Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Monitoring of thermal conditions and snow dynamics at periglacial block accumulations in a low mountain range in central Germany","authors":"Tim Wiegand,&nbsp;Christof Kneisel","doi":"10.1002/esp.5998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5998","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Rhoen Mountains, a relict periglacial landscape in central Germany, feature a wide range of openwork block accumulations. Although located in a temperate climate, those have characteristics comparable with cold regions of higher altitude or latitude such as arctic-alpine species, longer lasting snow patches or the discussed existence of summer or even year-round ice lenses in one of the largest of these landforms in the Central German Uplands. This study aims for a characterization of the microclimatic conditions of two neighbouring block accumulations. Therefore, temperatures were registered by data loggers along profiles, and snow dynamics were monitored using time-lapse cameras and terrestrial laser scans. These observations are finally compared with geophysical measurements to address the question of potential isolated low-altitude permafrost occurrences. Mean ground surface temperatures show an inverse thermal gradient along the Schafstein block accumulation. Furrows were identified as the cold spots in winter, whereas snow melt holes are signs of a chimney effect. In summer, cold air flows out at ventilation holes along the front causing temperatures of up to 25°C below air temperatures, although no clear signs of permafrost were detected. Temperature correlations reveal periods indicative of a recurring internal summer air circulation. Coarse blocky substrate also favours ground cooling of the smaller Mathesberg block accumulation compared with its surroundings. Winter temperatures are influenced by a persistent snowbank forming due to drifting and blowing snow at the leeward edge of a plateau as little amounts of snow are sufficient to be redistributed by westerlies. The prolonged melt of the snowbank might have had or still has a local hydrological and geomorphological impact. Uncertainties remain regarding the behaviour of the microclimate of block accumulations in a warming climate. Being ‘cold spots’ of high ecological value further investigations are suggested.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5321-5338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5998","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"InSAR phase gradient reveals fault-zone controls on the spatial distribution of slow-moving landslides in the active orogenic region of Hazara-Kashmir, Pakistan","authors":"Said Mukhtar Ahmad,&nbsp;Lv Fu,&nbsp;Teng Wang","doi":"10.1002/esp.6015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Slow-moving landslides play important roles in the landscape evolution and hazards planning. Studies along some strike-slip faults have shown that the geological structures and bed-rock lithology significantly contribute the distribution of slow-moving landslides. However, controls on the distribution of slow-moving landslides are poorly constrained in active orogenic regions, hindering our understanding of its role in the rapid orogenic process. The Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis in Pakistan is such a prominent geological structure of lesser Himalaya, where the inventory of slow-moving landslides is scarce. Here, we attempt the interferometric synthetic aperture radar phase-gradient stacking coupled with a deep-learning system to provide the first slow-moving landslides inventory (1066 presently active landslides, 2016–2023) in the Hazara-Kashmir region. Along with optical imagery and field investigations, we analyse the impacts of fault structures, bed-rock lithology, topography along with spatial distribution of earthquake and precipitation on the distribution of these slow-moving landslides. We find that 33% of the detected slow-moving landslides are distributed within 1000 m to active faults, and show a decreasing trend moving away from fault zones. This pattern strongly suggests that the active thrusting faults in this region significantly controls the distribution of slow-moving landslides, while topography and precipitation show less impacts. Our study reveals the spatial distribution of slow-moving landslides in a tectonic complex region with rapid orogenic process, and thus shows potential implications in geomorphology modelling and hazards evaluation for many less-monitored, contemporary uplifting high-mountain regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5098-5116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refinement of the volcanic slope rating approach for determining slope stability in volcanic rocks of the Canary Islands","authors":"Sergio Leyva,&nbsp;Noelia Cruz-Pérez,&nbsp;Juan C. Santamarta","doi":"10.1002/esp.6022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6022","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Due to their genesis, volcanic rocks present some singularities that make their geotechnical characteristics significantly different from other, more common types of rock masses, such as sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. The formation mechanisms of volcanic rocks are varied, rapid and generally high energy. These processes give this type of rock geotechnical behaviour and geomechanical properties that are completely different from those of nonvolcanic materials, due to their high heterogeneity and anisotropy. In volcanic rock slopes, applying widely used geomechanical classifications to assess the quality of any rock mass present several challenges due to their distinctive and singular characteristics, which detract from their validity. For this reason, the Center for Studies and Experimentation of Public Works (CEDEX) of the Ministry of Public Works, under the agreement signed with the Ministry of Public Works and Transport of the Government of the Canary Islands, carried out during 2017 and 2018 an exhaustive analysis and reviews of existing geomechanical classifications and their applications to volcanic terrains. They developed a new geomechanical classification called VSR (volcanic slope rating), based on data obtained from 85 slopes across the Canary Islands, which allowed for the estimation of the stability of volcanic rock slopes by evaluating seven geotechnical parameters. This article presents the work conducted to review and calibrate this tool, based on the study of 94 slopes of different lithotypes throughout the Canary Islands (lavas, pyroclasts, heterogeneous), culminating in the proposal of a new classification for pyroclastic massifs (with new parameters and different weightings) and the adjustment of the current classification for the other slopes (regarding the Surface Regularity parameter). Therefore, the VSR geomechanical classification was applied to assess the stability of these 94 slopes, revealing a strong fit for Types A and C (<i>R</i>² &gt; 0.97), while the tool overestimated stability in Type B slopes, prompting a new classification proposal for this category.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5133-5145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into Martian bedform migration: Results from Gale, Jezero and Pasteur craters","authors":"Anurag Sahu,&nbsp;Anirban Mandal,&nbsp;Satyaki Banerjee,&nbsp;Jagabandhu Panda","doi":"10.1002/esp.6013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An attempt is made in this study to advance the understanding of the sand movement on Mars by studying the bedform migration at Gale, Jezero and Pasteur craters. The study on the grain size distribution at Gale Crater using Curiosity rover (MAHLI and APXS) observations reveals that the grains with smaller diameters (~50–150 μ) are more prone to migration and vice-versa, which gives an idea of the necessary requirements that initiate bedform migration. The chemical analysis of the surface materials at the Gale crater revealed elevated concentrations of P₂O₅, SO₃, Cl and Zn in soil compared to sand and active transportation processes for sand but not soil. The comprehensive chemical makeup of the Martian soil (inactive bedforms) and sand (active bedforms) is characterized by its basaltic nature, with enriched volatile elements such as sulphur, chlorine and zinc, and the presence of minerals like plagioclase, pyroxene and olivine due to the cohesive nature of inactive bedforms. Physical weathering and wind flow velocity play a pivotal role in the formation of different sedimentary bodies, impacting grain size distribution and mineralogy. The effect of dust-lifting on surface features is studied by analysing Perseverance-MEDA observations at the Jezero crater to understand the short-term changes in the bedform. These events are found to involve the redistribution of only a small amount of materials and, thereby, changing surface features on Mars over a short period. To detect the bedform migration in the Pasteur crater, several HiRISE images acquired over different time intervals were used. The changes in the ripple crest (~0.29–1.18 m/Earth year) and dune slip face suggest new grain flow events. In the Pasteur crater, extensive changes in sand deposits near the dunes signify a widespread bedform migration. The stronger north-westerly and north-easterly winds dominate these changes. Thus, the bedform migration in the three tropical craters exhibits significant variability driven by localized aeolian processes. This variability is crucial for understanding Mars' geological history, current surface dynamics and eventually, helps in planning future missions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5069-5085"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Kalman filter-Hungarian algorithm with a postprocessor for tracking aeolian saltating particle in high-speed video","authors":"Fanmin Mei,&nbsp;Hongji Zhou,&nbsp;Jin Su,&nbsp;Jinguang Chen","doi":"10.1002/esp.6014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Saltating particle tracking (SPT) is an essential visualized channel to understand the dynamics of aeolian saltation at sand particle size scale, while the published SPTs could have low recall or accuracy rate and misestimate further saltation intensity. Hence, a Kalman filter-Hungarian algorithm with a postprocessor (KF-H-<i>k</i>) was proposed, where the Kalman filter was employed for predicting particle motion, and the Hungarian algorithm for optimizing global assignment, as well as the postprocessor with <i>k</i>-means cluster for correcting the erroneous recovered tracks by Kalman filter-Hungarian algorithm. The new SPT was validated in a digital high-speed video with various particle concentrations from a wind tunnel experiment. It demonstrated that compared with the previous SPTs, KF-H-<i>k</i> kept the highest and most stable accuracy (85% ~ 93%), the best spatial resolution, the moderate recall rate (50% ~ 70%) and time cost. The present work offers a new hybrid scheme for tracking sand particles accurately but alsodatasets for automatically identifying saltating tracks via machine learning models, very critical for insight into new hypothesis on sand ripple formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5086-5097"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated identification of earthen berms in Western US rangelands from LiDAR-based digital elevation models","authors":"Haiqing Xu,&nbsp;Mary H. Nichols,&nbsp;Dana Lapides,&nbsp;Octavia Crompton","doi":"10.1002/esp.6009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6009","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Earthworks such as earthen berms have been constructed across the western US since the late 1800s to mitigate erosion in landscapes where water is both the dominant driver of erosion and the limiting resource for biota. Berms alter hydrologic, geomorphic and ecologic processes by intercepting runoff and altering patterns of water availability in the landscape. Understanding site-specific changes in process dynamics requires accurate mapping of berm locations and knowledge of their condition. This paper presents an automated, object-based framework for identifying earthen berms from 1 m LiDAR-derived digital elevation models in the western US rangelands. <i>Geomorphon</i>, a computer vision tool, was used to classify landforms and identify berm-like landforms, including summits and ridges. Ten geomorphic and geometric attributes associated with each potential berm object were used to develop a machine-learning model for distinguishing berms from natural summits and ridges. The model was trained and applied to independent test sites to identify and map berms. The mapped berms were compared with manually identified reference berms for accuracy assessment. The identification results achieved 79% to 87% recall, 82% to 92% precision and 81% to 89% F-measure. We also explored the influence of training sample selection on model performance and conducted an analysis of attribute relative importance. The automated framework has the potential to be scaled up to larger areas in semi-arid environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5012-5026"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial gradients in bank stability response in macrotidal environments: Inferences from the Severn estuary (UK)","authors":"Andrea Gasparotto,&nbsp;Stephen E. Darby,&nbsp;Julian Leyland,&nbsp;Paul A. Carling","doi":"10.1002/esp.6000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6000","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, we present a synthetic model summarising the main sedimentary and morphologic factors that drive spatial–temporal variations in bank stability through an exemplar macrotidal estuary. In contrast to previous studies that tend to only consider localised variations in the stability of small-scale banks, here the focus is on understanding the bank stability patterns at the scale of the whole Severn Estuary (UK). The results show that during falling tides, the bank sediments persist in a near-saturated state giving elevated bank pore pressures that coincide in time with declines in the hydrostatic confining pressure, leading to destabilisation of the bank. In contrast, bank stabilisation predominantly occurs during rising tides when the hydrostatic confining pressure is able to dominate over the destabilisation processes. Cohesive macrotidal estuaries similar to the Severn Estuary, tend to present a generalised decrease in the instability moving from the outer estuary where the tidal oscillations are more significant, to the inner part of the system where such oscillations are reduced and coupled with less high banks.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"4908-4927"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tafoni and laboratory-based experiments of historical contingent phenomenon","authors":"Robert Inkpen","doi":"10.1002/esp.6019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Controlled experiments on natural forms involve a traditional view of explanation that prioritizes control, manipulation and replication over more nuanced understanding of the phenomena under investigation. This is an issue if the phenomenon, like tafoni, is historically contingent. In particular, the entanglement of the environment is explicitly severed in controlled experiments. The failure to adequately reproduce the ordered forms associated with tafoni in laboratory experiments suggests that simulation and field case studies could provide a more informative route to understanding tafoni. This will, however, require a more systematic recognition of how such research enables researchers to understand the initial conditions of weathering and modes of development to tafoni observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"4885-4887"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent ice-contact delta formation in front of Pio XI glacier controls sedimentary processes in Eyre Fjord, Patagonia","authors":"Loic Piret,&nbsp;Sebastien Bertrand,&nbsp;Carlos Moffat,&nbsp;Peter Feldens,&nbsp;Svenja Papenmeier,&nbsp;Helge Arz","doi":"10.1002/esp.6012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pio XI Glacier (49°S) is the largest and one of the very few advancing glaciers in Patagonia. Satellite data indicate that the main glacier terminus transitioned from calving to land-based around 2010, effectively resulting in the formation of an ice-contact delta at the head of Eyre Fjord. Here, we investigate how this ice-contact delta formation affected sediment transport processes in Eyre Fjord. Sediment cores and seismic profiles collected along the fjord provide evidence for a relatively abrupt increase in the number and magnitude of turbidity currents, coeval with the formation of the ice-contact delta. This observation is supported by modern summer hydrographic observations and bathymetric data. We posit that the ice-contact delta formation resulted in sediment input being concentrated at specific subaerial locations across the fjord head, which favoured the development of plume-triggered turbidity currents. This suggests that a sudden increase in turbidite thickness in fjord sediment records could represent ice-contact delta development at fjord heads.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5054-5068"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PS-InSAR post-processing for assessing the spatio-temporal differential kinematics of complex landslide systems: A case study of DeBeque Canyon Landslide (Colorado, USA)","authors":"Marta Zocchi,&nbsp;Michele Delchiaro,&nbsp;Francesco Troiani,&nbsp;Gabriele Scarascia Mugnozza,&nbsp;Paolo Mazzanti","doi":"10.1002/esp.6002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6002","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The complex superimposition of different kinematics and nested sectors within landslide systems amplifies the challenge of interpreting their heterogeneous displacement pattern and targeting effective mitigation solutions. As an example of such peculiar spatio-temporal behaviour, the DeBeque Canyon Landslide (Colorado, USA) is emblematic of the application of interferometric post-processing analysis for a detailed, remotely-based investigation. We employed a multi-geometry Persistent Scatterers (PS) InSAR dataset to provide continuous information on the spatio-temporal scale and achieve a solid representation of the segmented kinematics and timings. Using an updated geomorphological map of the landslide system, we performed a two-dimensional decomposition of the Persistent Scatterers (PS) dataset to determine the displacement orientation and inclination for each internal sector of the landslide system. We then conducted statistical analyses on the displacement vector characteristics and time series data. These analyses enabled us to spatially characterize the segmented activity patterns of the landslide system and identify abrupt changes in trends associated with preparatory and triggering factors. A clear differentiation of the rotational or translational kinematics within the landslide system was accomplished solely using surface displacement measures. Moreover, the application of a Bayesian model on the bi-dimensional vector time series leads to the identification of significant differences in the deformational behaviour of each sector with respect to precipitation and temperature factors. Our approach represents a replicable method for local-scale characterization and monitoring of landslides exhibiting complex spatio-temporal displacement patterns and providing an effective, low-cost solution for transportation agencies from a risk-reduction perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 14","pages":"4862-4880"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142708141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}