Endocrine reviews最新文献_第9页

The Microbiota and Evolution of Obesity. 微生物群与肥胖症的进化。

IF 22 1区医学

Endocrine reviews Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae033

Mario J A Saad, Andrey Santos

引用次数: 0

The Biology and Clinical Implications of PCSK7. PCSK7的生物学和临床意义。

IF 22 1区医学

Endocrine reviews Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae031

Vatsal Sachan, Delia Susan-Resiga, Kalista Lam, Nabil G Seidah

{"title":"The Biology and Clinical Implications of PCSK7.","authors":"Vatsal Sachan, Delia Susan-Resiga, Kalista Lam, Nabil G Seidah","doi":"10.1210/endrev/bnae031","DOIUrl":"10.1210/endrev/bnae031","url":null,"abstract":"Discovered in 1996, PCSK7 is the seventh of the 9-membered proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin (PCSK) family. This article reviews the various aspects of the multifaceted biology of PCSK7 and what makes it an exciting new target for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), affecting ∼30% of the population globally, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and likely cancer/metastasis. We will systematically review and discuss all the available epidemiological data, and structural, cell biology, and in vivo evidence that eventually led to the discovery of PCSK7 as a novel post-translational regulator of apolipoprotein B. Interestingly, PCSK7 is the only convertase, other than PCSK9, that exhibits noncanonical/nonenzymatic functions, which will be amply described in this review. The data so far have suggested that PCSK7 is a potential safe target in MASLD treatment. This was based on human epidemiological data, as well as mouse Pcsk7 knockout and mRNA translation inhibition using hepatocyte-targeted antisense oligonucleotides following a diet-induced MASLD. Additionally, of all the 9 convertases only the gene deletion of Pcsk7 and/or Pcsk9 in mice leads to healthy and fertile animals with no apparent deleterious consequences, suggesting that their pharmacological targeting is likely safe. Accordingly, the synergistic effects of inhibiting both PCSK7 and PCSK9 in a clinical setting may represent a novel therapy for various diseases. We believe that the current surge in oligonucleotide therapy, with many Food and Drug Administration-approved oligonucleotide-based drugs now available in clinics, and the urgent need for novel MASLD therapeutics present an opportune moment for this timely review article.","PeriodicalId":11544,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine reviews","volume":" ","pages":"281-299"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11894536/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142812348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Papillary Craniopharyngioma: An Integrative and Comprehensive Review. 乳头状颅咽管瘤：综合全面的综述。

IF 22 1区医学

Endocrine reviews Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae028

Ruth Prieto, Tareq A Juratli, Evan D Bander, Sandro Santagata, Laura Barrios, Priscilla K Brastianos, Theodore H Schwartz, José M Pascual

{"title":"Papillary Craniopharyngioma: An Integrative and Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Ruth Prieto, Tareq A Juratli, Evan D Bander, Sandro Santagata, Laura Barrios, Priscilla K Brastianos, Theodore H Schwartz, José M Pascual","doi":"10.1210/endrev/bnae028","DOIUrl":"10.1210/endrev/bnae028","url":null,"abstract":"Papillary craniopharyngioma (PCP) is a rare type of tumor, comprising ∼20% of all craniopharyngioma (CP) cases. It is now recognized as a separate pathological entity from the adamantinomatous type. PCPs are benign tumors, classified as World Health Organization grade 1, characterized by nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium. They typically grow as solid and round papillomatous masses or as unilocular cysts with a cauliflower-like excrescence. PCPs primarily occur in adults (95%), with increased frequency in males (60%), and predominantly affect the hypothalamus. Over 80% of these tumors are located in the third ventricle, expanding either above an anatomically intact infundibulum (strictly third ventricle tumors) or within the infundibulo-tuberal region of the third ventricle floor. Clinical manifestations commonly include visual deficits and a wide range of psychiatric disturbances (45% of patients), such as memory deficits and odd behavior. Magnetic resonance imaging can identify up to 50% of PCPs by the presence of a basal duct-like recess. Surgical management is challenging, requiring complex approaches to the third ventricle and posing significant risk of hypothalamic injury. The endoscopic endonasal approach allows radical tumor resection and yields more favorable patient outcomes. Of intriguing pathogenesis, over 90% of PCPs harbor the somatic BRAFV600E mutation, which activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. A phase 2 clinical trial has demonstrated that PCPs respond well to proto-oncogene B-Raf/MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitors. This comprehensive review synthesizes information from a cohort of 560 well-described PCPs and 99 large CP series including PCP cases published from 1856 to 2023 and represents the most extensive collection of knowledge on PCPs to date.","PeriodicalId":11544,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine reviews","volume":" ","pages":"151-213"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142364845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of maternal vitamin D supplementation on childhood health. 母亲补充维生素D对儿童健康的影响。

IF 20.3 1区医学

Endocrine reviews Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaf001

Nanna S Svensson,Tabia Volqvartz,Anna Louise Vestergaard,Esben T Vestergaard,Agnete Larsen,Pinar Bor

{"title":"Effects of maternal vitamin D supplementation on childhood health.","authors":"Nanna S Svensson,Tabia Volqvartz,Anna Louise Vestergaard,Esben T Vestergaard,Agnete Larsen,Pinar Bor","doi":"10.1210/endrev/bnaf001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnaf001","url":null,"abstract":"Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of health issues in the offspring. Accordingly, recent Endocrine Society guidelines strongly support supplementation in pregnancy, also underlining that without consensus on optimal maternal vitamin D levels, routine screening is currently irrelevant. Knowledge of organ-specific effects of vitamin D and its association with maternal vitamin D status may aid to optimize vitamin D supplementation. This systematic review outlines the proposed next-generation effects of vitamin D supplementation ≥ 400 IU/d, and explores whether such effects are attributed to a specific maternal vitamin D level obtained during pregnancy. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and Embase according to the PRISMA guidelines, focusing on health outcomes from ten days post-partum and beyond. Of the 2,383 screened articles, 39 were included. In 11 of 16 studies, vitamin D supplementation reduced respiratory tract infections in the first years of life. Growth or bone development benefits were observed in six of 12 studies. Positive effects on neurodevelopment and reduced autoimmune risk (diabetes-related antibodies) were noted, although further research is needed to determine the role of vitamin D. Very few studies have measured vitamin D concentrations, but even 1,600 IU/d supplementation was associated with high frequency of infant vitamin D insufficiency. Current recommendations may not ensure sufficient vitamin D levels at birth, among others, increasing the risk of early-life infections. Further studies linking maternal and infant vitamin D levels to specific outcomes would aid in personalized nutritional advice during pregnancy and improve next-generation health.","PeriodicalId":11544,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine reviews","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cardiometabolic Aspects of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. 先天性肾上腺皮质增生症的心脏代谢问题

IF 22 1区医学

Endocrine reviews Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae026

Robert Krysiak, Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten, Nicole Reisch, Philippe Touraine, Henrik Falhammar

{"title":"Cardiometabolic Aspects of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.","authors":"Robert Krysiak, Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten, Nicole Reisch, Philippe Touraine, Henrik Falhammar","doi":"10.1210/endrev/bnae026","DOIUrl":"10.1210/endrev/bnae026","url":null,"abstract":"Treatment of classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is directed at replacing deficient hormones and reducing androgen excess. However, even in the era of early diagnosis and lifelong hormonal substitution, the presence of CAH is still associated with numerous complications and also with increased mortality. The aim of this article was to create an authoritative and balanced review concerning cardiometabolic risk in patients with CAH. The authors searched all major databases and scanned reference lists of all potentially eligible articles to find relevant articles. The risk was compared with that in other forms of adrenal insufficiency. The reviewed articles, most of which were published recently, provided conflicting results, which can be partially explained by differences in the inclusion criteria and treatment, small sample sizes, and gene-environment interactions. However, many studies showed that the presence of CAH is associated with an increased risk of weight gain, worsening of insulin sensitivity, high blood pressure, endothelial dysfunction, early atherosclerotic changes in the vascular wall, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. These complications were more consistently reported in patients with classic than nonclassic CAH and were in part related to hormonal and functional abnormalities associated with this disorder and/or to the impact of overtreatment and undertreatment. An analysis of available studies suggests that individuals with classic CAH are at increased cardiometabolic risk. Excess cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity is likely multifactorial, related to glucocorticoid overtreatment, imperfect adrenal hormone replacement therapy, androgen excess, and adrenomedullary failure. Cardiometabolic effects of new therapeutic approaches require future targeted studies.","PeriodicalId":11544,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine reviews","volume":" ","pages":"80-148"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11720181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142143040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Cortisol Awakening Response: Regulation and Functional Significance. 皮质醇觉醒反应：调节和功能意义。

IF 22 1区医学

Endocrine reviews Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae024

Tobias Stalder, Henrik Oster, James L Abelson, Katharina Huthsteiner, Tim Klucken, Angela Clow

{"title":"The Cortisol Awakening Response: Regulation and Functional Significance.","authors":"Tobias Stalder, Henrik Oster, James L Abelson, Katharina Huthsteiner, Tim Klucken, Angela Clow","doi":"10.1210/endrev/bnae024","DOIUrl":"10.1210/endrev/bnae024","url":null,"abstract":"In healthy individuals, the majority of cortisol secretion occurs within several hours surrounding morning awakening. A highly studied component of this secretory period is the cortisol awakening response (CAR), the rapid increase in cortisol levels across the first 30 to 45 minutes after morning awakening. This strong cortisol burst at the start of the active phase has been proposed to be functional in preparing the organism for the challenges of the upcoming day. Here, we review evidence on key regulatory and functional processes of the CAR and develop an integrative model of its functional role. Specifically, we propose that, in healthy individuals, the CAR is closely regulated by an intricate dual-control system, which draws upon key circadian, environmental, and neurocognitive processes to best predict the daily need for cortisol-related action. Fine-tuned CAR expression, in turn, is then assumed to induce potent glucocorticoid action via rapid nongenomic and slower genomic pathways (eg, affecting circadian clock gene expression) to support and modulate daily activity through relevant metabolic, immunological, and neurocognitive systems. We propose that this concerted action is adaptive in mediating two main functions: a primary process to mobilize resources to meet activity-related demands and a secondary process to help the organism counterregulate adverse prior-day emotional experiences.","PeriodicalId":11544,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine reviews","volume":" ","pages":"43-59"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Postbiotic Impact on Host Metabolism and Immunity Provides Therapeutic Potential in Metabolic Disease. 后生物对宿主新陈代谢和免疫的影响为代谢性疾病的治疗提供了潜力。

IF 22 1区医学

Endocrine reviews Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae025

Han Fang, Rodrigo Rodrigues E-Lacerda, Nicole G Barra, Dana Kukje Zada, Nazli Robin, Alina Mehra, Jonathan D Schertzer

{"title":"Postbiotic Impact on Host Metabolism and Immunity Provides Therapeutic Potential in Metabolic Disease.","authors":"Han Fang, Rodrigo Rodrigues E-Lacerda, Nicole G Barra, Dana Kukje Zada, Nazli Robin, Alina Mehra, Jonathan D Schertzer","doi":"10.1210/endrev/bnae025","DOIUrl":"10.1210/endrev/bnae025","url":null,"abstract":"The gut microbiota influences aspects of metabolic disease, including tissue inflammation, adiposity, blood glucose, insulin, and endocrine control of metabolism. Prebiotics or probiotics are often sought to combat metabolic disease. However, prebiotics lack specificity and can have deleterious bacterial community effects. Probiotics require live bacteria to find a colonization niche sufficient to influence host immunity or metabolism. Postbiotics encompass bacterial-derived components and molecules, which are well-positioned to alter host immunometabolism without relying on colonization efficiency or causing widespread effects on the existing microbiota. Here, we summarize the potential for beneficial and detrimental effects of specific postbiotics related to metabolic disease and the underlying mechanisms of action. Bacterial cell wall components, such as lipopolysaccharides, muropeptides, lipoteichoic acids and flagellin, have context-dependent effects on host metabolism by engaging specific immune responses. Specific types of postbiotics within broad classes of compounds, such as lipopolysaccharides and muropeptides, can have opposing effects on endocrine control of host metabolism, where certain postbiotics are insulin sensitizers and others promote insulin resistance. Bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, lactate, glycerol, succinate, ethanolamine, and ethanol, can be substrates for host metabolism. Postbiotics can fuel host metabolic pathways directly or influence endocrine control of metabolism through immunomodulation or mimicking host-derived hormones. The interaction of postbiotics in the host-microbe relationship should be considered during metabolic inflammation and metabolic disease.","PeriodicalId":11544,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine reviews","volume":" ","pages":"60-79"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11720174/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Adiponectin and Adiponectin Receptors in Atherosclerosis. 动脉粥样硬化中的脂肪连接素和脂肪连接素受体

IF 22 1区医学

Endocrine reviews Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae021

Ioanna Gianopoulos, Christos S Mantzoros, Stella S Daskalopoulou

{"title":"Adiponectin and Adiponectin Receptors in Atherosclerosis.","authors":"Ioanna Gianopoulos, Christos S Mantzoros, Stella S Daskalopoulou","doi":"10.1210/endrev/bnae021","DOIUrl":"10.1210/endrev/bnae021","url":null,"abstract":"Adiponectin is an abundantly secreted hormone that communicates information between the adipose tissue, and the immune and cardiovascular systems. In metabolically healthy individuals, adiponectin is usually found at high levels and helps improve insulin responsiveness of peripheral tissues, glucose tolerance, and fatty acid oxidation. Beyond its metabolic functions in insulin-sensitive tissues, adiponectin plays a prominent role in attenuating the development of atherosclerotic plaques, partially through regulating macrophage-mediated responses. In this context, adiponectin binds to its receptors, adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and AdipoR2 on the cell surface of macrophages to activate a downstream signaling cascade and induce specific atheroprotective functions. Notably, macrophages modulate the stability of the plaque through their ability to switch between proinflammatory responders, and anti-inflammatory proresolving mediators. Traditionally, the extremes of the macrophage polarization spectrum span from M1 proinflammatory and M2 anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Previous evidence has demonstrated that the adiponectin-AdipoR pathway influences M1-M2 macrophage polarization; adiponectin promotes a shift toward an M2-like state, whereas AdipoR1- and AdipoR2-specific contributions are more nuanced. To explore these concepts in depth, we discuss in this review the effect of adiponectin and AdipoR1/R2 on 1) metabolic and immune responses, and 2) M1-M2 macrophage polarization, including their ability to attenuate atherosclerotic plaque inflammation, and their potential as therapeutic targets for clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":11544,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11720176/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141897122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Structure and Function of Somatostatin and Its Receptors in Endocrinology. 内分泌学中的促生长素及其受体的结构和功能。

IF 22 1区医学

Endocrine reviews Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae022

Bo Zhang, Li Xue, Zhe Bao Wu

{"title":"Structure and Function of Somatostatin and Its Receptors in Endocrinology.","authors":"Bo Zhang, Li Xue, Zhe Bao Wu","doi":"10.1210/endrev/bnae022","DOIUrl":"10.1210/endrev/bnae022","url":null,"abstract":"Somatostatin analogs, such as octreotide, lanreotide, and pasireotide, which function as somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs), are the main drugs used for the treatment of acromegaly. These ligands are also used as important molecules for radiation therapy and imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are canonical G protein-coupled proteins that play a role in metabolism, growth, and pathological conditions such as hormone disorders, neurological diseases, and cancers. Cryogenic electron microscopy combined with the protein structure prediction platform AlphaFold has been used to determine the 3-dimensional structures of many proteins. Recently, several groups published a series of papers illustrating the 3-dimensional structure of SSTR2, including that of the inactive/activated SSTR2-G protein complex bound to different ligands. The results revealed the residues that contribute to the ligand binding pocket and demonstrated that Trp8-Lys9 (the W-K motif) in somatostatin analogs is the key motif in stabilizing the bottom part of the binding pocket. In this review, we discuss the recent findings related to the structural analysis of SSTRs and SRLs, the relationships between the structural data and clinical findings, and the future development of novel structure-based therapies.","PeriodicalId":11544,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine reviews","volume":" ","pages":"26-42"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141906234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Current Challenges and Future Directions in the Assessment of Glucocorticoid Status. 糖皮质激素状态评估的当前挑战和未来方向。

IF 23.9 1区医学

Endocrine reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae016

Sophie A Clarke, Pei Chia Eng, Alexander N Comninos, Katharine Lazarus, Sirazum Choudhury, Christie Tsang, Karim Meeran, Tricia M Tan, Waljit S Dhillo, Ali Abbara

{"title":"Current Challenges and Future Directions in the Assessment of Glucocorticoid Status.","authors":"Sophie A Clarke, Pei Chia Eng, Alexander N Comninos, Katharine Lazarus, Sirazum Choudhury, Christie Tsang, Karim Meeran, Tricia M Tan, Waljit S Dhillo, Ali Abbara","doi":"10.1210/endrev/bnae016","DOIUrl":"10.1210/endrev/bnae016","url":null,"abstract":"Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones are secreted in a circadian and ultradian rhythm and play a critical role in maintaining physiological homeostasis, with both excess and insufficient GC associated with adverse effects on health. Current assessment of GC status is primarily clinical, often in conjunction with serum cortisol values, which may be stimulated or suppressed depending on the GC disturbance being assessed. In the setting of extreme perturbations in cortisol levels ie, markedly low or high levels, symptoms and signs of GC dysfunction may be overt. However, when disturbances in cortisol GC status values are less extreme, such as when assessing optimization of a GC replacement regimen, signs and symptoms can be more subtle or nonspecific. Current tools for assessing GC status are best suited to identifying profound disturbances but may lack sensitivity for confirming optimal GC status. Moreover, single cortisol values do not necessarily reflect an individual's GC status, as they are subject to inter- and intraindividual variation and do not take into account the pulsatile nature of cortisol secretion, variation in binding proteins, or local tissue concentrations as dictated by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, as well as GC receptor sensitivity. In the present review, we evaluate possible alternative methods for the assessment of GC status that do not solely rely on the measurement of circulating cortisol levels. We discuss the potential of changes in metabolomic profiles, micro RNA, gene expression, and epigenetic and other novel biomarkers such as growth differentiating factor 15 and osteocalcin, which could in the future aid in the objective classification of GC status.","PeriodicalId":11544,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine reviews","volume":" ","pages":"795-817"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11581704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141097139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0