Energy Conversion and Management最新文献

{"title":"A novel integrated carbon-wood electrode with photothermal, heat storage, and electrochemical properties for solar-driven thermochemical cells","authors":"Jun Zhang, Xiaotian Li, Jili Zheng, Yanan Zou, Xuanshi Jia, Zhiwei Hu, Wei Yang, Shiwei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119481","url":null,"abstract":"Thermochemical cells present a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for solar energy utilization, but their performance is often limited by fluctuations in solar radiation. Traditional methods involve incorporating thermal storage systems into thermochemical cells, though these are limited by low heat transfer rates and the small electrochemically active surface area of conventional electrodes. This study introduces, innovatively, a carbon-wood electrode design that integrates enhanced photothermal, heat storage, and electrochemical properties for continuous electricity generation in solar-powered thermochemical cells. The carbon-wood structure increases photothermal conversion efficiency by 67 %, electrochemically active surface area by 28 %, and heat release time up to 16.67 min/cm<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup> compared to traditional graphite electrodes. Thermochemical cells with these electrodes achieve stable power output under fluctuating solar conditions, boosting maximum current density by 250 % to 0.9 A/m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup>. These findings highlight the great potential of carbon-wood electrodes to stabilize and improve the efficiency of thermochemical cells, especially under intermittent lighting conditions. In addition, the integrated electrode design provides a low-cost, easy-to-manufacture solution, offering a novel approach for the sustainable development of affordable and efficient solar thermochemical cells technology.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermo-kinetic analysis of reductant-driven isothermal solar thermochemical cycles for H2 production","authors":"Tong Liu, Ji Li, Jiateng Zhang, Hui Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119451","url":null,"abstract":"Producing green hydrogen through solar thermochemical cycles represents a clean and promising avenue for future energy generation. However, several challenges, notably the requirement for elevated reaction temperatures and substantial deoxygenation losses, currently impede the advancement of this technology. Here, we propose a high-efficiency solar thermochemical cycling system assisted by reducing gas for hydrogen production and establish a thermo-kinetic model for isothermal pressure-swing cycles. Carbon monoxide is introduced into the reduction reaction as the reducing gas, chemically facilitating a decrease in Gibbs free energy associated with oxygen vacancies formed by metal oxygen carriers. This process serves to diminish the reduction temperature while concurrently consuming oxygen, thereby establishing an environment characterized by an extremely low oxygen partial pressure. Furthermore, the utilization of industrial waste gas as the source of carbon monoxide input into the cycles is proposed, which represents a potential pathway for the effective utilization of industrial waste gas, concurrently enhancing the efficiency of the thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production. This system mitigates the issue of significant energy expenditures associated with conventional deoxygenation methods, such as the utilization of inert sweeping gases and vacuum pumps, while concurrently achieving a synergistic effect in reducing both the reaction temperature and the oxygen partial pressure. The theoretical solar energy-to-fuel conversion efficiency of this system under isothermal cycles at 1300 ℃ can reach 18.91% and 23.17% with only water heat recovery when CeO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2-</ce:inf><ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">δ</ce:inf></ce:italic> and Ce<ce:inf loc=\"post\">0.80</ce:inf>Zr<ce:inf loc=\"post\">0.20</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2-</ce:inf><ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">δ</ce:inf></ce:italic> are used as oxygen carriers, respectively. This work contributes a fresh idea to address the problems of high reaction temperatures and large deoxygenation energy consumption during the solar thermochemical cycles.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential evolution algorithm featuring novel mutation combined with Newton-Raphson method for enhanced photovoltaic parameter extraction","authors":"Charaf Chermite, Moulay Rachid Douiri","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119468","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate parameter extraction in photovoltaic (PV) cells and modules is crucial for optimizing performance, modeling, and predicting behavior under varying environmental conditions. In this context, we propose a novel hybrid algorithm, Mean Differential Evolution with Newton-Raphson (MDE-NR), which combines the strengths of Mean Differential Evolution (MDE) and the Newton-Raphson (NR) method to enhance the precision of parameter extraction. MDE, recognized for its ability to balance exploration and exploitation, employs an innovative mean-based mutation strategy that reduces the risk of premature convergence. However, while MDE effectively performs a global search, achieving the lowest possible error often requires further refinement. This is where the NR method comes into play, offering fast local convergence by using the optimal parameters generated by MDE as initial guesses. The combination of these two methods in MDE-NR significantly reduces the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) in the final estimation. The effectiveness of the MDE-NR algorithm is validated through comprehensive comparisons with well-known metaheuristic algorithms across Single Diode Model (SDM), Double Diode Model (DDM), and Photovoltaic Module Model (PMM), achieving minimal RMSE values with standard deviations as low as 10E-19 to 10E-21 over 30 runs, far superior to those of 10 other metaheuristic algorithms. The algorithm demonstrates rapid convergence and outperforms its counterparts in computational efficiency. Moreover, MDE-NR effectively handles varying environmental conditions, such as constant irradiation with variable temperature and vice versa, achieving highly accurate results across different PV technologies. This hybrid approach establishes MDE-NR as a highly effective and reliable tool for the precise extraction of PV parameters, providing significant improvements in both accuracy and computational efficiency.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical feasibility analysis of carbon nanotubes in diesel engines: Effects on stability, combustion properties and emissions","authors":"Anderson Gallego, Magín Lapuerta, Juan J. Hernández, Diego Gómez, Bernardo Herrera, Karen Cacua","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119450","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies have reported benefits when using various nanomaterials dispersed in conventional diesel fuel. However, important constraints related to nanomaterial sedimentation, fuel filter blockage and a possible increase in particles emission because of unburnt nanofuels, have not been yet properly addressed. In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were dispersed in diesel fuel at 50, 100, and 150 mg/L concentrations, and stabilized with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS). The dispersion stability results indicate that a concentration of 100 mg/L of CNTs presented the lowest sedimentation. However, even with such appropriate content, the concentration of CNTs decreased by 96 % after the engine fuel filter because of nanomaterial retention. Then, in order to assess the impact of nanofuel on diesel engine emissions, the fuel filter was removed for the engine tests. These tests were conducted using the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC), with measurements taken for carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter. The emission of HC and NOx when using nanofuel were found to be comparable to those of diesel fuel. However, a notable increase of approximately 34 % in CO emissions was observed. Furthermore, there was an increase in particulate matter, likely attributed to the unreacted nanotubes as well as to the adherence of CNTs to pre-existing PM particles, leading to the formation of larger particles or serving as nucleation sites. These findings give rise to significant concerns and present considerable challenges for the incorporation of SDBS-stabilized CNTs in diesel engine applications.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142917999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic modeling and analysis of a novel hybrid energy storage based on solar energy utilization","authors":"Xinyue Hao, Volodymyr Ierin, Oleksii Volovyk","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119461","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes and studies a novel hybrid energy storage system with solar collectors, photovoltaic modules, and a combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) unit. The cold production in the CCHP unit in two versions of the refrigeration loop is considered. The proposed technical solution provides simultaneous production and supply of electricity, heat, and cold to consumers. It also allows efficient accumulation and use of solar energy, generated electricity, and the heat of superheated CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> vapor in the mechanical compression cooling cycle. The effect assessment of changes in operating conditions on the system’s characteristics has been performed using parametric analysis based on energy methods. The analysis results show that the proposed system provides a high value of <ce:italic>RTE</ce:italic> (up to 0.137) and <ce:italic>SSEE</ce:italic> (up to 2.77) reflecting the energy efficiency of the CCHP unit and the storage system, respectively. The maximum system’s efficiency is achieved at low evaporating temperatures in the cooling cycle and at the heat exchanger HE2 outlet, low pressures in the low-pressure tank, and high pressures in the high-pressure tank. The low evaporating temperatures in the mechanical compression cooling cycle also ensure the most efficient implementation of the heat storage system, and as a result, the maximum values of the hot fluid utilization rate <ce:italic>HFUR</ce:italic> (up to 0.87). The study also shows that the ejector cooling cycle application is irrational due to low cooling capacity and a limited operating condition range. Its use does not lead to a noticeable increase in system energy efficiency (0.1–9.4 %) with a noticeable system design complication.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full emissions and energy consumption life cycle assessment of different Heavy-Duty vehicles powered by Electricity, Hydrogen, Methanol, and LNG fuels produced from various sources","authors":"Tushar Chhugani, Ramin Rahmani","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119439","url":null,"abstract":"This comprehensive study provides a detailed Well to Wheels (WTW) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of various Heavy-duty Vehicles (HDVs) including a Long-Haul Truck (LHT), Intercity Bus (ICB), and Refuse Truck (RT) powered by different energy sources and fuels including electricity, hydrogen, methanol, Liquified Natural Gas (LNG), and Low Sulphur (LS) diesel for benchmarking. The findings show that Hydrogen from renewable sources offers the lowest WTW CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>, CH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>, and NOx emissions, though its production is energy intensive. Methanol and hydrogen from Natural Gas (NG) exhibit the highest emissions due to high fuel consumption and energy-intensive production processes. LNG shows lower CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> and NOx emissions compared to LS diesel but higher CH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf> emissions, necessitating improvements in LNG production. Electrically powered HDVs, despite reducing NOx emissions, produce comparable CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> and higher CH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf> emissions due to the current global electricity mix. Amongst the studied HDV types, RTs exhibit the highest WTW CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> and energy consumption due to frequent stops and idling, while LHTs show the lowest emissions and energy consumption. LNG-fuelled RT and LHT reduce WTW CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> emissions by 8% and 5.6%, and NOx emissions by around 31% and 33%, respectively, compared to LS diesel. The study underscores the need for tailored solutions based on HDV type, advancements in renewable energy infrastructure, and supportive policies to facilitate the transition to sustainable fuel technologies. Focus on developing infrastructure for production of hydrogen from renewable sources, supporting innovations in energy efficient fuel production technologies, and the need for enhancing energy efficiency of vehicular powertrain to achieve a sustainable HDV sector are also highlighted.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power density optimization for proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack based on data-driven and improved light spectrum algorithm","authors":"Xi Chen, Wentao Feng, Yukang Hu, Shuhuai You, Weidong Lu, Bin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119467","url":null,"abstract":"As a green power conversion device, the power performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack is determined by the actual operating parameters. The optimization of the power density and corresponding operating parameters of the PEMFC according to the target demand is essential. In this paper, a global optimization strategy for the power density of PEMFC stack is proposed, which combines the random forest algorithm (RF) and the improved light spectrum optimization algorithm (ILSO). A dataset is constructed based on the simulation results of the PEMFC mathematical model and used to train a data-driven surrogate model. The input variables of the surrogate model are identified, including operating temperature, anode pressure, cathode/anode relative humidity and current density, and the output is power density. Prediction performance shows that the mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), and coefficient of determination (R<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup>) in the training set are 0.007, 0.000097 and 0.9991, respectively. The surrogate model has considerable accuracy compared to the original model with a relative error of 0.86 %. Additionally, the average optimization time of the surrogate model is 1716.3 s, which is reduced by 44.8 % compared to the original model. By employing this strategy, an optimal power density of 1.211 W/cm<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup> is obtained and the corresponding operating parameters under various target powers are predicted.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of system design and operation control technology of supercritical CO2 power cycle","authors":"Tianyang Qin, Xinping Yan, Chengqing Yuan, Yuwei Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119462","url":null,"abstract":"The supercritical CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> power cycle has lately received significant attentions due to its high theoretical efficiency, robust peak-regulation capacity, compact components, and versatility across various heat sources. The early development of the supercritical CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> power cycle and a comprehensive analysis of the current research status on system-level design and operational control was overviewed in this paper. The section on system design compares various cycle layouts and shaft arrangement schemes while explaining the reasons for unique design approaches. Moreover, the methods and processes of system design parameter optimization are expounded upon. It has been discovered that optimizing parameters focused solely on the design point alone underutilizes the potential of the system to operate under multiple conditions. Therefore, system optimization under off-design points should be considered. The section on operation control introduces the method of establishing the necessary dynamic model and delineates the control strategies employed in load-following, heating and cooling power variation, and system start-up and shutdown processes. Although current research on operation control ensures stable and efficient operation of the system under various conditions, the control strategy to achieve optimal operating state has not been explored. Accordingly, this review proposes that there exists an interdependence between system design and operation control such that the system optimization method under the off-design point can be combined with operation control strategies to expand the application potential of supercritical CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> power generation systems in future complex scenarios.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of catalytic conversion of coal tar value-added chemicals at the molecular level based on first principles","authors":"Lei He, Shanglong Zhang, Qiuxiang Yao, Yongqi Liu, Linyang Wang, Wei Wang, Ming Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119466","url":null,"abstract":"Coal tar (CT), a byproduct of coal pyrolysis, is a valuable source of chemicals not producible by the petrochemical industry. However, its complex composition and lack of effective conversion principles pose significant challenges for value-added utilization. This review focuses on the CT non-hydrogenation catalytic (CTC) and CT hydrogenation catalytic (CTHC) technologies for typical model compounds, fractions and full range of CT on a molecular level, providing an overview of the various catalysts and modification methods employed in CT and its precursor, to light aromatics (BTEXN) by CTC, high-energy–density fuels (HEDFs, Jet/Aerospace fuel) and chemicals (light aromatics and lubricants) by CTHC, and to fuels (gasoline and diesel) by hydrocracking. Additionally, this paper summarizes and elucidates the insights into the correlations between CT composition, catalyst structure, and product distribution. Combined with the corresponding achievements and research experience of this research team, the problems existing in the process of CTC and CTHC were pointed out, and the first principles of “point (single model compound)-line (mixed model compounds)-surface (group components/fractions)-body (CT)” for the step-by-step analysis and conversion of CT catalytic mechanism and value-added process were proposed. These advancements offer promising solutions for improving the quality and energy density of CT-derived products.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142917998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable design and control of a multi-sourced radiant heating system: Non-linear optimization under thermal comfort constraints","authors":"Mohamed H. Anwer, Muhammed A. Hassan, Mahmoud A. Kassem, Mohamad T. Araji","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119458","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for energy-efficient heating solutions in buildings is increasing consistently, necessitating tools to determine the system’s optimal design and operation, while ensuring occupant comfort. This study develops a novel thermal comfort-constrained capacity-operation optimization framework for a multi-source (solar collectors, a biomass boiler, and a gas boiler) radiant floor heating system, addressing the limitations of existing literature that typically focus on non-linear optimization of single-source systems. The system incorporates two forms of thermal storage, namely a water tank and a thermally active floor slab, which magnifies the system’s non-linearities. Hence, a non-linear interior-point optimization algorithm (Ipopt) is implemented in MATLAB® to minimize lifecycle costs (LCC). Unlike conventional approaches, the developed optimization framework has three novel features: i) it captures the dynamics and complex interactions between heat generation, storage, and consumption components, ii) it constrains temperature levels to ensure energy quality while simultaneously solving thermal comfort equations at each time step, accounting for the dynamic response of the building in subsequent steps, and iii) it balances various operational and sizing decision variables, capturing the bi-directional impacts of optimal system capacity and management. The results reveal that the tri-source system achieves an LCC of approximately 0.42 mil. CAD (Canadian dollars), equivalent to 0.3 mil. USD, and a competitive levelized cost of heat (LCOH) of 0.143 CAD kWh<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup> (0.1 USD kWh<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>), maintaining a stable operative temperature between 19 °C and 25 °C, with an average predictive mean vote (PMV) of −0.12, and total lifecycle CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> emissions of 330.15 tons. Comparative analyses with simpler design variations indicate that the gas-only system incurs the lowest LCC at 0.302 mil. CAD (0.21 mil. USD), yet its emissions are nearly twice those of the tri-source system. Among renewable options, the solar-biomass system offers the best balance of economic (LCC of 0.506 mil. CAD or 0.36 mil. USD), environmental (110.9 tons of CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>), and comfort metrics (mean PMV of −0.12).","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}