han
{"title":"Dual evaporating temperature steam generation heat pump system for waste heat recovery of air–liquid hybrid cooling data center","authors":"Ce Zhang , Minxia Li , Xun Chen , Chaobin Dang , Xiuming Li , Zongwei Han","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As information technologies such as ChatGPT, cloud computing, and 5G continue to evolve, data centers are consuming an escalating amount of energy. Data centers require year-round, uninterrupted cooling. However, traditional cooling technology faces the following challenges. On the one hand, the cooling capacity of air cooling technology is poor, and the initial investment of liquid cooling technology is high. On the other hand, waste heat from data center cooling system is directly discharged into the environment, the energy utilization efficiency is low. To solve the above problems, a novel thermal management scheme for data centers is proposed in this study. Regarding the data center cooling, the novel scheme is constructed based on an air–liquid hybrid cooling architecture to balance energy efficiency performance with technical feasibility. Regarding the air–liquid hybrid cooling architecture waste heat recovery, steam is generated through the dual evaporating temperature heat pump system, which enables synergistic recovery of waste heat from both the air and liquid cooling modules. The theoretical analysis and experimental research are conducted to compare the novel scheme with traditional scheme. The results show that in three typical cities, the operating cost, carbon emission, and life cycle cost of the novel scheme can be reduced by more than 15%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 121199"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A novel approach to improving refrigeration cycle performance: using a two-stage intermediary heat exchanger and ultrasonic humidifying system along with economic analyses","authors":"Amin Jodat , Mojtaba Najafian , Amin Emamian , Babak Erfan Manesh , Mohammad Sheykhi , Shunmin Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy efficiency is a critical challenge in conventional refrigeration systems, which often suffer from significant energy losses due to waste heat dissipation and inefficient disposal of condensate water from the evaporator, contributing to higher operational costs and environmental impacts. Despite advances in refrigeration technologies, integrated approaches combining heat recovery and evaporative pre-cooling remain underexplored. To address this research gap, this study investigates the potential of integrating an intermediate heat exchanger with a nebulizer to enhance the performance of an air-cooled vapor compression refrigeration cycle. An experimental setup comprising a 200 cm × 35 cm × 35 cm air-conditioning tunnel and a 3.5 kW R404a refrigeration cycle equipped with PLC-based temperature and pressure monitoring was constructed under controlled laboratory conditions. Airflow and temperature were controlled using a variable-speed blower and PID-regulated heaters/evaporator, while water flow through a shell-and-tube heat exchanger (preheating domestic water for later use) was varied from 60 to 240 L/h. Results indicate that increasing water flow to 240 L/h reduces compressor power consumption by 17% and improves the system’s coefficient of performance by more than threefold. Similarly, lowering the condenser inlet air temperature by 7 °C using a nebulizer decreases compressor power demand by 3.8% and enhances the coefficient of performance by 1.53-fold. Economic analysis shows that heat recovery with a water flow rate of 210 L/h can achieve annual savings of approximately $300, whereas the nebulizer implementation entails a payback period exceeding five years. Furthermore, the nebulizer offers a strategic operational benefit by preventing system shutdown during periods of high ambient temperature (exceeding the refrigeration cycle’s design point) through condenser cooling, thereby avoiding operational interruptions and potential losses. These findings demonstrate the substantial technical and economic benefits of combining heat recovery and evaporative pre-cooling in conventional refrigeration systems, offering a promising strategy for energy-efficient and sustainable cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 121198"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Krzysztof Zagrajek , Desire D. Rasolomampionona , Mariusz Kłos , Enrico Elio De Tuglie , Giulia Amato , Luigi Pio Savastio
{"title":"Optimal management of backup power supply resources for critical infrastructure sites using mobile electricity storage facilities","authors":"Krzysztof Zagrajek , Desire D. Rasolomampionona , Mariusz Kłos , Enrico Elio De Tuglie , Giulia Amato , Luigi Pio Savastio","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In modern power systems, low-emission backup power resources (BPR) are being explored to enhance the reliability of power supply and strengthen the energy resilience of critical infrastructure. One such resource is mobile energy storage facilities (MESF). They take the form of custom electric vehicles (CEV) with MESF in their cargo space. The aim of this article is to investigate the optimal mix of energy potential available with resources such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and CEV vehicles supported by a local diesel generator. The article proposes a research methodology for assessing the economic viability of deploying energy services using MESF to improve the energy security of priority loads, especially critical infrastructure sites by minimizing the cost of electricity supply from the BPR mix. The reference point is the value of energy not delivered, estimated using the value of lost load (VOLL) indicator. The study included 18 test simulations of BPR resource dispatch over the course of a year, considering the hourly power demand profile of the end-user and the probability of grid constraints. The results indicate that economic viability is achieved when service activation exceeds 125 h, and the profits from using such resources can reach almost EUR 2 million. For 6 out 18 applied testing scenarios, the profits of using BPR’s optimal mix were recorded, ranging from 168,000 EUR to 1,824,693 EUR. The results demonstrate that it is possible to utilize CEV vehicles in enhancing the energy resilience of critical infrastructure, using it as one of resources alongside V2G technology and Diesel Generators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 121169"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rui Zhong , Chung Ket Thein , Dunant Halim , John Xu , Chenjun Shi
{"title":"Increased energy conversion efficiency in footstep energy harvesting pavements via a novel combination strategy","authors":"Rui Zhong , Chung Ket Thein , Dunant Halim , John Xu , Chenjun Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For an array composed of multiple footstep energy harvesting pavements (FEHPs), a critical challenge that limits large-scale application is the energy loss with reliability degradation caused by the combination of multiple harvesters under normal footstep displacement. To eliminate this problem, a novel combination strategy was proposed in this work to autonomously route current around inactive harvesters. Concurrently, a mechanical switching system free from external power supply was manufactured to serve as the actuator of proposed strategy. Furthermore, an accurate mathematical model was established for the array implementing the proposed strategy. The strategy demonstrates a strong universality, being applicable to any FEHP that exchanges power through displacement, as the displacement is set to a pedestrian-friendly 5 mm in this work. The combination strategy not only enables the FEHP array to reach higher energy conversion efficiency but also ensures the smooth delivery of electrical energy generated by multiple FEHPs working simultaneously. In experimental verification, a single action on one switching module within the array achieved a 33.3% output voltage increase compared to the conventional series-connection method under given conditions. For an array consisting of three FEHPs in demonstration test, the new strategy facilitates threshold voltage breakthrough under given conditions, yielding a<!--> <!-->peak DC output of 20 V for a resistor box and a stable power supply duration of 22 s for a thermo-hygrometer. These results validate the<!--> <!-->effectiveness of the proposed device<!--> <!-->and the<!--> <!-->superiority of the combination strategy, highlighting their application value and market potential in energy harvesting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 121178"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Techno-economic analysis of closed-loop geothermal system with multi-wing fracture","authors":"Sai Liu, Ruichang Guo, Chao Li, Hongsheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research seeks to determine whether thermally conductive fractures can substantially enhance the heat extraction of closed-loop geothermal systems. A fracture-incorporated closed-loop geothermal system, featuring a multi-wing thermally conductive fracture, is presented. A thermo-hydraulic coupled three-dimensional model is established for the system, through which an extensive numerical investigation is conducted to assess its heat extraction under circumstances of various fracture heat conductivity, multi-wing fracture configurations, and operational settings. Results indicate that a system with a dual-wing fracture attains moderately greater heat extraction than a fracture-free closed-loop design, when the fracture has large height and thickness, with performance increasing as fracture heat conductivity rises. For an identical fracture cross-sectional area, increasing fracture height provides more substantial heat extraction enhancement than expanding fracture thickness. Elevating the specific heat capacity of circulating fluid reduces the produced-fluid temperature considerably, although the corresponding improvement in net power remains modest. As the fluid circulation rate increases, cumulative thermal output initially climbs but eventually decreases once a threshold flow rate is exceeded. Implementing a multi-wing fracture yields up to a 60.93% increase in cumulative heat output over 180 days, and this improvement reaches 187.25% when a thermal plug is additionally utilized. The thermal output increment associated with the thermal plug plateaus near 78.51% when the number of fracture wings is greater than four. Among all influencing parameters, the thermal plug, followed by the fracture wing number, exerts the greatest effect on the closed-loop system’s thermal performance. The F-CGS with a dual-wing fracture and plug exhibits superior economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 121174"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hüsameddin Akçay , Halil Erdi Gülcan , Habib Gürbüz
{"title":"Energy, exergy, exergoeconomic and sustainability analysis of a propane-fueled SI engine operating via flame jet ignition using oxy-hydrogen gas from an on-board alkaline electrolyzer supported by TEG","authors":"Hüsameddin Akçay , Halil Erdi Gülcan , Habib Gürbüz","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper focuses on the energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and sustainability performance of oxygen-hydrogen (HHO) gas utilization for flame jet ignition in a propane-fueled SI engine. The required HHO gas is produced instantaneously using an alkaline electrolyzer. A significant portion of its energy was provided by electrical energy generated from exhaust waste heat using a thermoelectric generator (TEG). The HHO assisted flame jet ignition (HHO_AJI) system ignites the propane-air mixture in the main combustion chamber using HHO gas delivered in different proportions to the pre-chamber. The HHO flow rates used in flame jet ignition were 0.4 L/min (HHO_AJI-0.4), 0.7 L/min (HHO_AJI-0.7), and 1.0 L/min (HHO_AJI-1.0). The experimental studies were conducted at a constant engine speed of 2300 rpm, 50% throttle opening, and six different lambda values (λ = 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4). The results indicate that the HHO_AJI system enhances exergetic performance under lean mixture conditions. At λ = 1.4 and an HHO flow rate of 1.0 L.min-1 thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, and sustainability index increased by 66.7%, 67.2%, and 14.2%, respectively, compared to conventional ignition, while lost energy and exergy destruction decreased by 18.3% and 14.3%. Moreover, the exergoeconomic analysis showed that the specific exergy cost of shaft power decreased by 6.5%, confirming that operating the SI engine with a lean mixture under HHO_AJI mode is not only thermodynamically but also economically advantageous.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 121155"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enhui Sun , Qinchai Chen , Yanyu Ding , Zhenyu Leng , Wenjing Ma , Linyao Zhang , Jinliang Xu
{"title":"A Sub-Atmospheric hydrogen power generation system Combining Near-Ambient-Temperature Phase-Change heat absorption and Hydrogen-Oxygen direct combustion","authors":"Enhui Sun , Qinchai Chen , Yanyu Ding , Zhenyu Leng , Wenjing Ma , Linyao Zhang , Jinliang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The production and utilization of hydrogen via water electrolysis are spatially decoupled, and the associated high-pressure storage and power-generation pathways remain limited in practice, constraining overall energy efficiency. This study proposes an innovative approach that couples near-ambient-temperature phase-change heat absorption under sub-atmospheric pressure with high-temperature hydrogen–oxygen direct combustion. A semi-closed Rankine cycle, synergistically driven by hydrogen–oxygen combustion and low-grade thermal input, is constructed accordingly. Owing to its compatibility with sub-atmospheric pressure conditions and adaptability to low-grade heat, the proposed cycle is highly suitable for integration with emerging energy storage technologies such as near-atmospheric-pressure solid-state hydrogen storage. Using low-grade solar energy as an example, the system exploits the low saturation temperature (∼60 °C) of water under sub-atmospheric pressure (0.02 MPa) to achieve efficient boiling heat transfer driven by solar energy, effectively mitigating the regeneration difficulty associated with large latent heat in subcritical Rankine cycles; combined with hydrogen–oxygen combustion, a regenerative process is employed to allocate high- and low-grade heat, thereby improving hydrogen utilization. Thermodynamic analysis and numerical simulation of sub-atmospheric water phase-change heat transfer verify the feasibility of the proposed system. At main steam conditions of 0.02 MPa and 1190 °C, thermal efficiencies of 23.51% and 83.24% (hydrogen fuel utilization efficiency excluding solar heat input) are obtained when low-grade solar heat is considered and not considered, respectively. Given the abundance and negligible cost of ∼ 60 °C solar energy, the 83.24% efficiency, equivalent to the theoretical limit of hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells, acquires realistic engineering significance. Numerical results further indicate that vapor quality is inversely correlated with flow velocity and positively correlated with solar irradiance; for an 11.7 m tube, the average outlet vapor quality reaches 83%, confirming engineering feasibility. This work provides a new technical pathway for the efficient coupling of hydrogen energy and low-grade thermal energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 121207"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}