Limin Zhang, Haopeng Ren, Yongfeng Yan, Bo Su, Hanghang Wang, Hasiaoqier Han, Lipeng He
{"title":"A Pendulum Frequency Up-Conversion Hybrid Nanogenerator Integrating Triboelectric, Piezoelectric, and Electromagnetic Effects for Low-Frequency Wave Energy Harvesting","authors":"Limin Zhang, Haopeng Ren, Yongfeng Yan, Bo Su, Hanghang Wang, Hasiaoqier Han, Lipeng He","doi":"10.1002/ente.70621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.70621","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The floating monitoring platform is of great significance for marine environment monitoring, but the power supply of the monitoring platform is an important consideration. This paper presents a pendulum-based hybrid energy harvester (PETP-HEH) that integrates electromagnetic, triboelectric, and piezoelectric mechanisms for capturing low-frequency wave energy. The proposed architecture enables the transformation of low-frequency wave energy into high-frequency oscillatory kinetic energy within the pendulum. The high-frequency swing increases the friction frequency of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) at the upper end of the pendulum, while the magnet at the end stimulates the cantilever beam to vibrate. The output performance of electromagnetic nanogenerator (EMG) and piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) is improved. The triple-mechanism integrated harvester exhibits favorable adaptability to low-frequency marine wave environments. After rectifying the connection of the three power generation modules, the measured peak power reaches 0.64 mW. The fabricated hybrid nanogenerator can continuously drive 40 LEDs under laboratory excitation conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11573,"journal":{"name":"Energy technology","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148848540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jingwen Su, Yingchun Li, Shuaiying Lian, Hongnan Zhou, Lipeng He
{"title":"A Piezoelectric–Triboelectric Smart Structure for Harvesting Human Motion Energy and Motion Recognition","authors":"Jingwen Su, Yingchun Li, Shuaiying Lian, Hongnan Zhou, Lipeng He","doi":"10.1002/ente.70626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.70626","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wearable sensors have become widely used in areas such as health monitoring and motion tracking as a result of the rapid development of wearable technology. With regard to this, this study proposes a piezoelectric–triboelectric smart structure (PE-TESS). The structure serves as a sensor for human motion energy harvesting, motion monitoring, and recognition. The piezoelectric–triboelectric energy harvesting structure is simulated by the finite element method, and the dynamic change of piezoelectric and triboelectric effects in linear motion is simulated and analyzed. Experiments have proved that at a low drive frequency of 3 Hz, PE-TESS has a maximum power of 11.24 mW. The structure can successfully power some electronic devices. After 12 h of continuous durability testing, the prototype maintained fast response performance. The efficacy of motion sensing is validated through the monitoring exemplars. When applied to the human body, it can convert various physical movements into representative electrical signals, serving as a self-powered motion sensor. This provides a reference for the structural development of piezoelectric–triboelectric systems for energy harvesting and monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":11573,"journal":{"name":"Energy technology","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Boosting Interfacial Binding Force for Highly Efficient and Stable Lithium Metal Anodes","authors":"Shuyuan Xie, Ziping Wang, Feilong Dong, YuQing Zhang, Linxia Bo, LiMei Duan, Haiming Xie, Yulong Liu","doi":"10.1002/ente.70622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.70622","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Uncontrolled Li dendrite growth and interfacial side reactions severely limited the performance of the Li metal anode. Herein, we present a simple and effective strategy to construct a firmly adhered Ga–Sn layer on Li metal to form a Ga–Sn/Li composite anode. By harnessing the self-healing function of Ga-based liquid metals and strong Sn–Li interaction, the interfacial layer homogenizes Li<sup>+</sup> flux, promotes uniform Li deposition, suppresses side reactions, and accelerates Li<sup>+</sup> transport kinetics. Consequently, the Ga–Sn/Li symmetric cells achieve an extended cycle lifetime of 1200 h at 1 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> and 1 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup>. The Ga–Sn/Li||NCM811 full cells maintain a capacity of more than 125.7 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> after 200 cycles at a rate of 0.5 C, representing a capacity retention rate of 86.7%. This study proposes a simple way for the practical application of Li metal anodes and demonstrates the potential of the Ga–Sn alloy interface.</p>","PeriodicalId":11573,"journal":{"name":"Energy technology","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"pH-Driven Trade-Offs in V2O5 Nanobelt Supercapacitors: Insights for Long-Term Stability","authors":"Arun Kumar Singh, Shobha Shukla, Sumit Saxena","doi":"10.1002/ente.70620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.70620","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vanadium pentoxide (V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) is a promising pseudocapacitive material for aqueous supercapacitors; however, the influence of pH of electrolyte on its charge storage mechanism and stability remains unclear. Here, we systematically investigate performance of V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> nanobelts in 1 M LiCl electrolyte with pH adjusted to 2.5, 4.5, 5.5, 8 and 9. Electrochemical results indicate that at near-neutral pH (5.5), highest specific capacitance (425 F/g at 0.5 A/g) and superior rate capability are obtained, suggesting enhanced surface-controlled pseudocapacitive kinetics. In contrast, a mildly acidic electrolyte (pH 4.5) provides higher cycling stability (~99% retention after 250 cycles). Significant drift in pH of the electrolyte is observed under strongly acidic and alkaline conditions, with all systems converging towards a mildly acidic range (~5-6) after electrochemical testing, indicating proton/hydroxide-consuming side reactions outside the stability window of V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>. These results demonstrate that electrolyte pH governs a critical trade-off between electrochemical activity and structural durability. Optimising proton activity within a mildly acidic window enables balanced ion participation and improved long-term performance. This study provides insights into pH-regulated charge storage and offers practical guidance for electrolyte engineering in vanadium oxide-based aqueous supercapacitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":11573,"journal":{"name":"Energy technology","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148848852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Po Wu, Miao Qi, Kun Wang, Weiwei Hu, Meng Ji, Dongjian Zhang
{"title":"Effects of Irregular “Bump-Type” Gas Distribution Zones and Cooling Channels on Mass Transport in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells","authors":"Po Wu, Miao Qi, Kun Wang, Weiwei Hu, Meng Ji, Dongjian Zhang","doi":"10.1002/ente.70617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.70617","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are often constrained by nonuniform reactant distribution, liquid–water accumulation, and localized heat build-up during full-scale single-cell operation. To clarify the coupled effects of mass transfer, water management, and thermal regulation, a three-dimensional multiphase numerical model incorporating an irregular bump-type gas distribution zone (GDZ) is developed for full-plate-scale flow-field analysis. Reactant-transport analysis indicates that anode-side hydrogen is progressively consumed along the flow direction, while concentration differences among adjacent channels remain relatively small. In contrast, cathode-side oxygen shows more pronounced lateral maldistribution because of its lower effective concentration, greater diffusion resistance, and product-water accumulation, with the concentration deviation increasing from 2.45% at 20 mm to 5.45% at 80 mm. Liquid water accumulates downstream and preferentially stagnates in low-velocity channels and the outlet GDZ, indicating weakened drainage and intensified oxygen starvation. Forced-convection cooling improves output performance, whereas a realistic cooling-water boundary reduces net power density by only about 0.5%. Moreover, coflow of coolant and oxygen better coordinates heat removal and outlet drainage, increasing the cell voltage to 0.6013 V, with a maximum improvement of 0.69%.</p>","PeriodicalId":11573,"journal":{"name":"Energy technology","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148754107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Umar Salman, Izhar Sagheer, Muhammad Asif, Asif Mahmood, Waheed Al-Masry, Muhammad Asim, Shahid Atiq
{"title":"Elucidating the Inverse Relation Between Current Density and Electron Transport Layer Thickness in Perovskite-Based Organic In-Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells","authors":"Muhammad Umar Salman, Izhar Sagheer, Muhammad Asif, Asif Mahmood, Waheed Al-Masry, Muhammad Asim, Shahid Atiq","doi":"10.1002/ente.70616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.70616","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising alternatives to Pb-based devices because of their reduced toxicity, low-cost fabrication, and environmental compatibility. In this work, a fully lead-free ZnO/BiFeO<sub>3</sub>/Sn-based perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD heterojunction solar cell was numerically investigated using COMSOL Multiphysics. BiFeO<sub>3</sub> (BFO) was employed as the primary ferroelectric absorber, while CsSnI<sub>3</sub> and FASnI<sub>3</sub> were introduced as secondary absorbers to improve photon harvesting and carrier generation. Increasing BFO thickness from 50 to 600 nm enhances the short-circuit current density (<i>J</i><sub>sc</sub>) from 11.2 to 27.8 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> and power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 10.5% to 26.3%, mainly due to stronger optical absorption. CsSnI<sub>3</sub> thickness study reveals a trade-off between current enhancement and voltage loss because of increased recombination. ZnO electron transport layer (ETL) exhibited inverse relation with current density, as <i>J</i><sub>sc</sub> decreases from 27.8 to 22.7 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> when ETL thickness increases from 10 to 150 nm. Conversely, thicker Spiro-OMeTAD improves hole extraction, raising PCE to 27.30%. The optimized BFO/FASnI<sub>3</sub> configuration achieved 29.8% PCE, highlighting the potential of absorber and transport layer engineering for efficient lead-free PSCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11573,"journal":{"name":"Energy technology","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ente.70616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148848587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantitative Evaluation of Spatial Fluctuations in PEMFCs for Optimal Operating Conditions Using Coefficient of Variation Analysis","authors":"Byung Yeon Seo, Hyun Kyu Suh","doi":"10.1002/ente.70604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.70604","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spatial non-uniformity in current density, temperature, and reactant distribution can promote hotspot formation, membrane dehydration, excess water accumulation, and performance degradation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This study quantitatively evaluates spatial fluctuation in a PEMFC and identifies a practical operating condition that maintains high output while reducing internal instability. A 3D numerical model of a single cell with a commercial serpentine-parallel flow field was developed. Five hydrogen flow rates (3.2–16 LPM), five oxygen flow rates (10.6–53 LPM), and cell voltages from 1.0 to 0.4 V were examined. Electrochemical reactions were modeled using the Butler–Volmer equation and Nernst potential, and spatial uniformity was quantified using the coefficient of variation (CV) over seven planes along the flow direction. Increasing the inlet flow rate improved reactant supply and mitigated concentration loss, but the performance gain saturated at high flow rates; the maximum power density difference between Cases 4 and 5 was only 2.08%. At 0.7 V, Cases 4 and 5 yielded mean current densities of 0.855 and 0.850 A/cm<sup>2</sup> with CV values of 0.060 and 0.042, respectively. Considering the additional reactant supply required for Case 5, Case 4 at 0.7 V was identified as the more practical stable operating condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":11573,"journal":{"name":"Energy technology","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148754106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Intelligent Battery Charging Strategy","authors":"Chong Guo, Qiangqiang Wang, Xiulin Huang","doi":"10.1002/ente.70567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.70567","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address the conflict between charging speed, safety, and lifespan in lithium-ion batteries, this paper proposes a physics-consistent and deployable deep reinforcement learning (DRL) intelligent charging strategy. Existing DRL studies often overlook the algebraic loop coupling between power and voltage, leading to nonphysical oscillations in control signals. To overcome this, we construct a high-fidelity digital twin environment with a closed-loop current analytical solution, ensuring physical authenticity during training. Building on this, an improved Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) framework is proposed, featuring a multidimensional normalized reward function for multi-objective optimization and integrating Neural Architecture Search (NAS), pruning, and INT8 quantization for model lightweighting. Experiments across four representative scenarios (standard, low-temperature, high-temperature, and aged battery conditions) demonstrate that, compared to baselines like CC–CV and DDPG, the proposed strategy reduces charging time by 12.5% while effectively regulating peak temperature within scenario-adaptive safety limits and eliminating sawtooth oscillations. Statistical validation (<i>p</i> < 0.01) across 200 independent evaluation runs confirms the significance of the reported improvements. Furthermore, robustness analysis under practical uncertainties including sensor noise and control latency demonstrates the policy's resilience for real-world deployment, and resource evaluation confirms its feasibility for embedded Battery Management Systems (BMS).</p>","PeriodicalId":11573,"journal":{"name":"Energy technology","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zijun Zhang, Qinhui Wang, Yao Zhu, Zhongyang Luo, Chunjiang Yu
{"title":"Thermodynamic, Economic, and Environmental Assessment of Pressurized Pyrolysis Coupled With Oxygen-Enriched Combustion for Coal-Based Power-and-Methanol Polygeneration With CO2 Capture","authors":"Zijun Zhang, Qinhui Wang, Yao Zhu, Zhongyang Luo, Chunjiang Yu","doi":"10.1002/ente.70608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.70608","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address the inherent energy penalties of carbon capture in coal-fired power plants, this study proposes an advanced pressurized oxygen-enriched polygeneration strategy for the cascading valorization of low-rank coal. Full-process models were developed in Aspen Plus for three polygeneration configurations and benchmarked against three conventional power systems with CO<sub>2</sub> capture, plus a reference plant without capture. The pressurized oxygen-enriched polygeneration exhibits the best overall performance: it attains an energy efficiency of 45.97% (≈15% higher than its conventional counterpart) while maintaining high-purity CO<sub>2</sub> suitable for storage (>95%) and near-complete capture (≈99.3%) with markedly reduced capture power demand (CPU ≈ 28 MW). Compared with atmospheric polygeneration, pressurization enhances chemical-product exergy output and further lowers system-wide losses, leading to the lowest monetized environmental cost among the polygeneration cases. Techno-economic results and sensitivity analysis indicate that, despite higher capital requirements, pressurized oxygen-enriched polygeneration achieves the minimum cost of electricity and CO<sub>2</sub> abatement cost among polygeneration options, and its long-term profitability surpasses atmospheric schemes after mid-life operation. These findings demonstrate that coupling pressurized pyrolysis with pressurized oxy-enriched combustion can synergistically improve efficiency and carbon mitigation for low-rank coal polygeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":11573,"journal":{"name":"Energy technology","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shuaiying Lian, Jingwen Su, Limin Zhang, Yingchun Li, Lipeng He
{"title":"A Wearable Piezoelectric-Electromagnetic Hybrid Harvester Based on an M-Shaped Beam for Self-Powered Gait Monitoring","authors":"Shuaiying Lian, Jingwen Su, Limin Zhang, Yingchun Li, Lipeng He","doi":"10.1002/ente.70611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.70611","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address sustainable power challenges in continuous human motion monitoring, this study proposes a piezoelectric-electromagnetic wearable harvester (PEW-HD) based on M-shaped beams for ultra-low-frequency biomechanical piezoelectric energy harvesting and dual-source motion detection. Compared with traditional cantilevers, the M-shaped beam lowers natural frequencies by up to 65% and reduces structural stiffness. This exceptional flexibility enables high sensitivity to human arm-swinging excitations, maximizing power output. Meanwhile, the mutual movement between excitation magnets and the coil generates distinct electrical waveforms to identify the motion state. Under optimal structural parameters (six excitation magnets, 6 mm magnet spacing, 1.5 Hz frequency, and 90 g counterweight), the device achieves a peak-to-peak output voltage of 79.6 V and a maximum power of 26.66 mW. The device can provide stable power input for 90 LEDs or a temperature and humidity sensor. Furthermore, combined with the long short-term memory (LSTM) model and dual-source detection of piezoelectric and electromagnetic signals, it accurately distinguishes the wearer's fast and slow walking patterns. The recognition accuracy of the training set and the test set reaches 93.75% and 95.83%, respectively. It provides an effective, eco-friendly solution for sustainable micro-energy harvesting, battery-free wearable electronics, and self-powered kinematic monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":11573,"journal":{"name":"Energy technology","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}