Ecological Monographs最新文献

{"title":"Multidimensional resource partitioning by Serengeti herbivores","authors":"Emilian S. Kihwele,&nbsp;Matthew C. Hutchinson,&nbsp;Damari S. Nassary,&nbsp;John R. Hongoa,&nbsp;J. Grant C. Hopcraft,&nbsp;Han Olff,&nbsp;Robert M. Pringle,&nbsp;Michiel P. Veldhuis","doi":"10.1002/ecm.70044","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The enchanting diversity of large mammalian herbivores in African savannas has long challenged ecologists: How can so many species of large, generalist plant eaters coexist? Variation in body size and craniofacial/dental anatomy are key morphological determinants of ecological niche differentiation, shaping foraging behavior in ways that stabilize coexistence by limiting interspecific competition for space and food. Variation in water requirements may be another important dimension of niche differentiation, but whether and how variability in water requirements affects the partitioning of other resources is unknown. Here, we investigate how body size, dental morphology, and water requirements interactively affect space use and diet of 15 large-herbivore species in Serengeti National Park. Water requirements predicted space use in relation to permanent water sources, while diet type (percentage grass) was best predicted by dental morphology. Food partitioning was best predicted by a combination of all three traits in both wet and dry seasons. Furthermore, the total explained variation of diet dissimilarity explained almost tripled when these three traits were combined compared to single traits, emphasizing the importance of multiple dimensions of niche differentiation. Our results show that variation in water requirements is strongly associated with spatial and dietary niche differentiation among large herbivores, emphasizing the importance of spatial heterogeneity in surface water and vegetation structure for maintaining the world's last mega-diverse megafaunal assemblages. Integrating multiple dimensions of resource partitioning is a crucial step toward predicting how species will respond to homogenization of savanna landscapes due to changes in land use, surface water availability, and rainfall.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"95 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecm.70044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145593526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Root-mycorrhizal foraging strategies shift with forest age more than with nitrogen manipulation","authors":"Gaigai Ding,&nbsp;Wenjing Zeng,&nbsp;Tao Yan,&nbsp;Lijuan Sun,&nbsp;Weile Chen,&nbsp;Mingzhen Lu,&nbsp;Zeqing Ma","doi":"10.1002/ecm.70039","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plant nutrient foraging depends on roots and mycorrhizal fungi, which are affected by plant carbon (C) investment and soil nutrient availability. The C supply for root metabolism and associated fungi might be diminished as the host plant size or age increases, while the quality and quantity of soil nitrogen (N) change with forest age. There is still no holistic understanding of how the organization of belowground mycorrhizal root structure and fungi in the nutrient acquisition continuum shifts with forest age and soil resources, which restrains our understanding of the functional relations among roots, fungi, and soil. Here, we examined shifts in the absorptive root, mycorrhizal strategies, and soil-associated fungal community compositions after 9 years of nitrogen manipulation (0, 20, and 50 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) in temperate larch forests across three age cohorts (11, 20, and 45 years). We found that the effect of forest age on root and fungal traits outweighs that of nitrogen treatment. Specifically, with increasing forest tree age, root respiration and specific root length decreased, while protective investments such as tissue density and phenolics increased. Meanwhile, the proportion of ectomycorrhizal fungi of the long-distance exploration type decreased, but those of the short-distance exploration type increased. Together, these patterns suggest a forest age-mediated nutrient acquisition continuum spanning from “explorative roots with long-distance exploration types” to “conservative roots with short-distance exploration types.” We propose that this nutrient acquisition continuum is functionally constrained by the “size vs. rate” trade-off between the root architecture and root segment metabolism, and the “roots vs. mycorrhizal fungi” complementarity between root architecture and mycorrhizal exploration types. Our results suggest that forest age explains shifts in systemic functional trade-offs in root architecture, root segment metabolism, and mycorrhizal exploration types.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"95 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecm.70039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145492009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neighbor density-dependent facilitation promotes coexistence and internal oscillation","authors":"Lisa Buche,&nbsp;Lauren G. Shoemaker,&nbsp;Peter Vesk,&nbsp;Lauren M. Hallett,&nbsp;Oscar Godoy,&nbsp;Margaret Mayfield","doi":"10.1002/ecm.70040","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ability of species to form diverse communities is not fully understood. Species are known to interact in various ways with their neighborhood. Despite this, common phenomenological models of species coexistence assume that per capita interactions are constant and competitive, even as the environment changes. In this study, we investigate how neighbor density-dependent variation in the strength and sign of species interactions changes species and community dynamics. We demonstrate that incorporating these sources of variation significantly improves predictions of ecological dynamics compared to the outcomes of typical models, which hold interaction strengths constant. We compared the performance of models based on different functions of neighbor density and identity in describing population trajectories (i.e., persistence over time) and community dynamics (i.e., temporal stability, synchrony, and degree of oscillation) in simulated two-species communities and a real, diverse annual plant system. In our simulated communities, we observed the highest level of coexistence between species pairs when species interactions varied from competitive to facilitative, depending on neighbor density (i.e., following a sigmoid function). Introducing within-guild facilitation through a nonlinear bounded function allowed populations, both simulated and empirical, to avoid extinction or runaway growth. In fact, nonlinear bounded functions (i.e., exponential and sigmoid functions) accurately predicted population trends over time within the range of abundances observed over the last 10 years. With the sigmoid function, the simulated communities of two species exhibited a higher probability of synchrony and oscillation compared to other functional forms. These simulated communities did not always show temporal stability, even when they were predicted to coexist. Overall, varying species interactions lead to realistic ecological trajectories and community dynamics when bounded by asymptotes based on neighbor density. These findings are crucial for advancing our understanding of how diverse communities are sustained and for applying ecological theory to real-world studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"95 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145477816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Life history traits influence environmental impacts on spatial population synchrony in European birds and butterflies”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ecm.70041","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Martin, Ellen C., Brage Bremset Hansen, Aline Magdalena Lee, and Ivar Herfindal. 2025. “Life History Traits Influence Environmental Impacts on Spatial Population Synchrony in European Birds and Butterflies.” <i>Ecological Monographs</i> 95(3): e70029. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.70029.</p><p>The funding statement for this article was missing. The below funding statement has been added to the Acknowledgments section of the article:</p><p>Open-access publishing facilitated by Schweizerische Vogelwarte, as part of the Wiley - Schweizerische Vogelwarte agreement via the Consortium Of Swiss Academic Libraries.</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"95 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecm.70041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145443009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Missing data in ecology: Syntheses, clarifications, and considerations","authors":"Michael Dumelle,&nbsp;Rob Trangucci,&nbsp;Amanda M. Nahlik,&nbsp;Anthony R. Olsen,&nbsp;Kathryn M. Irvine,&nbsp;Karen Blocksom,&nbsp;Jay M. Ver Hoef,&nbsp;Claudio Fuentes","doi":"10.1002/ecm.70037","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In ecology and related sciences, missing data are common and occur in a variety of different contexts. When missing data are not handled properly, subsequent statistical estimates tend to be biased, inefficient, and lack proper confidence interval coverage. Missing data are often grouped into three categories: missing completely at random (MCAR), missing at random (MAR), and missing not at random (MNAR). We review each category and compare their benefits and drawbacks. We review several approaches to handling missing data including complete case analysis, imputation, inverse probability weighting, and data augmentation. We clarify what types of variables should accompany imputation methods and how those variables are influenced by the analysis methods. Additionally, we discuss missing data that lack a formal basis for measurement and hence are fundamentally different from MCAR, MAR, and MNAR missing data. Throughout, we introduce concepts and numeric examples using both simulated data and data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's 2016 National Wetland Condition Assessment. We conclude by providing five considerations for ecologists and other scientists handling missing data.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"95 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecm.70037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145443006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional coexistence theory: Identifying mechanisms linking biodiversity and ecosystem function","authors":"Joe Wan,&nbsp;Po-Ju Ke,&nbsp;Iris Hordijk,&nbsp;Lalasia Bialic-Murphy,&nbsp;Thomas W. Crowther","doi":"10.1002/ecm.70033","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Theory and experiments show that diverse ecosystems often have higher levels of function (for instance, biomass production), yet it remains challenging to identify the biological mechanisms responsible. We synthesize developments in coexistence theory into a general theoretical framework linking community coexistence to ecosystem function. Our framework, which we term functional coexistence theory, identifies three components determining the total function of a community of coexisting species. The first component directly corresponds to the niche differences that enable pairwise species coexistence and to the complementarity component from the additive partition of biodiversity effects. The second component measures whether higher functioning species also have higher fitness under competition, providing a missing link between the additive partition's selection effect and modern coexistence theory's concept of equalization. The third component is least well studied: reducing functional imbalances between species increases niche difference's positive effect on function. Using a mechanistic model of resource competition, we show that our framework can link the structure and function of multispecies communities and that it can predict changes in coexistence and ecosystem function along gradients of resource availability. In particular, we expect the effect of resource level on biodiversity–function relationships to be limited in magnitude and variable in sign because it should be primarily mediated by fitness. Next, we confirm our theoretical expectations by fitting this model to data from a classic plant competition experiment. Finally, we apply our framework to simulations of multiple ecosystem functions, demonstrating that relationships between niche, fitness, and function also predict a community's multifunctionality, or ability to simultaneously show high levels of multiple functions. Taken together, our results highlight fundamental links between species coexistence and its consequences for ecosystem function, providing an avenue toward mechanistic and predictive understanding of community–ecosystem feedbacks.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"95 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecm.70033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145366479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opportunistic partner choice among arctic plants and root-associated fungi is driven by environmental conditions","authors":"Bastien Parisy,&nbsp;Niels M. Schmidt,&nbsp;Alyssa R. Cirtwill,&nbsp;Edith Villa-Galaviz,&nbsp;Mikko Tiusanen,&nbsp;Jukka Sirén,&nbsp;Cornelya F. C. Klütsch,&nbsp;Paul Eric Aspholm,&nbsp;Katrine Raundrup,&nbsp;Eero J. Vesterinen,&nbsp;Helena Wirta,&nbsp;Tomas Roslin","doi":"10.1002/ecm.70038","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Interactions between plants and soil microbes play a key role in structuring plant communities. In a rapidly changing Arctic environment, we urgently need to uncover how these interactions are responding to environmental changes. Here, we disentangle two contributions to variation in plant–fungus interactions along geographic and environmental gradients of the Arctic: abiotic impacts on the pool of fungal species present in the soil, and abiotic <i>and</i> biotic impacts on variation in the pool of fungi associated with plant roots. Given the low species richness and harsh conditions in the Arctic, we expected opportunistic associations to emerge, along with strong impacts of the environment on interaction structure. Across multiple spatial scales, we sampled roots of 12 widely distributed plant taxa. To characterize the pool of species available for colonization, we quantified the pool of fungi present in the soil, and to characterize realized interactions, we quantified root-associated fungal communities. Data from DNA metabarcoding of each fungal community were modeled by Hierarchical Modeling of Species Communities (HMSC). To determine whether the realized networks deviated from random expectations, we compared the observed networks to those expected under null models. Overall, we found strong support for opportunistic associations, along with some level of selectivity. Fungal communities within the soil and rhizosphere shared 85% of their fungal genera, but the composition of these communities significantly differed among ecosystem compartments. The two compartments showed similar responses to the environment, with low levels of partner fidelity among both plant and fungal taxa. Plant–fungus networks showed a distinctly nonrandom structure, which was driven by gradients in pH and temperature. Across the Arctic, the structure of fungal communities in the plant rhizosphere is thus mainly driven by abiotic rather than by biotic conditions (i.e., host identity or microbes–microbes associations). Environmental conditions will dictate what interaction partners occur where, but interactions among locally occurring plants and fungi are dominated by opportunistic partner choice. Overall, our findings suggest that the dynamics and structure of plant–root-associated interactions will be altered by abiotic changes in the Arctic realm, and that the flexibility of associations may contribute to the resilience of the system.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"95 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecm.70038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145306251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time will tell: The temporal and demographic contexts of plant–soil microbe interactions","authors":"Po-Ju Ke,&nbsp;Gaurav S. Kandlikar,&nbsp;Suzanne Xianran Ou,&nbsp;Gen-Chang Hsu,&nbsp;Joe Wan,&nbsp;Meghna Krishnadas","doi":"10.1002/ecm.70032","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil microorganisms can have profound impacts on plant community dynamics and have received increasing attention in the context of plant–soil feedback. The effects of soil microbes on plant community dynamics are classically evaluated with a two-phase experimental design that consists of a conditioning phase, during which plants modify the soil microbial community, and a response phase, during which the biomass performance of plants is measured as their response to the soil modification. Predicting plant community-level outcomes based on these greenhouse experimental results implicitly assumes that plant–soil microbe interactions remain constant through time. However, a growing body of research points to a complex temporal trajectory of plant–soil microbe interactions, with microbial effects varying with the conditioning duration, plant development, and time since conditioning. Most previous studies also implicitly assume that measuring plant biomass performance alone adequately captures the most critical impacts soil microbes have on plant population dynamics, neglecting that soil microbes also govern other key demographic processes over the plant life cycle. Here, we discuss the relevance of these temporal and demographic dimensions of plant–soil microbe interactions when extrapolating experimental results and propose modeling frameworks that can incorporate the new empirical evidence. By integrating empirical and theoretical approaches, we provide a roadmap for more nuanced predictions of the long-term consequences of plant–soil microbe interactions in nature.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"95 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145247072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the gap between individual specialization and species persistence in mutualistic communities","authors":"Blanca Arroyo-Correa,&nbsp;Ignasi Bartomeus,&nbsp;Pedro Jordano,&nbsp;E. Fernando Cagua,&nbsp;Daniel B. Stouffer","doi":"10.1002/ecm.70031","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mutualistic interactions among organisms are fundamental to the origin and maintenance of biodiversity. Yet, the study of community dynamics often relies on values averaged at the species level, ignoring how intraspecific variation can affect those dynamics. We developed a theoretical approach to evaluate the extent to which variation within populations, in terms of interactions, can influence structural stability, a robust measure of species' likelihood of persistence in mutualistic systems. Next, we examine how intraspecific variation in mutualistic interactions affects species' persistence theoretically in a simplified community, which provides a solid foundation for contextualizing empirical results. This theoretical exploration revealed that differences in the benefits received by different individual types by mutualistic partners, as driven by the way interactions are distributed among those types due to individual specialization, strongly influence species persistence. Building on these insights, we move beyond the theoretical framework and work through an empirical case study involving three co-occurring plant species. Drawing from detailed field data on plant–pollinator interactions and plant fitness, we quantify intraspecific variation in the mutualistic benefits received by plants and incorporate this variation into estimations of structural stability. Through explicit consideration of this facet of intraspecific variation, we found that, for all three focal plant species, populations composed of individuals specialized in pollinator use promote the persistence of the plant species they belong to and their associated pollinator community, only in the absence of heterospecific plant competitors. However, more importantly, these positive effects do not hold when plant species compete with a broader, diverse plant community. In this case, two of the focal plant populations are more vulnerable when they comprise more specialized individuals and therefore are less likely to persist. By integrating the proposed theoretical approach with empirical data, this study highlights the importance of individual variation in promoting species persistence in mutualistic systems. In doing so, it not only advances our understanding of basic mechanisms that foster biodiversity maintenance but also provides practical insights for biodiversity conservation in the face of changing environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"95 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecm.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145203311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global meta-analysis reveals the impacts of ocean warming and acidification on kelps","authors":"Miranda Roethler,&nbsp;Robin J. Fales,&nbsp;Cinde Donoghue,&nbsp;Jacqueline L. Padilla-Gamiño","doi":"10.1002/ecm.70034","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Kelp forests are among the most diverse and productive ecosystems in the world, providing critical habitat for numerous ecologically and economically important species. However, kelps are at risk from climate change, and declining populations worldwide demonstrate the need to characterize and quantify the effects of anthropogenic stressors on kelp physiology. Here, we performed a meta-analysis on true kelps (order Laminariales) in response to ocean warming and acidification based on a global synthesis of 7000 data points from 143 experimental studies. Our results show that ocean warming has a strong negative impact on kelps at all life stages and across various physiological levels, including growth, reproduction, and survival. In contrast, ocean acidification generally has no effect, except for its negative impact on reproduction. In most cases, co-occurring warming and acidification acted synergistically. Response to warming, acidification, and multiple driver scenarios increased as the intensity and duration of exposure increased. In our analyses, the genera <i>Eualaria</i>, <i>Hedophyllum, Lessonia</i>, and <i>Postelsia</i> were among the most vulnerable to warming. Studies conducted in the temperate northern Pacific showed extreme negative effects of warming. We also identify key gaps in our understanding of kelp responses to climate change, such as the impacts on microscopic spores and the combined effects of warming and acidification. This analysis synthesizes trends in a rapidly expanding field of literature and provides a deeper understanding of how kelps will respond to a rapidly changing ocean.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"95 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145188518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}