Energy Conversion and Management最新文献

{"title":"An FMI-based co-simulation framework for simulations of wave energy converter systems","authors":"Xinyuan Shao ,&nbsp;Jonas W. Ringsberg ,&nbsp;Erland Johnson ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Li ,&nbsp;Hua-Dong Yao ,&nbsp;Jan G. Skjoldhammer ,&nbsp;Stefan Björklund","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A wave energy converter (WEC) comprises many components with distinct functions. The whole WEC system is complicated, as each component is also a complex subsystem. It is challenging to properly model and couple these subsystems to achieve a global simulation of the whole system. This study proposes an FMI-based co-simulation framework to tackle this challenge. Through the use of a co-simulation technique requiring minimal programming effort, a suite of numerical solvers serving for modelling various WEC components is coupled to create a comprehensive system model for a single WEC unit. The modules of the Ansys software, Aqwa and Rigid Dynamics, are employed to model hydrodynamic loads and motion responses. Simulink is utilized to model the power take-off (PTO) system and then integrate all models into a global simulation. The capability and accuracy of the FMI-based co-simulation framework are validated against an experimental heave decay test and verified by cross-comparing a numerical model built in SESAM. Furthermore, the framework is expanded to encompass the modelling of a large-scale wave park that includes multiple WEC units. Based on a novel WEC concept called NoviOcean, two study cases of a single unit and an 18-unit wave park are investigated. Buoy motions and power performance under several regular and irregular sea states are analysed. The hydrodynamic interactions between the units are evaluated quantitatively regarding the power performance. It is found that the interactions improve the power performance, with a maximum increase of up to 36%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 119220"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermoelectric generator using nanoporous silicon formed by metal-assisted chemical etching method","authors":"Nguyen Van Toan ,&nbsp;Yijie Li ,&nbsp;Truong Thi Kim Tuoi ,&nbsp;Nuur Syahidah Sabran ,&nbsp;Jun Hieng Kiat ,&nbsp;Ioana Voiculescu ,&nbsp;Takahito Ono","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) offer a promising solution for converting waste heat into electrical energy, addressing global energy challenges with their ability to operate without moving parts and under diverse environmental conditions. However, the adoption of TEGs is limited by the drawbacks of traditional materials like bismuth telluride, which are expensive and environmentally hazardous. Silicon-based TEGs, while abundant and compatible with semiconductor manufacturing, are characterized by low thermoelectric efficiency due to high thermal conductivity and complex fabrication. In this study, we explore the possibility to use nanoporous silicon, fabricated through a metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) method, as a novel material for TEGs. Our hypothesis was that nanoporous structures would reduce thermal conductivity and enhance the Seebeck coefficient, thereby improving the figure of merit (ZT). Additionally, a spin-on dopant (SOD) technique was used to improve the contact resistance, and further enhance the device’s performance. This research presents the synthesis and detailed characterization of nanoporous silicon, with a focus on optimizing porosity and layer thickness. The effects of SOD treatment on the electrical properties are also evaluated. The fabricated nanoporous silicon-based micro-TEGs exhibited ZT values that were 4.2 times higher for n-type and 12.4 times larger for p-type compared to bulk silicon, achieving a maximum power density of 1.12 μW/cm². This performance significantly surpassed that of bulk silicon devices. These findings demonstrated the potential of nanoporous silicon as a viable material for next-generation thermoelectric applications, offering a scalable and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional thermoelectric materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 119268"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cross-modal deep learning method for enhancing photovoltaic power forecasting with satellite imagery and time series data","authors":"Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Shuo Shan ,&nbsp;Weijing Dou ,&nbsp;Haikun Wei ,&nbsp;Kanjian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate photovoltaic (PV) power forecasting improves grid stability and energy utilization efficiency. Integrating large-scale cloud information from satellite imagery can enhance the accuracy of ultra-short-term PV power forecasts. However, existing satellite-based forecasting methods consider the global features of satellite images but overlook the impact of localized cloud movements on future PV generation in the target area. The focus on local information, such as PV time series and nearby clouds in the region of interest, contributes to more efficient feature extraction of satellite images. In this study, a deep learning method is proposed to strengthen the cross-modal correlation of global and local information in satellite image encoding and the multi-modal fusion stage. A novel satellite image encoder is designed by using the dual-branch spatio-temporal vision transformer to compress large-scale cloud features into the features of the region of interest. Satellite image features are then combined with PV time-series features using a cross transformer with rotary position embedding. The proposed method was validated using data from ten PV stations, demonstrating forecast skill of 47.29%–58.23% for PV power forecasts up to 4 h ahead. Compared to ViT, ViViT, CrossViT, and Perceiver, the proposed method achieves an average improvement of 2.39%–3.75%, and a minimum of 8.98% improvement in scenarios where PV time-series data is unavailable. Moreover, the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by 2.85%–5.53%. The experimental results highlight that the proposed method shows accurate and robust forecasting performance and is a reliable alternative to PV power forecasting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 119218"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of traditional and ambient air-assisted ground source heat pump systems using different bore field configurations","authors":"Santeri Siren ,&nbsp;Janne Hirvonen ,&nbsp;Piia Sormunen","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While ground source heat pump systems offer an energy-efficient means of generating local renewable energy for buildings, they also face challenges, such as ground thermal imbalance and the spatial requirements of the bore field. These problems can be addressed by optimizing the bore field configuration and coupling the system with complementary energy sources. This study explores the relationship between the bore field configuration and the long-term performance of an ambient air-assisted hybrid ground source heat pump system. The hypothesis was that utilizing ambient air as a supplementary heat source effectively reduces the significance of the bore field configuration on the techno-economic performance of the system. Understanding this relationship can aid in designing more efficient systems. This paper presents quantitative effects of bore field layout and borehole spacing on the performance of AAA-GSHP systems, using several different performance metrics. The analysis encompassed various bore field configurations assessed for a traditional and an ambient air-assisted ground source heat pump system using dynamic energy simulations for a 50-year period with IDA ICE software. A key finding was that utilizing ambient air as an additional heat source highly effectively mitigates the effects of the bore field layout and spacing on the techno-economic performance of the system. By decreasing borehole spacing from 15 m to 5 m, the required land area was reduced by 89 % while simultaneously achieving a 25 % higher share of renewable energy production compared to the traditional solution. Depending on the bore field configuration, the ambient air-assisted system achieved a 0–31 % lower levelized cost of energy, 2–52 % lower CO₂ emissions, and a 9–58 % higher share of renewable energy production compared to the traditional system. The achieved benefits were particularly substantial with configurations where numerous boreholes were concentrated in a small land area. On average, 40 % of the thermal energy from the ambient air was charged in the bore field, while the remaining portion was utilized directly in the evaporator. The conversion of a traditional system to an ambient air-assisted system can be achieved with a technically straightforward solution that leverages existing technology, increasing the initial investment by only 6 %. The ambient air-assisted ground source heat pump system shows significant potential for applications with a year-round heating demand and limited land area for bore hole installation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 119240"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical-thermal-electrochemical insights of the PEMWE stack in the accelerated stress test protocol powered by renewable energy","authors":"Kaichen Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaxuan Liang ,&nbsp;Chao Xu ,&nbsp;Yufei Wang ,&nbsp;Beiyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhichao Chen ,&nbsp;Xing Ju ,&nbsp;Feng Ye ,&nbsp;Zhiming Wang ,&nbsp;Jianguo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen production by proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is considered a pivotal technology for renewable energy storage, utilization and conversion. In this study, based on one-year output data of photovoltaic (PV) and wind power (WP) generation in North China region, a K-means clustering algorithm was employed to extract the typical working conditions of PV and WP. The accelerated stress test (AST) protocols applicable to PEMWE stacks were proposed. Using the cell voltage monitoring (CVM) and cell temperature monitoring (CTM) devices, the voltage-temperature variations and transient response characteristics of a 10-cell PEMWE stack were experimentally investigated under steady-state, PV-AST and WP-AST conditions. Evaluation indexes were introduced to quantify the electrical-thermal consistency during 100-hour of continuous operation. The results indicate that stack performance degradation is relatively modest under steady-state testing, while significant performance degradation and electrical-thermal consistency deterioration are observed under AST fluctuating conditions. Electrochemical analysis using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy-Distribution of Relaxation Times (EIS-DRT) revealed increased impedance in various electrochemical processes after 100 h of continuous testing, with more pronounced hindrance observed under AST conditions. Additionally, micro-morphological characterization identified evident material defects and degradation are witnessed in the catalyst coated membrane (CCM) after AST conditions, indicating severer cell failure due to frequent start-up/shut-down cycles and power fluctuations. These efforts contribute to clarify the electrical-thermal-electrochemical characteristics and degradation mechanisms of PEMWE stacks during long-term operations powered by renewable energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 119258"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-depth exploration of microbial electrolysis cell coupled with anaerobic digestion (MEC-AD) for methanogenesis in treating protein wastewater at high organic loading rates","authors":"Changqing Liu ,&nbsp;Qi Cao ,&nbsp;Xingguang Luo ,&nbsp;Shenghan Yan ,&nbsp;Qiyuan Sun ,&nbsp;Yuyi Zheng ,&nbsp;Guangyin Zhen","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High concentrations of protein wastewater often reduce treatment efficiency due to ammonia inhibition and acid accumulation caused by its low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) after digestion, as well as its complex structure. This study investigates the performance of a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) driving a protein digestion system with gradually increasing organic loading rates (OLR) of bovine serum albumin, elucidating microbial changes and methanogenic metabolic pathways on bioelectrodes under high OLR “inhibited steady-state” (ISS) conditions. The results showed that the accumulation of ammonia nitrogen (AN) from protein hydrolysis under high OLR conditions disrupted microbial growth and caused cell death on the electrode surface, hindering the electron transfer rate. Toxic AN reduced protein hydrolysis, led to propionate accumulation, inhibiting the acetoclastic methanogenesis process and favoring the hydrogenotrophic pathway. As OLR increased from 6 to 11 gCOD/L, cumulative methane production increased significantly from 450.24 mL to 738.72 mL, while average methane yield and production rate decreased by 10.51 % and 50.28 %, from 375.20 mL/gCOD and 75.04 mL/(gCOD·d) to 335.78 mL/gCOD and 37.31 mL/(gCOD·d), respectively. Despite these declines, the system maintained an ISS. Moderate OLR increases can achieve an ISS, boosting protein waste treatment capacity, methane production, and net energy output (NEO), with an OLR of 6 gCOD/L being optimal for maximizing NEO per unit substrate. These findings provide theoretical insights into the methanogenesis pathway of high OLR proteins in MEC-AD systems and offer an effective method for treating high OLR protein wastewater in future practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 119152"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical and computer modelling of a thermo-mechanical vapour compression system for space air conditioning in buildings","authors":"Hussein A. Al Khiro,&nbsp;Rabah Boukhanouf","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air conditioning in buildings is essential for providing indoor thermal comfort, but it imposes a significant electrical power load and carbon footprint, particularly when using traditional vapor compression systems. This study investigates an innovative design and thermodynamic analysis of a cooling system that integrates an ejector device into a basic vapour compression cycle and incorporates a thermally driven second-stage compressor, forming the proposed thermo-mechanical vapor compression cooling system. The second-stage compressor operates at constant volume, utilizing thermal energy from an external heat source, such as a thermal solar collector. A MATLAB® model was developed to evaluate key energy performance indices of the cycle for selected commercially available refrigerants, and the effect of external heat source temperature and condenser temperature on the cooler’s thermodynamic performance was studied in detail. Results showed a marked reduction in mechanical compressor work using refrigerants such as R161, R1270, R1234yf, and R1234zeE. For instance, the mechanical energy consumption was reduced by 30.54 %, and the Coefficient of Performance improved by 43.98 % compared to the basic vapor compression cycle, at a condenser temperature of 65 °C and a superheated refrigerant temperature leaving the thermal storage of 100 °C using R1234yf. These findings indicate that the thermo-mechanical vapour compression cooling system offers a promising solution for reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions in buildings, particularly in hot climates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 119252"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of the supercritical water gasification system: Components, challenges and sustainability","authors":"Zhaoxia Mi,&nbsp;Shuzhong Wang,&nbsp;Xinyue Huang,&nbsp;Chengcheng Yang,&nbsp;Fan Zhang,&nbsp;Yanhui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The supercritical water gasification system is a novel energy conversion technology that has garnered significant interest in recent years for both research and practical use. The system realizes efficient energy conversion and comprehensive resource use by gasifying various organic molecules under high temperature and pressure settings using supercritical water as the medium. The reactor, which is the central part of the system, is responsible for recycling heat effectively and cleanly. Corrosion and obstruction issues have a direct impact on the gasification process’s performance. Furthermore, the coke generated during the gasification process can react with CO₂ to produce CO, coke formation is avoided in this process, H₂ and CO together are known as syngas.. This can be utilized directly as fuel or converted into a variety of liquid fuels. The potential of supercritical water gasification systems for environmental sustainability and energy conversion are finally discussed, along with the challenges that must be solved before scaling up and going commercial. The purpose of this review is to offer a thorough overview and analysis of the major components of supercritical water gasification systems, including reactor, front-end, and post-treatment processes, in order to offer recommendations and insights for relevant engineering and research projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 119169"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of a solar-geothermal system with energy retrofit based on innovative Indexes","authors":"Jun Li ,&nbsp;Gaoyang Hou ,&nbsp;Hessam Taherian ,&nbsp;Ziyue Ma ,&nbsp;Zhengguang Liu ,&nbsp;Zeguo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating multiple renewable energy sources into buildings is essential for achieving a net-zero carbon future, especially within the building sector. This study incorporates a photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) array in a conventional ground source heat pump (GSHP) system and presents four distinct designs that change based on system layouts and energy recovery mechanisms. Two innovative indicators, COPTLR and SCOPTLR, are proposed to effectively measure the efficiency of hybrid energy systems which include GSHPs, as well as to examine the overall utilization ratio of shallow geothermal energy. By applying numerical investigation, long-term systematic analysis is presented along with economic metrics and proposed innovative performance indicators. The findings indicate that the proposed cooling and heating retrofit mechanism, along with the implementation of a schedule control, can reduce the GSHP power consumption by 63.2%. Meanwhile, investment tax credit (ITC) and favorable retail tariffs can lower the long-term levelized cost of energy (LCOE) to 0.077 $/kWh. The minimum values of COPTLR and SCOPTLR in the proposed system are 0.492 and 0.483, respectively. This investigation fully demonstrates the advantages of the designed solar-geothermal system and highlights the effectiveness of the proposed performance indicators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 119238"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A geographic analysis and techno-economic assessment of renewable heat sources for low-temperature direct air capture in Europe","authors":"Luc F. Krull ,&nbsp;Chad M. Baum ,&nbsp;Benjamin K. Sovacool","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrated assessment model (IAM) scenarios examining pathways to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement stress the necessity of deploying carbon dioxide removal (CDR) methods, of which direct air capture (DAC) is viewed as one of the most promising. This study undertakes both a geospatial analysis and techno-economic assessment of potential heat sources for DAC to examine the economic impact of different renewable heat source systems on the capture costs of large-scale LT-DAC plants. It does this by determining the location of these plants through the paradigm of identifying the ideal geographic and economic environment for the selected heat sources. Thus, the research aims to answer the following research questions: What heat sources are optimally suited for low-temperature (LT) DAC and what conditions are feasible for setup? Which geographic locations represent the ideal environment within Europe for each heat source? How do the selected heat sources and geographic locations impact the economic viability of LT-DAC? Drawing on Climeworks’ LT-DAC approach as a focal case, the heat sources of geothermal energy, parabolic trough collector (PTC), industrial waste heat (IWH), and high-temperature heat pump (HTHP) were chosen, to be separately deployed in Iceland, Spain, Germany, and Norway, respectively. Spain emerged as a highly promising location for the PTC, IWH, and HTHP systems while Iceland is most suitable for the geothermal, IWH, and HTHP systems. Norway is a promising country mostly for deploying a HTHP system, whereas Germany faces primarily environmental and legal barriers. The techno-economic assessment identified great variation in the LCOD costs for the different heat source systems, with the geothermal energy system exhibiting the lowest costs at 175.63 €/tCO₂ followed by the IWH, PTC, and HTHP systems. Future LCOD costs could potentially see a significant reduction of up to 66 % depending on the heat source system based on projected decreases in DAC CAPEX costs. A cost comparison revealed that current carbon price levels within the European Emission trading scheme are not expected to be sufficiently high enough to drive large investments in the development and scaling of LT-DAC. Cost levels of CCS technologies and LT-DAC could however be comparable, in particular for the geothermal energy system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 119186"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}