Engineering Geology最新文献

{"title":"Temporal stability and risk analysis of soil slopes subject to rainfall: The influence of heterogeneity","authors":"Cheng Qian ,&nbsp;Yajun Li ,&nbsp;Philip J. Vardon ,&nbsp;Wei Shao ,&nbsp;Jiahe Song ,&nbsp;Bin Zhang ,&nbsp;Nengxiong Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evaluating the temporal stability and risk of unsaturated soil slopes during rainfall is essential for early warning and emergency response to landslides. However, limited research has been conducted on the transition timing of sliding mechanisms, instability/failure time and the integration of sliding consequences into quantitative risk assessment. In order to extend the research in this field, the Random Finite Element Method (RFEM) is used in this paper to investigate the influence of spatial variability of hydraulic properties (related to the fundamental parameter porosity) on the temporal stability and risk of soil slopes subject to rainfall. The findings indicate that the advancing speed of the wetting front is more rapidly in zones with low porosity than that in zones with high porosity. As rainfall progresses, the sliding mechanism of the slope shifts from deep sliding to shallow sliding. The homogeneous case tends to underestimate the rise in groundwater levels, leading to an overestimation of slope stability. Hydraulic boundary conditions significantly affect slope stability, making it crucial to consider horizontal (or near the toe of the slope) drainage conditions in practical applications. Additionally, the time of instability/failure predicted in the homogeneous case may be delayed compared to the actual conditions. Both probability of instability/failure and risk increase with continued rainfall. Compared to scenarios where the spatial variability of internal friction angle is not considered, the probability of instability/failure and risk will be higher when the spatial variability of internal friction angle is additionally considered. Risk-based assessment can define the risk levels, reflecting the severity of sliding consequences. Furthermore, the Malin slope failure record from the Chibo region of India is used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The probabilities of slope failure align well with actual observations, and the risk-based assessment provides additional information into the Malin landslide. This paper proposes a general model for studying the performance of heterogeneous slopes subject to rainfall, providing valuable guidance for landslide early warning systems and the scope and timing of emergency measures taken.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 107895"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic mechanism triggering the catastrophic Xinjing Landslide in Alxa, Inner Mongolia, China","authors":"Fangpeng Cui ,&nbsp;Chen Xiong ,&nbsp;Qiang Wu ,&nbsp;You Zhou ,&nbsp;Chengheng Hou ,&nbsp;Linfeng Fan ,&nbsp;Miao Liu ,&nbsp;Hao Xu ,&nbsp;Xu Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Few studies have been conducted on the deformation and failure behaviors of open-pit slopes exposed to the combined impacts of mining blasting and geostructure, particularly those generated purely by mining blasting. This study proposes an integrated approach, specifically including dynamic modeling using a novel mesh generation strategy, to systematically reveal the progressive deformation, critical failure and long runout of a catastrophic landslide that occurred on 22 February 2023 at the Xinjing open pit mine, Inner Mongolia. The results show that the internal factors responsible for the landslide include lithological setting, micro-landform, geological structure, and rock mass structure. An unidentified pre-existing reverse fault served as the key internal factor. On the other hand, the external trigger for the landslide was the blasting operation near the slope foot, which exacerbated the fragmentation and ultimately led to the critical failure and overall slide along the fault plane. The landslide manifested as an advancing rock wedge slide. The failure initiated from the back and then the middle parts of the original slope, which pushed the front and foot to trigger the subsequent creep. The following runout was controlled by the topographic relief of the open-pit bottom and consisted of five stages: critical failure, disintegration and fragmentation, debris avalanche, collision and surging up, and accumulation and self-stabilization. Finally, the blasting vibration was identified as the sole trigger for the Xinjing landslide, which had been subjected to the prolonged impact of the reverse fault. This study highlights how important it is to account for the sole effect of mining blasting when assessing the stability of open-pit slopes, which can mitigate the failure risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 107911"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142990355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on hydraulic fracture propagation and interwell interference mechanisms during multi-well pad fracturing in shale reservoirs","authors":"Bo Zhang ,&nbsp;Tiankui Guo ,&nbsp;Ming Chen ,&nbsp;Linrui Xue ,&nbsp;Yunpeng Wang ,&nbsp;Haiyang Wang ,&nbsp;Jiwei Wang ,&nbsp;Zhanqing Qu ,&nbsp;Wentao Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shale reservoirs have unfavourable characteristics such as strong heterogeneity and vertical multiple layers. Multi-well pad fracturing is a highly efficient fracturing technology that can achieve stereoscopic reservoir exploitation. Previous studies usually focused on 2D models, but they cannot simultaneously achieve longitudinal and vertical propagation. Through continuum-discontinuum element method (CDEM), a CDEM-HM3D model is established to investigate the fracture propagation mechanism under well interference and the influences of well spacing, well layout, and fracture spacing on multi-well pad fracturing in a field-scale shale reservoir model with bedding planes. Results show the fracturing performance from preferential fracturing in the lower-stress layer is superior to that in the high-stress layer. The former fully utilizes interwell interference to avoid fracture penetration in the high-stress layer, which is conducive to the safe and independent development of the target reservoir. Compared with staggered well fracturing, stacked well fracturing can more effectively compensate for the reconstruction difference between different layers and activate more bedding area, but the fracture control range decreases. Under the premise of no fracture penetration, increasing the well spacing properly can expand the fracture control range and achieve optimal fracturing performance. An optimal fracture spacing can prevent fracture penetration in the high-stress layer and enlarge the transverse fracture control range, thereby exploiting more resources between fractures. The results can provide theoretical guidance for the efficient development of shale reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 107905"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142968095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of loading paths and initial densities on mechanical response and gradation evolution of calcareous sand","authors":"Jiarui Chen ,&nbsp;Yaolan Tang ,&nbsp;Jianhong Ye ,&nbsp;Chunshun Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenghong Lin ,&nbsp;Congying Li ,&nbsp;Wei Wei ,&nbsp;Jie Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Calcareous sand, a distinctive granular material in geotechnical engineering, has garnered significant interest due to its irregular particle shapes, internal porosity, susceptibility to breakage, and critical role in island and offshore construction. Despite its importance, the influence of loading paths on its mechanical behavior and particle breakage remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap through an extensive experimental program, including isotropic consolidation and both drained and undrained triaxial compression tests, systematically varying loading paths and initial densities. The findings demonstrate that the strength and deformation characteristics of calcareous sand are profoundly affected by loading paths, initial densities, and particle breakage. A novel breakage evolution model is proposed, effectively capturing gradation changes under diverse testing conditions. Furthermore, the study quantifies the impacts of these factors on critical mechanical properties, including peak friction angle, dilatancy, secant modulus, and critical state parameters. These results provide a robust theoretical foundation for the development of constitutive models that integrate particle breakage and initial density effects. The insights are essential for optimizing geotechnical designs, enhancing stability, and improving infrastructure reliability in coastal and marine environments, particularly in island and reef development projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 107908"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142990353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of near-surface undrained shear strength of soft seabeds with free fall cone penetrometer testing in the northern Baltic Sea","authors":"Maarit Saresma ,&nbsp;David J. White ,&nbsp;Debasis Mohapatra ,&nbsp;Saeideh Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Wojciech Sołowski ,&nbsp;Leena Korkiala-Tanttu ,&nbsp;Joonas J. Virtasalo ,&nbsp;Susan Gourvenec","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Free fall cone penetrometer testing (FFCPT) allows for efficient site reconnaissance and soft seabed undrained shear strength (<em>s</em>_<em>u</em>) assessment in a shallow water environment. The FFCPT is a particularly useful tool for near-surface characterization for cable route assessment associated with offshore renewable developments. This study presents results from an in-situ FFCPT, seismoacoustic survey and sediment coring campaign in a nearshore site in the Gulf of Finland, northern Baltic Sea. An extended FFCPT interpretation model has been applied, including friction on the shaft (as well as tip resistance), rate dependency and soil buoyancy. The derived FFCPT profiles are repeatable at a given location, while the shapes of the <em>s</em>_<em>u</em> profiles capture different depositional environments. The derived dynamic FFCPT <em>s</em>_<em>u</em> is lower than measured in the laboratory by fall cone and triaxial tests. This is potentially due to hydrodynamic drag reducing the FFCPT terminal velocity and soil drag affecting the penetration depth and dynamic <em>s</em>_<em>u</em>; and due to the reconstituted nature of the laboratory samples and very low stress levels being considered that are difficult to achieve in the laboratory. The magnitude of derived <em>s</em>_<em>u</em> and characteristic shapes in the FFCPT profiles enable ground-truthing the interpretation of seismoacoustic profiles. This study contributes to the evidence base supporting the FFCPT as a valuable supplement, or to partially replace sediment coring and laboratory measurements, for offshore site assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 107906"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142990357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particle breakage behavior of silty loess: Insights based on experimental tests, image analysis, and numerical simulation","authors":"Bingquan Zhou ,&nbsp;Xi-An Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Particle breakage in loess during consolidation and shear has been documented; however, quantitative research on the mechanical and microstructural responses during breakage remains limited. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the breakage behavior of silty loess at the continuum scale using ring shear tests, image processing, and numerical simulations. The results show the following. (1) The dominant size range of broken particles is 0.03–0.08 mm, and the relative breakage (<em>B</em>_<em>r</em>) increases with the stress and shear displacement. Particle breakage significantly reduces the median particle size and peak shear strength of the soil, alters the residual strength parameters, and delays the onset of the residual state. The primary stress mode leading to breakage is shear, rather than impact stress, and the complex microstructure of the particles substantially affects their breakage potential. (2) Conical contact is dominant between loess particles, and the breakage mode can be simplified to a central crack. The critical particle size for the coordination number is 5 μm. Breakage causes a higher growth rate in the average coordination number of the particles, with contact directions converging toward the shear direction. The coefficient of variation (<em>C</em>_<em>V</em>) of the clay coating distribution is significantly correlated with the <em>B</em>_<em>r</em>, with a higher <em>B</em>_<em>r</em> indicating a more homogeneous distribution. (3) The particle elongation index (EI) tends to increase, the surface roughness is lower, and the circularity fluctuates between 0.66 and 0.72. The fracture mechanisms of the particles, rather than their initial morphology affect these parameters. This study provides enhanced insights into particle breakage and the mechanical responses from microstructural to macroscopic scales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 107904"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142968096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Class C prediction of PVD-improved soft clay settlements","authors":"Shan Huang ,&nbsp;Jinsong Huang ,&nbsp;Richard Kelly ,&nbsp;Merrick Jonse ,&nbsp;Patrick Wong ,&nbsp;Stanley Yuen ,&nbsp;A.H.M. Kamruzzaman ,&nbsp;Shui-Hua Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soft clays exhibit significant challenges in geotechnical engineering due to their low permeability, high compressibility, and susceptibility to settlement under applied loads. These geological factors pose unique difficulties in predicting long-term settlement accurately and efficiently, particularly through Class C prediction methods that involve iterative processes with complex numerical models. To address these challenges, this study presents an efficient approach for Class C prediction of long-term settlement in soft clays. This approach integrates Bayesian updating with structural reliability methods (BUS) and the general simplified Hypothesis B method which is a semi-analytical method based on one-dimensional elastic visco-plastic (1D EVP) model. Unlike previous research that used Response Surface Model (RSM) with polynomial function for consolidation evaluation, the proposed approach enhances both accuracy and performance consistency under varying conditions. Additionally, by leveraging analytical solutions instead of iterative small-time steps required by Finite Element Method (FEM) or Finite Difference Method (FDM), the computational efficiency is also enhanced. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through its application to an embankment improved with prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) in Ballina, New South Wales, Australia. Comparative analyses demonstrate that the predicted settlements from this study, using only the monitoring settlement data collected prior to the 76th day of the project, align closely with the results from established RSM and FEM-based Bayesian back analysis approaches. The obtained results also indicate that the predicted settlements, based on 76 days of monitoring data, closely match field measurements at various depths, whether relying solely on settlement data or integrating additional pore water pressure data. For the Ballina embankment, over 40,000 consolidation analyses required for a single BUS simulation can be completed within 10 h using the general simplified Hypothesis B method, compared to months it might take with FEM or FDM approaches. This makes the proposed approach a practical tool for geotechnical engineers, enabling reliable settlement predictions early in the project timeline while maintaining low computational costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 107903"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142968111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated geological modeling of partially exposed Precambrian bedrock surface and thickness of overlying Quaternary deposits","authors":"Teemu Lindqvist ,&nbsp;Eemi Ruuska ,&nbsp;Emilia Kosonen ,&nbsp;Noora Hornborg ,&nbsp;Pietari Skyttä ,&nbsp;Niko Putkinen ,&nbsp;Juho Mansikkamäki","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bedrock surface topography and thickness of the overlying sediments are key information for numerous engineering applications. However, discrete geological structures, such as bedrock deformation zones, which cause abrupt breaks along bedrock surface, remain largely unrecognized within the conventional digital elevation models (DEMs). This paper provides an example over the generation of geological 3D-models which integrate the deformation zone-controlled erosion surface of the Precambrian crystalline bedrock and the associated thickness variation of the overlying Quaternary glacial sediments in southern Fennoscandian shield. We interpreted the deformation zones from 2D geological and geophysical maps as well as topographic signatures along conventional bedrock surface-DEM, which is based on bedrock surface elevation points comprising &gt;87,000 geotechnical ground investigations, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and acoustic-seismic datasets. We classified the resulting final deformation zone traces into major, intermediate, and minor classes based on their cross-cutting relationships and lengths, and further used this information in generating an improved, structurally constrained bedrock surface-DEM. As input for the improved bedrock surface-DEM, we assigned the recognized 19 m, 11 m, and 5 m thickness of the load bearing stratum (LBS; basal till, gravel, coarse sand) for the major, intermediate, and minor deformation zones, respectively, and modified the bedrock surface accordingly. The resulting structurally constrained bedrock surface-DEM highlights the pronounced erosion and continuity of the linear topographic depressions occurring along the bedrock surface. The resulting network of linear depressions honors the topology and continuity of the bedrock deformation zones and provides geologically justified depth-to-bedrock constraints also in those areas where very limited geotechnical data is available, and, consequently, the conventional approaches result in excessively high bedrock surface elevations and overly thin overburden. By contrast, areas outside the deformation zones show up to 3 m thick LBS, which indicates that there is no need for bedrock-DEM improvements in those areas. The results can be used for e.g. detailed analysis of seismic hazard associated with the soil amplification, and development of improved bedrock surface modeling methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 107902"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142968097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of large-slope planar failure considering entrainment effects: New insights into the 2009 JWS event","authors":"Yinpeng Liu ,&nbsp;Chuang Song ,&nbsp;Zhenhong Li ,&nbsp;Jianbing Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On 5th June 2009, a massive rapid long run-out rock avalanche occurred at the Jiweishan (JWS) area in Chongqing Municipality, China, which claimed 74 lives and injured an additional eight. Previous studies have applied numerical simulation to analyze the post-failure behavior of the JWS rock avalanche over the last decade, but the simulations conducted so far have not fully captured the lateral rock movements, the entrainment of slide mass on weathered blocks at the slope toe, and the subsequent deposition of the debris. This study simulates the planar failure at the initiation of the rock avalanche by three-dimensional (3D) numerical modeling to model the debris movement and deposition of the rock avalanche under the brittle failure of the key block at the front of the slope. The 3D topography and local joint sets are considered in the calculations, with the joint sets cutting the sliding rock mass into irregularly shaped blocks. The shoveling effects are considered to erode the hill ahead of the slope toe to expand the area of influence and match the actual topography. The 3D numerical modeling accurately captured the fundamental characteristics of the rock avalanche, resulting in a post-failure configuration closely resembling what was observed in the field. This method of quantitatively establishing a shoveling model based on field survey results can serve as a reference for the early warning and risk assessment of similar rock avalanche events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 107901"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading characteristics of the fluvial terraces at the lower reaches of Yangtze River","authors":"Zhuang Haiyang ,&nbsp;Li Xiaoxiong ,&nbsp;Zhao Kai ,&nbsp;Wu Shuanglan ,&nbsp;Li Zhaoyan ,&nbsp;Chen Guoxing","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The liquefaction-induced lateral spreading of the fluvial terraces can cause tremendous physical damage to the natural and built environments in the lower reaches of Yangtze River. This paper presents an integrated nonlinear site response analyses method to characterize the large-scale lateral spreading behavior in the wide river valley of Yangtze River at the scale of several kilometers in the Abaqus/Explicit code, incorporating the main features such as the spatial variability of liquefiable deposit, the liquefaction initiation and cyclic mobility at the post liquefaction stage and the geometric nonlinearity induced by the extensively large deformation. In particular, the large-deformation behavior in the numerical model is simulated by the plasticity-based model at the element level and the arbitrary Lagrange–Euler (ALE) method at the model mesh level. The key factors influencing lateral spreading behavior are investigated, involving the ground motion characteristics, the slope angle of fluvial terraces, and the spatial variability of site condition. The numerical results indicate significant spatial variation characteristics of the lateral spreading of the fluvial terraces, triggered in the slightly inclined slope. Three generation stages of lateral spreading could be identified in the time-history curve of lateral displacement, i.e. swing stage, slip stage and creep stage, respectively. Finally, the model performance of the proposed modelling method is evaluated against the widely-used empirical formula, and the difference between each other is interpreted, which provides new insights into the mechanism of liquefaction-induced lateral spreading of the fluvial terraces in the wide river valley.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 107900"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142968098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}