Energy Conversion and Management最新文献

{"title":"Intelligent optimization of a PV/T–ORC coupled microgrid: towards reliable, high tenacity and cost-efficient energy systems","authors":"Tao Liu ,&nbsp;Chongzhe Zou ,&nbsp;Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Yang ,&nbsp;Heitian Chi ,&nbsp;Hongli Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Li ,&nbsp;Yulong Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microgrid systems integrating heterogeneous energy flows face underexplored challenges in real-time electro-thermal synergy under intermittent renewable input—a gap this study addresses via a dynamically coupled multi-domain optimization framework. To bridge the theoretical gap in coordinated energy dispatch across thermal-electric domains, this paper formulates a DBO-based hybrid microgrid model where the optimizer’s phase-based behavioral logic is intrinsically coupled with dynamic thermodynamic constraints. First, the PV/T system leverages its combined heat and power capabilities to meet thermal loads. Then, thermoelectric conversion is realized by integrating an ORC with an air-source heat pump, while energy storage systems—batteries and thermal tanks—recover and utilize waste heat, ensuring electro-thermal balance. The framework internalizes dual-objective trade-offs—economic and reliability—within a multi-domain equilibrium model, enabling emergent decision behavior through thermodynamic-aware swarm evolution. The DBO algorithm, inspired by the rolling behavior of dung beetles and equipped with dynamic boundary adjustments, optimizes system capacity and operational strategies with objectives of reducing grid dependence and enhancing economic efficiency. The results show that the proposed microgrid framework achieves a total cost reduction of 7.01% and a grid dependence of 38.7% through DBO optimization. Empirical simulations on an industrial microgrid reveal emergent electro-thermal coordination behaviors and validate the generalizability of the model across high-dimensional operational states. This study demonstrates a new theoretical paradigm for intelligent optimization in complex energy-coupled microgrid systems, it provides an important reference for the future microgrid in the coordinated energy supply of electricity and heat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120575"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process integration and exergy-based assessment of high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis configurations","authors":"Robert Müller,&nbsp;George Tsatsaronis","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid oxide electrolysis (SOEL) is considered an efficient option for largely emission-free hydrogen production and, thus, for supporting the decarbonization of the process industry. The thermodynamic advantages of high-temperature operation can be utilized particularly when heat integration from subsequent processes is realized. As the produced hydrogen is usually required at a higher pressure level, the operating pressure of the electrolysis is a relevant design parameter.</div><div>The study compares pressurized and near-atmospheric designs of 126<!--> <!-->MW SOEL systems with and without the integration of process heat from a downstream ammonia synthesis and the inefficiencies that occur in the processes. Furthermore, process improvements by sweep-air utilization are investigated. Pinch analysis is applied to determine the potential of internal heat recovery and the minimum external heating and cooling demand. It is shown that pressurized SOEL operation does not necessarily decrease the overall power consumption for compression due to the high power requirement of the sweep-air compressor. The exergetic efficiencies of the standalone SOEL processes achieve similar values of <span><math><mrow><mi>ɛ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>81</mn><mspace></mspace><mstyle><mi>%</mi></mstyle></mrow></math></span>. Results further show that integrating the heat of reaction from ammonia synthesis can replace almost the entire electrically supplied thermal energy, thereby improving the overall exergetic efficiency by up to 3.5 percentage points. However, the exergetic efficiency strongly depends on the applied air ratio. The highest exergetic efficiency of 86<!--> <!-->% can be achieved by employing sweep-air utilization with an expander. The results demonstrate that integrating downstream process heat and applying sweep-air utilization can significantly enhance overall efficiency and thus reduce external energy requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 120106"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards low-carbon mobility through 0D phenomenological modelling of oxy-fuel combustion in internal combustion engines","authors":"Massimiliano De Felice ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Raggi ,&nbsp;Jaime Martin ,&nbsp;Vincenzo De Bellis","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oxy-fuel combustion in internal combustion engines is gaining attention as a promising technology for carbon capture and achieving near-zero nitrogen oxides emissions, addressing global warming concerns. Recent experimental and simulation studies evaluated this unconventional combustion mode in internal combustion engines under various dilution strategies, but current models are not yet appropriately customized to describe in-cylinder processes with highly enriched oxygen atmospheres. This study aims to validate a Zero-Dimensional engine model, consisting of a predictive combustion model, a dedicated laminar flame speed correlation, and emission sub-models, embedded in a One-Dimensional simulation code, and to assess its capability to describe the behaviour of a gasoline-fuelled single-cylinder engine under premixed oxy-fuel combustion conditions. The experimental campaign tested the engine at medium load (from 8.3 bar to 10.1 bar of Indicated Mean Effective Pressure) and a rotational speed of 3000 rpm, varying the oxygen/fuel proportions (relative oxygen/fuel ratio from 1.0 to 1.2), exhaust gas recirculation ratios (from 66 to 75 %), and intake temperatures (70 °C and to 80 °C), and the data are used for the model calibration and validation, defining a single set of tuning constants. The combustion model replicated in-cylinder pressures and burn rates, resulting in an average error of 1.3 crank angle degrees for the combustion phasing, while the emission model replicated exhaust pollutant concentrations, with average errors with respect to experiments of 23.6 % and 13.6 % for carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon, respectively. The predictive capability of the model discloses the potential applicability in the context of engine and system calibration and optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120561"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro-encapsulated phase change materials for advanced thermal regulation in ultrasonic reactors: A novel approach","authors":"Aissa Dehane ,&nbsp;Slimane Merouani","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrasonic reactors are widely employed across various technological domains, including food processing, medicine, cleaning, chemistry, and biology. However, ultrasonic wave propagation in liquids is invariably accompanied by energy dissipation in the form of heat, which is absorbed by the surrounding medium, resulting in a continuous temperature increase—often by several tens of degrees within minutes. Conventional sonochemical reactors typically rely on water-based cooling systems to manage this thermal rise. This study proposes a novel approach for in-situ thermal regulation by dispersing encapsulated phase change material (PCM) microparticles in the irradiated water. PCM spheres (RT31) of varying diameters (1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm) were investigated for their ability to absorb and manage heat generated during sonication, as well as their influence on acoustic pressure and velocity distributions.</div><div>The results indicate that 1 mm PCM spheres rapidly dissipate heat once saturation is reached, while 2 mm and 3 mm spheres enable a more gradual and sustained heat absorption, thereby enhancing thermal storage. Systems containing 2 mm and 3 mm PCM spheres achieved faster water temperature homogenization within the first 20 min, compared to both 1 mm spheres and systems without PCM. Beyond this period, temperature equalization occurred across all configurations. In terms of acoustic behavior, the 3 mm PCM spheres caused a noticeable but spatially confined reduction in both maximum and minimum acoustic pressures, whereas smaller spheres induced less pronounced changes. Despite these reductions, the presence of PCM spheres—especially those of 3 mm—led to a more uniform acoustic pressure distribution and enhanced nucleation of acoustic bubbles. Furthermore, the water velocity field benefited from the inclusion of PCM, with 3 mm spheres contributing to a more favorable distribution, albeit with a slight and localized reduction in peak velocities.</div><div>Overall, the incorporation of PCM spheres in sonoreactors proves beneficial for managing thermal loads, optimizing acoustic energy distribution, and improving cavitation dynamics, thereby enhancing overall reactor performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120512"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development, modeling and optimization of a solar-hydrogen-electricity-thermal-based integrated energy system for remote cold regions","authors":"Qiaonan Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhenjun Ma ,&nbsp;Shifan Wei ,&nbsp;Menglong Lu ,&nbsp;Hongtao Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is a clean and sustainable energy carrier with significant potential to reduce fossil fuel dependence and mitigate energy shortages. This study proposes a novel off-grid integrated energy system (IES) for remote cold regions, incorporating solar-driven water electrolysis, hydrogen fuel cell power generation, and hydrogen-enriched methane combustion. A dynamic model was developed to evaluate system performance for electricity, heating, and gas supply. A multi-objective optimization framework was introduced, incorporating equal weight and entropy weight-TOPSIS methods to determine the system sizing. Under the two schemes, methane consumption was reduced by 18.8 % and 13.6 %, respectively. The primary investment difference was the hydrogen storage tank size, 1200  m³ for equal weight and 1300  m³ for EWM-TOPSIS, resulting in a 5.36 % higher initial cost for the latter. Following optimization, the ideal sizes for photovoltaic panels, electrolyzer, gas tank, battery, and fuel cell were identified. Comprehensive static economic and annual energy flow analyses confirm the system maintained indoor temperatures around 20 °C during the heating season, utilizing solar-generated hydrogen and low-emission hybrid combustion. The proposed solar-hydrogen-electricity-thermal-based IES provides a feasible and efficient pathway for clean energy utilization in off-grid cold regions and supports the broader deployment of hydrogen-based technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120582"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation-based performance analysis of an air conditioning system integrated with a sensible thermal energy storage tank for peak load shaving","authors":"Zakir Hussain ,&nbsp;Seongmin Choi ,&nbsp;Honghyun Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rising residential cooling demand during peak hours places significant stress on both air conditioning systems and power grids, resulting in increased operational costs and reduced system efficiency. This study investigates the integration of a water-based thermal energy storage tank (TEST) with a residential air conditioner (AC) as a strategy for load shifting and performance enhancement under dynamic electricity pricing. The combined simulation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)<!--> <!-->analysis revealed that while the coefficient of performance (COP) decreases by up to 9.85% during off-peak charging due to additional compressor load, substantial benefits are achieved during peak hours. The results show COP improvements of 18.7%–41.9% and compressor workload reductions of up to 29.6% were observed during peak cooling periods. The integration of the TEST system resulted in a total daily electricity cost savings of 179.4 Korean won (0.16 USD), representing an 11.6% reduction compared to conventional operation. Additionally, total daily CO₂ emissions were reduced by approximately 10% through effective load shifting from carbon-intensive peak hours to cleaner off-peak periods. These findings demonstrate that water-based TEST can significantly improve the operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability of residential cooling systems. This study presents a practical framework for enhancing the sustainability and economic viability of residential cooling systems in urban environments, where energy demands are increasing and electricity pricing is dynamic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120551"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic analysis of a multi small modular reactor-driven clean electricity-steam cogeneration system with recently-deployed potential for petrochemical industry decarbonization","authors":"Qi Wang ,&nbsp;Rafael Macián-Juan ,&nbsp;Xuan Ye ,&nbsp;Heng Xie ,&nbsp;Bo Yang ,&nbsp;Wei Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Small Modular Reactor (SMR) is a promising multi-purpose energy supply technology that can meet various energy needs in the ’difficult to reduce carbon’ petrochemical industry. Although there have been some studies on SMR-driven nuclear cogeneration systems, most of them have focused on a specific type of reactor, and research on nuclear cogeneration systems using multi different SMRs has seldom been reported. To fill this research gap, this paper proposes a flexibly-arranged nuclear cogeneration system driven by two types of SMR, which is coupled with a typical petrochemical park for electricity-steam combined supply. Two different operation schemes are developed for the system, and the system is modeled from both energy and exergy perspectives. The results indicate that the proposed multi SMR-driven nuclear cogeneration system has the potential to be deployed in the near future for petrochemical industry decarbonization. At rated conditions, the system achieves global energy and exergy efficiencies of approximately 73.8% and 64.4%, respectively, with main energy losses occurring in the heat exchange network, steam generators, main heat exchanger, and condenser. Finally, the case analysis illustrates that the global energy efficiency of the system significantly increases with the increase of the steam demand of petrochemical park, while the global exergy efficiency of the system slightly decreases. These findings suggest the feasibility of deploying hybrid SMR-based systems to meet multi-energy demands while advancing industrial decarbonization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120568"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal regenerator deployed as a mini-channel porous media using supercritical CO2 as a working fluid","authors":"Hamidreza Mortazavy Beni ,&nbsp;Hamed Mortazavi ,&nbsp;Nick Bennett ,&nbsp;Mohammad S. Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂) flow has unique thermodynamic properties that enhance the solar dish Stirling engine’s thermal efficiency and overall system performance in optimising solar energy utilisation for sustainable power generation. A precise knowledge of the impact of sCO₂ flow in solar dish Stirling engines and corresponding fluid–structure (FSI) interaction is missing in the literature. Therefore, this study aims to develop a novel FSI model for solar dish Stirling engines and optimise the system’s thermal efficiency. An advanced FSI model was developed for mini-channel porous media. A comprehensive grid refinement was performed, and the computational model was validated with the preliminary experimental measurement. The study presents the computational findings of heat transfer and fluid flow through a three-dimensional (3-D) woven mesh aluminum_1100 alloy. This structure is deployed as a thermal regenerator for solar dish application in the Stirling engine. The numerical model reports that the non-similar regenerator thermal efficiency in all angular velocities is always higher than that of similar regenerators. Following the grid independence analysis and experimental validation, the numerical method used in this study is considered reliable. Increasing the angular velocity from 10 rad/s to 100 rad/s leads to reaching the maximum thermal efficiency value during a lower reduced length &lt; 4. The highest deformation occurs in the first wire exposed to the hot stream in both similar (∼7.39 <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>) and non-similar (∼7.42 <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>) regenerators during the heating period. Using sCO₂ as a working fluid flow could significantly influence in contrast to space constraints. This research highlights the importance of sCO₂ flow in improving the efficiency of solar dish Stirling engines, crucial for optimising sustainable solar power generation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 120482"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient modeling and performance analysis of redox-targeted all-vanadium redox flow battery","authors":"Gequn Shu,&nbsp;Huilin Cao,&nbsp;Ziqin Yan,&nbsp;Weiguang Wang,&nbsp;Hua Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is a large-scale energy storage technology with great development potential, but its progress is hindered by high costs and limited energy and power densities. Adding targeted materials to the tank is expected to increase capacity and reduce costs of VRFB. A transient mathematical model for redox-targeted all-vanadium redox flow battery (RT-VRFB) is established and verified under different current densities. The model combines electrolyte flow, fluid–solid targeting reaction and electrochemical reaction. The charge conservation, mass conservation and ion crossover are considered. The correlation analysis between multi-parameters and RT-VRFB performance shows that the current density has a negative effect on the performance of RT-VRFB, especially for the specific energy, and the volumetric fraction of targeted materials has a good positive effect. The reaction rate constant of the targeted reaction significantly affects the utilization rate of the targeted material at different vanadium concentrations. However, its impacts on specific energy and specific capacity diminish as the vanadium concentration increases. For 1.6 M commercial vanadium electrolyte, when volumetric fraction of targeted materials reaches 25 %, specific capacity and energy are increased by 22.9 % and 17.6 %. When the energy efficiency is 80 %, the main factor affecting the maximum current density is the internal resistance of RT-VRFB, followed by the reaction rate constant of targeted reaction and volumetric fraction of targeted materials. The maximum current density can be enhanced through parameter optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120527"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic modeling and electro-thermal complementarity mechanism of nuclear cogeneration system coupling pressurized water reactor & high-temperature gas-cooled reactor","authors":"Zipeng Xu ,&nbsp;Yibo Tian ,&nbsp;Chao Cheng ,&nbsp;Dan Gao ,&nbsp;Heng Zhang ,&nbsp;Jizhen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid increase in renewable energy penetration, power grids face growing demands for flexible resources. Traditional nuclear power plants, limited by insufficient peak-shaving capability, struggle to meet flexibility requirements in high-renewable-penetration scenarios. This study develops and validates a nuclear cogeneration system model coupling pressurized water reactor and high-temperature gas-cooled reactor using Modelica language, proposes a coordinated control strategy for reactor-thermal-electric interactions. Dynamic characteristics under three typical operational modes—electric power regulation, thermal-power regulation, and thermo-electric coordination regulation—are simulated and analyzed. Comparative results demonstrate that the system exhibits multi-timescale coupled responses, with regulation times increasing in the order of electromechanical, pressure, and reactor dynamics. Despite the slow reactor response, fast and stable electric power regulation is achievable due to the buffering effect of the intermediate heating circuit on main steam pressure. Thermal power regulation exhibits weaker stability guarantees than electric power regulation. Under thermal-power regulation scenario, reactor power fluctuations peak over 160 MW (4.5 %Pe), while electric power and main steam pressure fluctuations are limited to 47 MW (3.9 %Pe) and 0.4 bar (0.6 %), respectively. In contrast, electric-power regulation scenario shows negligible state oscillations. The reactor-thermal-electric coordinated control strategy demonstrates strong electro-thermal complementarity: Reactor power variation and overshoot are reduced by 42 % and 55 %, respectively, while steam generator water level fluctuations decrease by 40 % (compared to electric-power regulation) and 64 % (compared to thermal-power regulation), significantly improving dynamic performance and stability during power regulation. This strategy provides a novel solution for nuclear power plants to support flexible grid operation in high-renewable-penetration scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120570"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}