Electronics最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of Envelope- and Machine Learning-Based Electrical Fault Type Detection Algorithms for Electrical Distribution Grids","authors":"Ozgur Alaca, Emilio Carlos Piesciorovsky, Ali Riza Ekti, Nils Stenvig, Yonghao Gui, Mohammed Mohsen Olama, Narayan Bhusal, Ajay Yadav","doi":"10.3390/electronics13183663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183663","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces envelope- and machine learning (ML)-based electrical fault type detection algorithms for electrical distribution grids, advancing beyond traditional logic-based methods. The proposed detection model involves three stages: anomaly area detection, ML-based fault presence detection, and ML-based fault type detection. Initially, an envelope-based detector identifying the anomaly region was improved to handle noisier power grid signals from meters. The second stage acts as a switch, detecting the presence of a fault among four classes: normal, motor, switching, and fault. Finally, if a fault is detected, the third stage identifies specific fault types. This study explored various feature extraction methods and evaluated different ML algorithms to maximize prediction accuracy. The performance of the proposed algorithms is tested in an emulated software–hardware electrical grid testbed using different sample rate meters/relays, such as SEL735, SEL421, SEL734, SEL700GT, and SEL351S near and far from an inverter-based photovoltaic array farm. The performance outcomes demonstrate the proposed model’s robustness and accuracy under realistic conditions.","PeriodicalId":11646,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Gate Charge Degradation of Multi-Chip IGBT Modules in Power Supply for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles","authors":"Yuheng Li, Zhiquan Zhou, Jinlong Wang, Lina Wang, Chenxu Wang","doi":"10.3390/electronics13183664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183664","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, with the burgeoning application of high voltage in various industrial sectors, the deployment of unmanned equipment, such as industrial heavy-load Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), incorporating high-capacity Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs), has become increasingly prevalent. The demand for high-voltage IGBT modules in UAV is continuously growing; therefore, exploring methods to predict fault precursor parameters of multi-chip IGBT modules is crucial for the operational health management of unmanned equipment like UAVs. This paper analyzes the gate charge degradation in multi-chip IGBT modules after thermal cycling, which can be used to evaluate the operational state of these modules. Furthermore, to delve into the electrical response of a gate drive circuit caused by local damage within the IGBT module, an RLC model incorporating parasitic parameters of the gate drive circuit is established, and a sensitivity analysis of the peak current in the gate charge circuit is provided. Additionally, in the experimental circuit, an open sample of an IGBT module with partial bond wires lifted off is used to simulate actual faults. The analysis and experimental results indicate that the peak current of the gate charge is closely related to L and C. The significant deviation in the gate current, influenced by the partial bond wires lift-off, can provide a basis for the development of predictive methods for IGBT modules.","PeriodicalId":11646,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Improved Retinex-Based Approach Based on Attention Mechanisms for Low-Light Image Enhancement","authors":"Shan Jiang, Yingshan Shi, Yingchun Zhang, Yulin Zhang","doi":"10.3390/electronics13183645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183645","url":null,"abstract":"Captured images often suffer from issues like color distortion, detail loss, and significant noise. Therefore, it is necessary to improve image quality for reliable threat detection. Balancing brightness enhancement with the preservation of natural colors and details is particularly challenging in low-light image enhancement. To address these issues, this paper proposes an unsupervised low-light image enhancement approach using a U-net neural network with Retinex theory and a Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM). This method leverages Retinex-based decomposition to separate and enhance the reflectance map, ensuring visibility and contrast without introducing artifacts. A local adaptive enhancement function improves the brightness of the reflection map, while the designed loss function addresses illumination smoothness, brightness enhancement, color restoration, and denoising. Experiments validate the effectiveness of our method, revealing improved image brightness, reduced color deviation, and superior color restoration compared to leading approaches.","PeriodicalId":11646,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blockchain-Assisted Secure Energy Trading in Electricity Markets: A Tiny Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Stackelberg Game Approach","authors":"Yong Xiao, Xiaoming Lin, Yiyong Lei, Yanzhang Gu, Jianlin Tang, Fan Zhang, Bin Qian","doi":"10.3390/electronics13183647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183647","url":null,"abstract":"Electricity markets are intricate systems that facilitate efficient energy exchange within interconnected grids. With the rise of low-carbon transportation driven by environmental policies and tech advancements, energy trading has become crucial. This trend towards Electric Vehicles (EVs) is bolstered by the pivotal role played by EV charging operators in providing essential charging infrastructure and services for widespread EV adoption. This paper introduces a blockchain-assisted secure electricity trading framework between EV charging operators and the electricity market with renewable energy sources. We propose a single-leader, multi-follower Stackelberg game between the electricity market and EV charging operators. In the two-stage Stackelberg game, the electricity market acts as the leader, deciding the price of electric energy. The EV charging aggregator leverages blockchain technology to record and verify energy trading transactions securely. The EV charging operators, acting as followers, then decide their demand for electric energy based on the set price. To find the Stackelberg equilibrium, we employ a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithm that tackles non-stationary challenges through policy, action space, and reward function formulation. To optimize efficiency, we propose the integration of pruning techniques into DRL, referred to as Tiny DRL. Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed schemes outperform traditional approaches.","PeriodicalId":11646,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Development of Embroidered Reconfigurable Dipole Antennas: A Textile Approach to Mechanical Reconfiguration","authors":"Sofia Bakogianni, Aris Tsolis, Chrysanthi Angelaki, Antonis A. Alexandridis","doi":"10.3390/electronics13183649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183649","url":null,"abstract":"A design framework for developing full-textile reconfigurable dipole antennas is proposed for wearable applications. To this end, a precise embroidery process using conductive threads is applied to properly manage the antenna structure. Further, mechanical reconfiguration to enhance antenna operation by using solely clothing components is outlined. As a proof-of-concept, we present a full-textile embroidered dipole antenna with mechanical frequency reconfiguration. Specifically, reconfiguration is achieved by folding the dipole arms through a triangular formation. Conductive Velcro strips are employed to guide the necessary dipole arrangement. As shown, the proposed design methodology enables frequency tunability that ranges from 780 to 1330 MHz for UHF and L bands, with satisfactory radiation performance. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement, in terms of achieving similar frequency reconfiguration concept, as predicted by the electromagnetic simulation models.","PeriodicalId":11646,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Lossy Compression of Video Sequences of Automotive High-Dynamic Range Image Sensors for Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems and Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"Paweł Pawłowski, Karol Piniarski","doi":"10.3390/electronics13183651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183651","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we introduce an efficient lossy coding procedure specifically tailored for handling video sequences of automotive high-dynamic range (HDR) image sensors in advanced driver-assistance systems (ADASs) for autonomous vehicles. Nowadays, mainly for security reasons, lossless compression is used in the automotive industry. However, it offers very low compression rates. To obtain higher compression rates, we suggest using lossy codecs, especially when testing image processing algorithms in software in-the-loop (SiL) or hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) conditions. Our approach leverages the high-quality VP9 codec, operating in two distinct modes: grayscale image compression for automatic image analysis and color (in RGB format) image compression for manual analysis. In both modes, images are acquired from the automotive-specific RCCC (red, clear, clear, clear) image sensor. The codec is designed to achieve a controlled image quality and state-of-the-art compression ratios while maintaining real-time feasibility. In automotive applications, the inherent data loss poses challenges associated with lossy codecs, particularly in rapidly changing scenes with intricate details. To address this, we propose configuring the lossy codecs in variable bitrate (VBR) mode with a constrained quality (CQ) parameter. By adjusting the quantization parameter, users can tailor the codec behavior to their specific application requirements. In this context, a detailed analysis of the quality of lossy compressed images in terms of the structural similarity index metric (SSIM) and the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) metrics is presented. With this analysis, we extracted some codec parameters, which have an important impact on preservation of video quality and compression ratio. The proposed compression settings are very efficient: the compression ratios vary from 51 to 7765 for grayscale image mode and from 4.51 to 602.6 for RGB image mode, depending on the specified output image quality settings. We reached 129 frames per second (fps) for compression and 315 fps for decompression in grayscale mode and 102 fps for compression and 121 fps for decompression in the RGB mode. These make it possible to achieve a much higher compression ratio compared to lossless compression while maintaining control over image quality.","PeriodicalId":11646,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence-Based Decision Support System for Sustainable Urban Mobility","authors":"Miljana Shulajkovska, Maj Smerkol, Gjorgji Noveski, Marko Bohanec, Matjaž Gams","doi":"10.3390/electronics13183655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183655","url":null,"abstract":"As urban populations rise globally, cities face increasing challenges in managing urban mobility. This paper addresses the question of identifying which modifications to introduce regarding city mobility by evaluating potential solutions using city-specific, subjective multi-objective criteria. The innovative AI-based recommendation engine assists city planners and policymakers in prioritizing key urban mobility aspects for effective policy proposals. By leveraging multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and ±1/2 analysis, this engine provides a structured approach to systematically and simultaneously navigate the complexities of urban mobility planning. The proposed approach aims to provide an open-source interoperable prototype for all smart cities to utilize such recommendation systems routinely, fostering efficient, sustainable, and forward-thinking urban mobility strategies. Case studies from four European cities—Helsinki (tunnel traffic), Amsterdam (bicycle traffic for a new city quarter), Messina (adding another bus line), and Bilbao (optimal timing for closing the city center)—highlight the engine’s transformative potential in shaping urban mobility policies. Ultimately, this contributes to more livable and resilient urban environments, based on advanced urban mobility management.","PeriodicalId":11646,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collaborative Channel Perception of UAV Data Link Network Based on Data Fusion","authors":"Zhiyong Zhao, Zhongyang Mao, Zhilin Zhang, Yaozong Pan, Jianwu Xu","doi":"10.3390/electronics13183643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183643","url":null,"abstract":"The existing collaborative channel perception suffers from unreasonable data fusion weight allocation, which mismatches the channel perception capability of the node devices. This often leads to significant deviations between the channel perception results and the actual channel state. To solve this issue, this paper integrates the data fusion algorithm from evidence fusion theory with data link channel state perception. It applies the data fusion advantages of evidence fusion theory to evaluate the traffic pulse statistical capability of network node devices. Specifically, the typical characteristic parameters describing the channel perception capability of node devices are regarded as evidence parameter sets under the recognition framework. By calculating the credibility and falsity of the characteristic parameters, the differences and conflicts between nodes are measured to achieve a comprehensive evaluation of the traffic pulse statistical capabilities of node devices. Based on this evaluation, the geometric mean method is adopted to calculate channel state perception weights for each node within a single-hop range, and a weight allocation strategy is formulated to improve the accuracy of channel state perception.","PeriodicalId":11646,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Modular Multilevel Converter Topology with High- and Low-Frequency Modules and Its Modulation Strategy","authors":"Zejun Huang, Hao Bai, Min Xu, Yuchao Hou, Ruotian Yao, Yipeng Liu, Qi Guo, Chunming Tu","doi":"10.3390/electronics13183656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183656","url":null,"abstract":"To resolve the issue of the difficultly in effectively balancing the output performance improvement, cost reduction, and efficiency improvement of a medium-voltage modular multilevel converter (MMC), a novel MMC (NMMC) topology based on high- and low-frequency hybrid modulation is proposed in this study. Each arm of the NMMC contains a high-frequency sub-module composed of a heterogeneous cross-connect module (HCCM) and N − 1 low-frequency sub-modules composed of half-bridge converters. The high-frequency bridge arm of the HCCM in this study adopts SiC MOSFET devices, while the commutation bridge arm and low-frequency sub-module of the HCCM adopt Si IGBT devices. For the NMMC topology, this study adopts a high/low-frequency hybrid modulation strategy, which gives full play to the advantages of low switching loss in SiC MOSFET devices and low on-state loss in Si IGBT devices. In addition, a specific capacitor voltage balance strategy is proposed for the HCCM, and the working state of the HCCM is analyzed in detail. Furthermore, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed topology, modulation strategy, and voltage balancing strategy are verified by experiments. Finally, the proposed topology is compared with the existing MMC topology in terms of device cost and operating loss, which proves that the proposed topology can better balance the cost and efficiency indicators of the device.","PeriodicalId":11646,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vehicle-UAV Integrated Routing Optimization Problem for Emergency Delivery of Medical Supplies","authors":"Muhammad Arslan Ghaffar, Lei Peng, Muhammad Umer Aslam, Muhammad Adeel, Salim Dassari","doi":"10.3390/electronics13183650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183650","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the delivery of medical supplies has faced significant challenges due to natural disasters and recurrent public health emergencies. Addressing the need for improved logistics operations during such crises, this article presents an innovative approach, namely integrating vehicle and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) logistics to enhance the efficiency and resilience of medical supply chains. Our study introduces a dual-mode distribution framework which employs the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm for efficiently clustering demand zones unreachable by conventional vehicles, thereby identifying areas requiring UAV delivery. Furthermore, we categorize the demand for medical supplies into two distinct sets based on vehicle accessibility, optimizing distribution routes via both UAVs and vehicles. Through comparative analysis, our findings reveal that the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm significantly outperforms the genetic algorithm in terms of solving efficiency, iteration counts, and delivery speed. However, the ABC algorithm’s tendency toward early local optimization and rapid convergence leads to potential stagnation in local optima. To mitigate this issue, we incorporate a simulated annealing technique into the ABC framework, culminating in a refined optimization approach which successfully overcomes the limitations of premature local optima convergence. The experimental results validate the efficacy of our enhanced algorithm, demonstrating reduced iteration counts, shorter computation times, and substantially improved solution quality over traditional logistic models. The proposed method holds promise for significantly improving the operational efficiency and service quality of the healthcare system’s logistics during critical situations.","PeriodicalId":11646,"journal":{"name":"Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}