Engineering Geology最新文献

{"title":"Prediction of static liquefaction landslides in loess: Integrating triaxial shear parameters into the sliding-block model","authors":"Fanyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianbing Peng ,&nbsp;Yixiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yapeng Wang ,&nbsp;Tongwei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Static liquefaction landslides are among the most catastrophic geohazards, causing severe casualties and damage worldwide. The rapid mobility of this kind of landslide is the most spectacular in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). However, it has been challenging to accurately predict initiation and failure in static liquefaction loess landslides. Here, we conduct a series of undrained triaxial compression tests on undisturbed and remolded loess samples in CLP, compiling a comprehensive database of undrained triaxial compression tests on saturated loess that combines current and published triaxial tests. Based on the database, we analyze the relationship between the normalized stress ratio and pore water pressure ratio within a stress state framework, then obtain two fitted parameters at the instability and failure points. The two ratios and the fitted parameters are integrated into the limit equilibrium equation to build a sliding-block model. The model accurately predicts the factor of safety against initiation and failure of eight static liquefaction loess landslides and one unfailed loess slope. The scanning electron microscope images and grain size distribution confirm that the packing structure affects shear behavior and the critical state locus in triaxial tests. Pore water pressure and boundary parameters in landslides are more sensitive to changes than those parameters extracted from the triaxial laboratory in the sliding-block model. Finally, we develop a hydro-mechanical coupling criterion for predicting the instability and failure of future static liquefaction landslides. These results show that the novel sliding-block model bridges the gap between triaxial shear parameters and slope field stability conditions. Our findings indicate that the model can serve as an effective method for predicting static liquefaction landslides in loess and other soil types.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108549"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying groundwater level variability and annual slope failure probability using multi-year groundwater level observations","authors":"Dianqing Li ,&nbsp;Junjie Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The variation in groundwater level (GL) has been recognized as an important triggering factor of landslides and often exhibits high uncertainty. Most existing slope reliability analysis and landslide risk assessment studies ignored the uncertainty of GL and focused on estimating slope failure probability that is not related to a time period. This study proposes a rigorous method for quantifying the annual failure probability (<em>P</em>_<em>FA</em>) of slopes considering both uncertainties in GL and soil properties. Multi-year groundwater monitoring data are utilized to quantify the annual exceedance probability of GL through a statistical analysis. A series of GL scenarios corresponding to different return periods or exceedance probabilities is generated and used to estimate the corresponding conditional slope failure probabilities. These conditional probabilities are combined using the Total Probability Theorem to estimate <em>P</em>_<em>FA</em>. The results from a real slope indicate that the conditional slope failure probability increases exponentially as GL rises. The variability in GL dominates <em>P</em>_<em>FA</em> when the variability of soil properties is relatively low (e.g., coefficient of variation, COV = 0.1). Conversely, when the variability of soil properties is relatively high (e.g., COV ≥ 0.3), <em>P</em>_<em>FA</em> is dominated by soil uncertainties, and the conditional failure probability becomes insensitive to GL fluctuations. This highlights the importance of monitoring groundwater conditions in quantifying and mitigating landslide risks. Preliminary validation indicates that GL scenarios corresponding to a return period of 10 to 15 years can be used as representative GL conditions for evaluating <em>P</em>_<em>FA</em>, offering a practical guidance for slope design engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108584"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithology dependent pathways of forming rock mass weakness plane shape regional landslide susceptibility","authors":"Yifan Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenni Jiang ,&nbsp;Chunhao Wu ,&nbsp;Peng Cui ,&nbsp;Weilin Kong ,&nbsp;Yusheng Li ,&nbsp;Shujian Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rock mass weakness planes are mechanically unfavored discontinuities that control slope stability. However, their spatial pattern is poorly understood, limiting advances in regional landslide assessment. In this study, we propose a multi-explainable machine learning framework to predict the distribution of weakness planes and quantify their contribution to landslides. Focusing on southeastern Tibet, the study investigates 194 field outcrops of rock mass weakness planes, integrating geological section comparisons and driving factor analyses to reveal spatial heterogeneity and the evolvement of weakness plane. Rock mass weakness planes are denser in lithologically weak and structurally damaged rock masses, and less developed in gentler, sparsely faulted terrains. Comparative analysis of geological sections indicates that pre-existing discontinuities are essential preconditions for developing weakness planes, whereas precipitation acts as an activator. The controlling factors vary with lithology, indicating that material and structure govern how efficiently exogenic processes transform discontinuities into weakness planes. By considering weakness plane during susceptibility assessment, performances were improved (Recall increased by 4.6–6.8%, AUC increased by 3.1–5.6%). This work constructs the regional-scale model for continuous prediction of rock mass weakness planes. It links lithology-dependent formation mechanisms of rock mass weakness plane to slope instability, providing a process-based framework for interpreting landslide development and improving landslide susceptibility assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108586"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A simple TDR waveform analysis for estimating volumetric water content in marine clays","authors":"Won-Taek Hong ,&nbsp;Eun Sang Lee ,&nbsp;Hyojung Ko ,&nbsp;Wooseok Choi ,&nbsp;Hyunwook Choo","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In electrically conductive media such as marine clays, the strong attenuation of electromagnetic (EM) wave energy significantly complicates the determination of travel time, limiting the applicability of traditional time domain reflectometry (TDR) methods for estimating volumetric water content. This study presents an alternative approach that utilizes characteristic voltages in TDR waveforms—specifically, the normalized voltage ratio (<em>V</em>_<em>f</em>/<em>V</em>_<em>0</em>)—to estimate the volumetric water content (<em>θ</em>_<em>v</em>) and electrical conductivity of marine clays; this approach can be applied even when travel time cannot be determined. Laboratory experiments were conducted on kaolin and bentonite clays with <em>θ</em>_<em>v</em> between 26.9 and 86.8%, saturated with a 0.5 M NaCl solution. The results show that, for both clay types, <em>V</em>_<em>f</em>/<em>V</em>_<em>0</em> was highly sensitive to changes in <em>θ</em>_<em>v</em> and strongly correlated with bulk electrical conductivity, regardless of their mineralogical differences. Empirical relationships were developed to estimate <em>θ</em>_<em>v</em> for each clay, and a generalized model applicable to tested clays with <em>θ</em>_<em>v</em> &gt; 50% was proposed, achieving a mean absolute percentage error of 2.5%. This study demonstrates that waveform-based analysis using characteristic voltages can serve as a reliable alternative to traditional travel time-based TDR techniques, thereby expanding the applicability of TDR in highly conductive saline environments such as marine clays.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108567"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning approaches to predicting the uniaxial compressive strength of granite from image-derived mineralogical features","authors":"Changdi He ,&nbsp;Brijes Mishra ,&nbsp;Yuan Li ,&nbsp;Jessica Michelle Wempen","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study uses machine learning (ML) models to predict the numerically simulated uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of granite directly from digital images. Specifically, the images were processed using an in-house Digital Image Processing (DIP) tool to estimate mineralogical features (used as input features for the ML models), including mineral content, grain size, and spatial distribution. Mineral content and distribution were quantified using <span><math><mi>m</mi></math></span>-harmonic Fourier series equations, whereas mineral grain size was determined using the 4-connectivity method. The target UCS values were derived from the 2D physically informed Subspring Network Breakable Voronoi (SNBV) microstructural models, replicating the mineralogical features observed in the granite images. Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models with different input combinations and hyperparameter optimization methods were trained and evaluated on 126 granite images using a single train/test split and repeated 5-fold cross-validation. Results indicate that the input combination of mineral content, grain size, and spatial distribution parameters from <span><math><mi>m</mi></math></span>-harmonic Fourier series combined with SHapley Additive Explanations (SHAP)-based feature selection, yield the best and robust performance, whereas increasing the harmonic order has a limited effect on accuracy. Among the tested optimization methods, the Optuna–XGBoost model achieved the best performance. In addition, UCS prediction is controlled mainly by the content and grain size of biotite and plagioclase, while the corresponding attributes of quartz/K-feldspar, as well as overall mineral distribution play a comparatively minor role.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108571"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146001414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field and numerical investigations of canal damage characteristics and mechanisms under coupled drying-wetting and freezing-thawing cycles","authors":"Haoyuan Jiang ,&nbsp;Mingyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhengzhong Wang ,&nbsp;Wansheng Pei ,&nbsp;Jianrui Ge ,&nbsp;Zhengyi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Canals are essential for water transfer in cold and arid regions. However, they are vulnerable to damage under drying-wetting and freezing-thawing cycles, with wetting during freezing–thawing periods significantly intensifying frost damage. Yet, the underlying mechanisms involving heat-water-deformation interactions remain insufficiently quantified. This study employs field monitoring to investigate temperature, water content, and deformation behaviors in canals. Then, a coupled water-heat numerical model incorporating seepage effects was developed and applied to analyze how leakage increases soil moisture and exacerbates frost damage. Results show that canal temperatures are controlled by water temperature and leakage during water supply, and by air temperature and solar radiation during water cut-off, with freeze–thaw transitions further modulating thermal behavior. Shady slopes freeze more readily, whereas sunny slopes experience greater evaporative loss. Spring irrigation sharply lowers the 0 °C isotherm below water level, triggering peak frost heave at its onset, followed by rapid thawing. Frost heave is lowest on sunny slopes and greatest at mid-shady slopes, with maximum differences exceeding sixfold. After thawing, minor slippage occurs on shady slopes, while sunny slopes remain stable. Canal frost damage is driven by elevated soil water from leakage and winter irrigation, as well as sharp thermal imbalances induced by spring irrigation and solar radiation disparities between slopes. Preserving the integrity of anti-seepage systems proves more effective in mitigating frost damage than early termination of winter irrigation. This study provides the first integrated field-based and modeling evidence on frost damage mechanisms in cold-arid canals, establishing a scientific foundation for mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108587"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil characterization through shear wave velocity analysis of Lucknow city in the Indo-Gangetic plain of India","authors":"P. Sivasankar ,&nbsp;K. Satish Kumar ,&nbsp;K. Swapna Sri ,&nbsp;P. Pavan Kishore ,&nbsp;G.S. Srinivas ,&nbsp;P. Shiva Shankar ,&nbsp;Anand K. Pandey ,&nbsp;D. Srinagesh ,&nbsp;T. Seshunarayana","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shear wave velocity (Vs) of a medium depends on shear modulus, an essential parameter in geotechnical engineering applications that helps understand soil deformation under dynamic loading during earthquake shaking. We carried out Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) surveys to characterise geotechnical parameters of the shallow subsurface soil in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, a fast-growing urban city on the banks of Gomati and Sai rivers in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), and lies to the south of the central seismic gap region in the Himalayan collision zone. The V_S profiles are acquired at 191 locations across the Lucknow region, exploring up to ∼50 m depth in the thick alluvial soil. The analysis of 1D, 2D, and 3D shear wave velocity profiles suggests (i) average shear wave velocities (Vs³⁰) vary from 226 m/s to 480 m/s throughout the study region. (ii) Long-range swapped 2D cross-sectional profiles reflect the geometry of the Gomati and Sai rivers up to a depth of 50 m. (iii) Very low V_S values are observed along the Gomati and Sai river banks. (iv) Most of the soil in the study area is stiff soil of class C, accordingly to the Eurocode 8 classification, with stiffness varying from ∼100 KPa to 400 KPa. (v) The estimated soil predominant frequencies, amplifications, and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) vary from 1.9 Hz – 4.0 Hz, 1.4–3.7, and 0.04 g to 0.09 g, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108548"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic analysis of a zoned earth dam after decades of operation","authors":"Mariagrazia Tretola ,&nbsp;Lucia Coppola ,&nbsp;Stefania Sica ,&nbsp;Luca Pagano","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The seismic safety assessment of zoned earth dams that have been in operation for several decades requires a preliminary evaluation of their pre-seismic behavior through the interpretation of monitoring data and laboratory tests on construction materials, collected throughout the dam's service life. Once it is verified whether any factors have influenced the dam's performance and whether this behavior remains consistent with the original design expectations, the seismic response can be analyzed using either pseudo-dynamic (Newmark-based) or coupled elastoplastic continuum approaches. The most relevant damage mechanisms are those affecting watertightness. Zoned earth dams may develop seismic-induced fractures resulting from sliding through the core or from stress release associated with distributed deformation. Coupled analyses provide fundamental physical insight into the processes governing hydraulic fracturing under both seismic and post-seismic conditions, while pseudo-dynamic methods offer valuable information on potential sliding mechanisms and on whether failure surfaces are likely to propagate through the core. The integration of these two approaches enables a deeper understanding of core vulnerability and improves the overall reliability of seismic safety evaluations. This study explores these aspects through the analysis of the Conza Dam in Italy—a unique case where a major earthquake occurred during construction, and where comparative testing of original and recent materials revealed progressive changes in properties over decades of operation. The combined application of pseudodynamic and coupled dynamic analyses to this case demonstrates their complementarity and effectiveness in predicting potential earthquake-induced damage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108559"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into the microstructural evolution of dredged clay treated by SAP flocculation and vacuum preloading","authors":"Yupeng Cao ,&nbsp;Junxia Liu ,&nbsp;Zhehao Qiu ,&nbsp;Xiang Yong ,&nbsp;Jie Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-scale dredging activities generate high-water-content sediments with poor engineering properties, which pose significant challenges to their reuse in construction and land reclamation. This paper proposes a combined treatment using superabsorbent polymer (SAP) flocculation and vacuum preloading to enhance consolidation and microstructural uniformity. Laboratory-scale model tests were conducted using both rectangular and cylindrical setups, and the treated specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, digital image processing was applied to evaluate the microstructural evolution quantitatively. The results demonstrated that the SAP effectively improved soil flocculation, reduced pore connectivity, and mitigated clogging near prefabricated vertical drains, thereby enhancing radial drainage uniformity. EDS analysis revealed a more homogeneous elemental distribution, particularly of sodium ions, whereas XRD confirmed that the SAP acted via physical rather than chemical mechanisms. Quantitative metrics, such as reduced pore area ratio, increased roundness, and lower entropy, indicated a more stable and orderly soil fabric. From an engineering geological perspective, this study provides practical insights to improve the reliability, efficiency, and environmental sustainability of ground-treatment techniques in soft clayey terrains, particularly for infrastructure development in coastal and deltaic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108560"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertical land movements assessment integrating Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, in-situ data, and engineering-geological model: The case study of the reclaimed farmland of the Po River Delta (Italy)","authors":"Laura Pedretti ,&nbsp;Pietro Teatini ,&nbsp;Tommaso Letterio ,&nbsp;Guadalupe Bru ,&nbsp;Carolina Guardiola-Albert ,&nbsp;Roberto Tomás ,&nbsp;María I. Navarro-Hernández ,&nbsp;Alessandro Bondesan ,&nbsp;Yuri Taddia ,&nbsp;Claudia Meisina","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-elevation reclaimed coastlands face significant challenges from land subsidence and sea-level rise, making long-term monitoring of ground movements crucial to ensure infrastructure safety and preserve the natural environment. This study aims to reconstruct the long-term historical ground deformation of the reclaimed farmland in the Po River Delta by: i) integrating nearly 30 years of multisource, multi-temporal, and multisensor Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) satellite data (ERS-1/2, RADARSAT-1/2, Sentinel-1); ii) combining multisource InSAR datasets generated using different algorithms covering distinct or overlapping time periods (Sentinel-1 PSI, P-SBAS, and IPTA); and iii) developing a 3D engineering-geological model focused on the under-consolidated fine-grained deposits that are more prone to subsidence. By combining multiple monitoring techniques, this multidisciplinary approach reveals that land subsidence is primarily driven by autocompaction of under-consolidated finegrained sediments, locally accelerated by building construction, as evidenced by InSAR data. The highest subsidence rates occur in the youngest reclaimed areas with thicker under-consolidated fine-grained deposits.</div><div>While integrating multisensor InSAR datasets from diverse sources to reconstruct longterm ground deformation presents challenges, it also yields valuable insights. In this work, we demonstrate that heterogeneous datasets can still be valuable when interpreted carefully and that the feasibility of combining legacy and modern InSAR data for long historical deformation reconstruction is a practical challenge in real-world data integration.</div><div>Moreover, this comprehensive approach enables updating spatial and temporal records of land movement and identifying conditioning factors for inclusion in land movement susceptibility and risk maps supporting land planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 108544"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}