Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Tectonic implications of raised Quaternary relative sea-level indicators along the NE border of the Campania Plain (southern Italy)","authors":"Ciro Cerrone,&nbsp;Marco Meschis,&nbsp;Alessandra Ascione,&nbsp;Michele Soligo,&nbsp;Paola Tuccimei,&nbsp;Jennifer Robertson,&nbsp;Gerald P. Roberts","doi":"10.1002/esp.6066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tectonically raised paleoshorelines have been recently identified along the southern fault scarps of the Mt. Fellino and Roccarainola horst blocks, which are part of the northeastern border of the Campania Plain coastal basin (southern Apennines, Italy). Such horst blocks are bounded to the south by the Polvica Fault, a roughly E-W trending normal fault. The sequence of uplifted paleoshorelines has been studied in detail by integrating geomorphological, structural and stratigraphical analyses to assess the Quaternary uplift of the Mt. Fellino and Roccarainola horst blocks. Yet, the staircase of paleoshorelines is still not chronologically well constrained.</p><p>Aimed at constraining the uplift history of Mt. Fellino and Roccarainola horst blocks and the rate of activity of the Polvica fault, in this study, we integrate former knowledge on paleoshorelines with a geomorphological analysis to map erosional terraces, that we interpret as remnants of shore platforms. We apply the synchronous correlation method, driven by new and a former ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U dating of calcite veins cutting marine sands, to infer the age of the paleoshorelines and terraces. Based on the synchronous correlation, the mapped paleoshorelines and terraces are correlated with sea-level peaks of the late Early to Late Pleistocene. In particular, the paleoshorelines along the Mt. Fellino ridge are correlated with the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 7e and 9c or 11, while the oldest terrace is correlated with the sea-level peak of 980 ka. Using inferred paleoshorelines ages, we estimate the uplift rate of the Polvica Fault footwall. The uplift rate varies from c. 0.2 mm/yr close to the western fault tip up to c. 0.5–0.6 mm/yr in the East, in the Roccarainola block. We combine surface evidence with subsurface data from a shallow well to constrain the vertical throw of the Polvica Fault. A mean fault throw rate of c. 0.4 mm/yr in the last c. 1 Ma is estimated for the central part of the PF. Assuming that the Polvica Fault is still active, we estimate the maximum expected earthquake by means of empirical relationship and obtain a Mw ~ 6.2 value and recurrence interval value of c. 1,200 yr. Historical seismicity activity of the PF has not been acknowledged to date. However, our results raise the crucial question of an in-depth assessment of the seismic hazard for the densely populated Campania Plain.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Pleistocene initiation of Simav Graben: Implications for widespread extension and landscape change in West Anatolia","authors":"Faruk Ocakoğlu,&nbsp;Muammer Tün,&nbsp;Eren Şahiner","doi":"10.1002/esp.6060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6060","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The prevailing model of west Anatolian extension posits that the westward extrusion of Anatolia, driven by the Northern and Eastern Anatolian transform faults and slab rollback across the Hellenic Trench, governs ongoing extension from Gökova Graben to the Eskişehir Graben in Western Anatolia. However, data gaps and conflicting datasets constrain our understanding of the most recent phase of extension and the underlying geodynamic processes. To address these uncertainties, we investigated the sediment thickness and chronology of the Simav Graben (NW Anatolia) using microtremor surveys, radiocarbon dating and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating from drill cores. Additionally, we examined the geomorphological characteristics of the graben and identified knickpoints along select rivers. Our findings indicate that the Simav Graben is an early Pleistocene (~1.1 Ma) structure with a maximum sediment thickness of approximately 540 m, accompanied by 900 m of maximum vertical displacement along the main bounding fault. Based on alluvial terraces, we infer an uplift rate of 1.1–1.3 mm/year for the last 85 ka, with an average long-term uplift rate of 0.8 mm/year over the graben's lifespan. Our morphological analysis reveals a series of knickpoints unrelated to lithology, beginning at 1300 m and descending to 800 m on hillslopes inclined toward the Sea of Marmara. The synchronous initiation of the Southern Splay of the Northern Anatolian Fault in the Marmara region and the Simav Graben suggests a causal relationship. We propose that the formation of the Northern Anatolian Fault in southern Marmara during the early Pleistocene triggered widespread extension in western Anatolia. Consequently, the north-flowing river networks, except for those associated with the Simav Graben, experienced regional incision.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glacier thickness modelling and monitoring with geophysical data constraints: A case study on the Indren Glacier (NW Italy)","authors":"Valeria Strallo,&nbsp;Chiara Colombero,&nbsp;Fabrizio Troilo,&nbsp;Luca Mondardini,&nbsp;Alberto Godio","doi":"10.1002/esp.6068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6068","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ongoing global temperature increase has accelerated the mass loss of glaciers worldwide, with Italian alpine glaciers being particularly vulnerable due to their small size, complex geometries and exposition that implies a fast reaction to thermal and hydrological modifications. In such a frame, the Indren Glacier (Aosta Valley, north-western Italian Alps) provides a valid test site to check the thickness evolution over the last two decades (1999–2020), through an integrated approach combining historical data, on-site geophysical measurements, remote sensing surveys, modelling and temperature analysis. Using a 2018 helicopter-based photogrammetric survey and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey campaigns of 2020, we obtained new input data and constraints to build up an updated thickness model for the whole glacier through the Glacier Thickness Estimation algorithm (GlaTE). Ice thickness is indeed a key parameter to estimate the ice volume and use it as further input in evolutionary models forecasting future scenarios. As a part of this integrated approach, we also analysed remote sensing and temperature data, finding a major modification in the glacier conditions over the last decade. Further comparing these results with previous studies, we identified a significant decrease in ice thickness, and we confirmed the presence of an over-deepening in the glacier central widest part. This integrated methodology enhances our understanding of glacier dynamics and improves predictions of future changes, offering crucial insights for managing water resources and mitigating natural hazards in the alpine region.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability analysis and design of soil slopes considering spatial variability under rainfall infiltration","authors":"Wen-Qing Zhu,&nbsp;Shuang-Lin Zhao,&nbsp;Han Han,&nbsp;Lei-Lei Liu,&nbsp;Wen-Gang Zhang,&nbsp;Shao-He Zhang,&nbsp;Yung-Ming Cheng","doi":"10.1002/esp.6057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6057","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Slope reliability analysis is a critical aspect of geotechnical engineering, particularly under conditions of rainfall infiltration, where the spatial variability of soil parameters can significantly affect the reliability of slopes. Traditional methods like Monte Carlo simulation are often computationally intensive, severely challenging the design of cutting slopes considering the spatial variability of multiple soil parameters. To address this challenge, this study proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based surrogate model to efficiently assess the reliability of unsaturated soil slopes. The CNN model is trained to establish an implicit relationship between the random field inputs of soil parameters and the corresponding slope stability outcomes, enabling rapid calculation of the probability of failure (<i>P</i>_<i>f</i>) under varying conditions. The results indicate that as rainfall intensity increases, the <i>P</i>_<i>f</i> rises. For the same slope cutting distance, a greater slope cutting angle leads to a higher <i>P</i>_<i>f</i>. Similarly, for the same slope cutting angle, increasing the slope cutting distance results in a higher <i>P</i>_<i>f</i>; and the impact of slope cutting distance on slope reliability is more significant than that of slope cutting angle. Additionally, for various rainfall conditions and slope cutting scenarios, the CNN-based surrogate model is integrated into the full probability reliability design method, and a design response surface is used to establish the relationship between design variables and reliability responses. It is found that the proposed approach can efficiently evaluate the reliability of all design schemes. A strategy for determining the optimal slope cutting scheme is finally provided as practical guidance to meet the target reliability.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antidune simulations using continuum-based models","authors":"Cristián Escauriaza,&nbsp;Megan Williams","doi":"10.1002/esp.6058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6058","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The interactions of supercritical flows with sand or gravel beds in river channels or tidal inlets lead to the formation of antidunes. These bedforms are generally identified as nearly periodic sedimentary patterns of symmetrical shape that are in phase with the surface waves in the flow and have important effects on flow resistance and bedload transport. In addition, they play a fundamental role on morphodynamical processes in estuarine systems, on the scour around hydraulic infrastructure, and their bed signature can help to interpret paleofloods from sedimentary records. Despite the importance and ubiquity of antidunes in environmental flows, very few numerical simulations have captured their dynamics. In this work, we develop a model that couples the shallow-water and Exner equations in two-dimensions (2D) and demonstrate that a higher-level theory can reproduce the experimental antidune results of Pascal et al. (2021), independent of interactions at the particle scale. The flows are characterised by Froude numbers between 1.31 and 1.45, sediment diameters of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>d</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>50</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <mn>2.9</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {d}_{50}=2.9 $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> mm and with 3° mean bed slopes. Using this information, we aim to identify the minimum requirements for a numerical model to capture in detail the migration of these bedforms. We use spectral analysis and compute statistics of bed elevation to determine the relevant temporal and spatial scales associated to the antidune propagation. The results of the model yield new insights on the mechanisms of bedform migration, providing tools to improve their description and assess the morphodynamic feedbacks.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning for surficial geologic mapping","authors":"Sarah E. Johnson,&nbsp;William C. Haneberg","doi":"10.1002/esp.6032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Surficial geologic maps contribute to decisions regarding natural hazard mitigation, land-use planning and infrastructure development. However, geologic maps may not adequately convey the uncertainty inherent in the information shown. In this study, we use machine learning and lidar elevation data to produce surficial geologic maps for parts of two quadrangles in Kentucky. We measured the performance of eight supervised machine learning methods by comparing the overall accuracy and F1 scores for each geologic unit. Surficial geologic units include residuum, colluvium, alluvial and lacustrine terraces, high-level alluvial deposits and modern alluvium. The importance of 41 moving-window geomorphic variables, including slope, roughness, residual topography, curvature, topographic wetness index, vertical distance to channel network and topographic flatness, was reduced to 12 variables by ranking the importance of each variable. The gradient-boosted trees model produced the classifier with the greatest overall accuracy, producing maps with overall accuracies of 87.4% to 90.7% in areas of simple geology and 80.7% to 81.6% in areas with more complex geology. The model produced high F1 scores of up to 96.2% for colluvium but was not as good at distinguishing between units found in the same geomorphic position, such as high-level alluvium and residuum, both of which are found on ridgelines. Probability values for each geologic unit at each cell are conveyed using gradations of colour and eliminate the need for drawn boundaries between units. Machine learning may be used to create accurate surficial geologic maps in areas of simple geology; in more complex areas, highlight that additional information obtained in the field is necessary to distinguish between units.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial 2025: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms—The 50th volume","authors":"Stuart N. Lane","doi":"10.1002/esp.6064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6064","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven 3D modelling of long-term Holocene delta evolution and sediment compaction: The Mekong Delta","authors":"Selena Baldan,&nbsp;Philip S. J. Minderhoud,&nbsp;Riccardo Xotta,&nbsp;Claudia Zoccarato,&nbsp;Pietro Teatini","doi":"10.1002/esp.6046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6046","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Vietnamese Mekong River Delta (VMD) is one of the largest and lowest elevated deltas on Earth, shaped over the past thousands of years following delta progradation and sediment deposition. The geologically young delta sediments have high porosity and compressibility, resulting in high natural sediment consolidation (also known as autocompaction). Autocompaction is a natural intrinsic process that governs the spatio-temporal morphological evolution and shallow compaction (i.e., land subsidence) in a delta. As a delta aggrades and progrades, the weight of accumulated sediments increases the effective stress experienced by underlying sediments, driving internal shallow compaction processes. Compaction of shallow sediments considerably contributes to land subsidence in the VMD, influencing the morphology and elevation of the delta plain and increasing the deltas exposure to natural hazards like flooding and relative sea-level rise. In this study, we introduce a novel methodology to quantify sediment accumulation and autocompaction while taking into account the depositional history and heterogeneous nature of subsurface sediments in deltas like the VMD. We derived the depositional history, spatial heterogeneity and palaeo-sedimentation rates by combining extensive datasets with lithological borelogs, sediment datings and geomechanical characterization of the delta's most representative lithologies. To simulate the spatio-temporal formation and evolution of the delta over the last 4000 years, we employ the NATSUB3D finite element model to simulate sediment deposition and consolidation over time using an adaptive three-dimensional mesh. The resulting 3D hydro-stratigraphical and geomechanical characterization provides unique insights on past Holocene spatio-temporal evolution of the VMD and current autocompaction dynamics. The model enables the prediction of shallow compaction rates under future sediment deposition and can facilitate process-based quantification of delta elevation evolution under natural and human-engineered sedimentation. This unlocks new opportunities to evaluate the effectiveness of nature-based solutions and sediment enhancing strategies aimed to prevent elevation loss and combat relative sea-level rise in the Mekong delta and similar lowly elevated coastal-deltaic landforms elsewhere.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping tsunami deposits through a classification model based on satellite images","authors":"Bladimir Saldaña,&nbsp;Marco Cisternas,&nbsp;Roberto O. Chávez,&nbsp;Diego Aedo,&nbsp;Mario Guerra,&nbsp;Alexandra Carreño","doi":"10.1002/esp.6055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6055","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Assessing tsunami risk requires knowledge of the potential inundation area, which can be inferred from the spatial distribution of tsunami deposits. However, field surveys of tsunami deposits are time-consuming and occasionally pose challenges, such as disturbance of sedimentary evidence by human and natural causes. Here, we propose a novel technique capable of mapping tsunami deposits using remote sensing, which was tested along a coastal stretch of central Chile following the tsunami of 27 February 2010. We trained a classification model using high-resolution satellite images from before (September 2004 and January 2005) and after (April 2010) the 2010 tsunami to map the sand deposit, yielding an overall accuracy of about 86%. Our satellite mapping of the deposit was validated with field observations in pits and eyewitness interviews conducted about a decade after the tsunami. The field data matched the model predictions by 88%. Likewise, our satellite mapping was also contrasted with the inundation area reported by previous post-tsunami surveys. The spatial distribution of the tsunami sand deposit inferred from our model reproduces a minimum inundation area, which was almost as extensive as the actual inundation area. Sand inundation ranged from 50 to 600 m inland, matching about 90% of water inundation. Both sand and water inundation were controlled by the land slope. Application of our technique to a satellite image from 11 years after the tsunami (May 2021) shows that the detection ability of the sand deposit was lost by about 86%, which is attributed to human intervention and masking by new soil development. Our results suggest that extensive tsunami deposits can be accurately mapped by a supervised classification model in a lesser time than that employed in field surveys.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143116497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the role of inherited structural discontinuities in badland erosional processes with landscape evolution modelling","authors":"Selçuk Aksay,&nbsp;Jeroen M. Schoorl,&nbsp;Antonie Veldkamp","doi":"10.1002/esp.6031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Catchment-wide erosion and sedimentation behaviour is influenced by variety of controls. One of these controls is erodibility, which may be determined by the lithological properties (e.g. texture, porosity) or the (density of) structural discontinuities (e.g. faults, fractures). In this study, the potential role of different erodibility of lithology and faults in spatio-temporal erosion and sedimentation behaviour was evaluated using the landscape evolution model, Landscape Process Modelling at Multi-dimensions and Scales (LAPSUS). The study area, Kula Badlands (western Turkey), is known for dense badland gully networks, incised into fine-grained sediments in one of the tributaries of the Gediz River, the Geren catchment. An earlier field-based study demonstrated the fault-controlled net erosion and consequent sedimentation in these badlands. Here, we test the role of lithology and faults in landscape development with scenario-based modelling. A reconstructed PalaeoDEM, representing a 30-ka-old landscape, was used as an input. Scenario simulations were conducted with lithology- and fault-related erodibility and sedimentability factors. Simulation results demonstrate a significant difference in spatial erodibility and sedimentability and catchment erosion and sedimentation behaviour. Incorporating higher erodibility factors for fault zones caused not only a considerable amount of within-catchment erosion in fault-determined erosion zones, but also a decrease in overall catchment sediment export. In addition, high constant sedimentability lowers the sediment export considerably whilst slightly increasing total erosion rates. These outcomes indicate that fault zones with higher erodibility can increase accommodation spaces, producing temporary (re)sedimentation locations, which decrease overall sediment delivery from its catchment on the long run. The model simulations suggest that fault-related higher erodibility and sedimentability can be important factors in controlling landscape dynamics at the local and catchment scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143116300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}