Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Planform geometric classification of fluvial and tidal channels via machine learning","authors":"Kevin K. Gardner,&nbsp;Rebecca J. Dorsey","doi":"10.1002/esp.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite forming under different flow conditions, the geometries of tidal and fluvial channel planforms and planform transformations display significant overlap, hindering efforts to differentiate them geometrically. Although studies have demonstrated that globally, tidal and fluvial planforms are statistically distinct based on meander metrics, there are currently no machine-learning methodologies for classifying channels as tidal or fluvial that do not focus on meander-specific geometries. In this study, we present a methodology for classifying channel planforms as tidal or fluvial using statistical representations of channel planforms and machine-learning algorithms. Using a dataset of 4294 tidal and fluvial channel segments (63 channel reaches), we trained three machine-learning classifiers (Logistic Regression, Multi-layer Perceptron, and Random Forest) across 69 trials to identify the machine-learning algorithm and variables that perform best at classifying channel reaches. We evaluated the performance of the classifiers at three thresholds based on the percent of channel segments correctly identified in a given reach (&gt;50%, &gt;66% and &gt;75%). At the &gt;50% classification threshold, all three classifiers attained a 95% reach-scale accuracy during individual trials. However, at higher classification thresholds, the RF classifier performed best. Feature importances from the RF classifier indicate that measures of the central tendency and minimum/maximum of the normalized radius of curvature convolved with normalized width of channel segments play a key role in differentiating between the planforms, with normalized width also contributing to the difference. This indicates that the relationship between width and radius of curvature is more important than width or measures of curvature on their own. This result likely reflects the downstream funnelling of tidal channels and the limitation on the sharpness of bends associated with increased width. These methods have potential for application in the study of channels preserved on relict geomorphic surfaces and in mixed-energy settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143717239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the differential effects of salinity and sodicity on aeolian erosion dynamics and particulate emissions","authors":"Ganesh Khatei,&nbsp;Tobia Rinaldo,&nbsp;R. Scott Van Pelt,&nbsp;Paolo D'Odorico,&nbsp;Sujith Ravi","doi":"10.1002/esp.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wind erosion and dust emissions affect regions of the world with sparse vegetation cover or affected by agricultural practices that expose the soil surface to wind action. Although several studies have investigated the impact of soil moisture, land use and land cover on soil susceptibility to wind erosion and dust emissions, the effect of surface soil salinity and sodicity on dust emissions, remains poorly understood. Salt accumulation in agricultural soils is a major concern in agroecosystems with high evaporative demand, shallow water tables or irrigated with water rich in dissolved solids. Recent studies have focused on the effect of soil salinity on soil erodibility in dry atmospheric conditions, while the effect of soil salinity and sodicity in more humid conditions still needs to be investigated. Here we use wind tunnel tests to study the effect of high atmospheric humidity on wind erodibility and particulate matter emissions under saline and sodic conditions. We find that the threshold velocity for wind erosion significantly increases with increasing soil salinity and sodicity, provided that the soil crust formed by soil salts is not disturbed. Indeed, with increasing soil salinity, the formation of a soil crust of increasing strength is observed, leading to an increase in the threshold wind velocity and a consequent decrease in particulate emissions. Interestingly, after the threshold velocity was exceeded, soil crusts were readily ruptured by saltating sand grains resulting in comparable or sometimes even higher particulate matter emissions in saline and sodic soils compared to their untreated (‘control’) counterparts which can be explained by salinity-induced aggregation and sodicity-driven clay dispersion effects. Lastly, understanding the role of atmospheric humidity under changing climate scenarios will help to modulate the wind erosion processes in saline-sodic soils and will help mitigate better dust emissions and soil management policies in arid and semi-arid climate zones.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of western Oregon debris-flow hazards in burned and unburned environments","authors":"Brittany D. Selander,&nbsp;Nancy Calhoun,&nbsp;William J. Burns,&nbsp;Jason W. Kean,&nbsp;Francis K. Rengers","doi":"10.1002/esp.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the steep and mountainous environment of western Oregon, debris flows pose a considerable threat to property, infrastructure and life. Wildfire is commonly known to increase the susceptibility of steep slopes to debris flows, but the extent of this process in the western Cascades is not well understood. The US Geological Survey (USGS) currently estimates postfire debris-flow likelihood and triggering rainfall thresholds using a model calibrated to a southern California inventory of debris flows generated by excess runoff within the first year after fire. Because of a lack of available data, this model has not been tested in western Oregon, or in locations where postfire debris flows initiate via other mechanisms (e.g., shallow landslides or in-channel failures). Using repeat field observations and aerial imagery, we developed two new debris-flow inventories within and adjacent to the perimeters of five 2020 wildfires in western Oregon: Archie Creek, Holiday Farm, Beachie Creek, Lionshead and Riverside. The first inventory focuses on postfire debris flows (2020–2022); the second focuses on debris flows prior to fires (1995–2020). Our inventories of prefire and postfire debris flows were used to document initiation mechanisms in Oregon's western Cascades and to evaluate the effects of wildfire. We found that wildfire changed the distribution of debris-flow initiation mechanisms in the western Cascades. After the wildfires, annual rates of runoff-generated debris flows increased by 22% and the number of shallow landslide-initiated debris flows decreased by 17% relative to before the wildfires. Despite this shift, shallow landsliding was the dominant debris-flow initiation mechanism in both unburned and burned environments. We found the performance of the current USGS debris-flow likelihood model was degraded relative to other previously tested locations across the intermountain western United States. Our results highlight the need for improved postfire hazard assessment in western Oregon based on regional model calibration that is tuned to the dominant debris-flow initiation mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in sediment discharge over the 20th century from a mountain catchment that has experienced severe anthropogenic disturbances","authors":"Yuko Asano,&nbsp;Yusuke Mizuuchi,&nbsp;Koju Kishimoto,&nbsp;Nobuaki Tanaka,&nbsp;Kristin Bunte","doi":"10.1002/esp.6071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mountainous areas are a source of sediment supply to downstream plains and coasts; thus, it is essential to understand the changes in sediment discharge that follow land cover change. In Japan, many mountain areas near populated lands that were degraded by overutilization before the beginning of the 20th century are now forested. However, little is known about how the sediment dynamics have changed during this period. The Shirasaka Experimental Watershed (88.5 ha) of the Ecohydrology Research Institute of the University of Tokyo was established in an area with bare hillslopes on granite bedrock, and sediment discharge has been monitored there since 1929. This study describes the details of the amazing long-term sediment monitoring program and demonstrates changes in sediment discharge. The catchment has a gauging weir where deposited sediment has been regularly removed to maintain water discharge measurements. This record of dredging and/or deposited volumes provides the sediment discharge data. Erosion control work started in the 1910s. Bare land covered 8.6% of the watershed area in 1930 but decreased to less than a few percent in the 1980s. In the 1930s, sediment yield was about 1,000 m³/km²/y, gradually declined over time, and became close to 100 m³/km²/y in the 1990s. Annual sediment yield was, for the most part, larger than the sediment production predicted for surface erosion at hillslopes between 1930s and 1990s. It took more than 60 years for the catchment's sediment yield to become close to the amount of sediment production at the hillslope of that time. The time lag between forest recovery and the decline in the catchment's sediment discharge demonstrates the lasting effect of anthropogenic disturbance and is attributable to channel storage. The long-term data also demonstrated that the effects of record-breaking rainfall events are smaller than those of past anthropogenic disturbances on catchment scale sediment dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Denudation rates and Holocene sediment storage dynamics inferred from in situ 14C concentrations in the Feshie basin, Scotland","authors":"Anya H. Towers,&nbsp;Simon M. Mudd,&nbsp;Mikael Attal,&nbsp;Fiona J. Clubb,&nbsp;Steve A. Binnie,&nbsp;Tibor J. Dunai,&nbsp;Negar Haghipour","doi":"10.1002/esp.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Scotland's Highlands are tectonically quiescent but have experienced high rates of isostatic uplift in response to deglaciation. To understand the effects of both deglaciation and regional uplift on landscape evolution, we measured the concentration of cosmogenic <i>in situ</i> ¹⁴C in river sands collected in Glen Feshie (Cairngorms). Like other terrestrial cosmogenic radionuclides, <i>in situ</i> ¹⁴C can be used to calculate basin-wide denudation rates over millennial timescales. ¹⁴C has a short half-life relative to other <i>in situ</i> cosmogenic radionuclides, giving it an advantage in post-glacial landscapes: Very little ¹⁴C will be inherited from exposure before glaciation of the landscape, meaning that concentrations will reflect sediment production and transport dominantly in the Holocene. When we calculate denudation rates based on the common assumption of basin-wide homogeneity of erosion, we find no correlation between topographic metrics such as the normalised channel steepness index and inferred denudation rates, which range between 0.175 and 1.356 mm/year. Based on field and remote sensing observations, we suggest that ¹⁴C becomes diluted downstream due to sediment supply from paraglacial terrace material, and develop a mixing model to test this hypothesis. We identify the terraces that are likely to contribute sediment to the channels through flood modelling, geomorphic mapping and remote sensing observations. Our mixing model indicates that the observed distribution of ¹⁴C concentrations can be explained if terrace escarpments have basin-averaged migration distances of 8 to 30 cm during large flood events. This interpretation is consistent with remotely sensed images of channel activity and terrace bank retreat within the catchment. Our results show that paraglacial sediment stores contribute to sediment fluxes in the late Holocene and highlight the on-going glacial legacy on landscape evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct shoreline behaviour along storm-dominated and geologically controlled coastal barriers","authors":"Vincent Kümmerer,&nbsp;Óscar Ferreira,&nbsp;Carlos Loureiro","doi":"10.1002/esp.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Contemporary shoreline change is driven by a complex combination of factors, and as such is often highly variable along the coast. While differences in beach morphology can explain some of the variability in shoreline change, the geological constraints imposed by coastal geology are often overlooked. This work examines the influence of foreshore configurations with varying degrees of non-dynamic geological control, which are analysed in combination with hydrodynamic forcing to investigate seasonal to multiannual shoreline evolution along five coastal barriers in the Outer Hebrides, Western Scotland. These barriers are characterised by strongly geologically constrained evolution and are exposed to a storm-dominated wave climate. Due to the variable temporal interval between available cloud-free Planet Scope images, monthly averaged vegetation lines from 2016 to 2023 were derived from satellite imagery as a shoreline position indicator using an automated approach validated by visual inspection. The satellite-derived vegetation lines have a sub-pixel accuracy with a root mean square error of 3 m. Changes in monthly averaged shoreline position are statistically correlated with monthly extreme storm conditions, characterised by both extreme water levels and wave conditions. However, the control exerted by the variable geological configuration along the barriers results in distinct inter- and intra-site shoreline change behaviour, with lower shoreline variability observed in barrier sectors fronted by rocky foreshores, compared to sediment-rich foreshores. The observed multiannual shoreline change from 2016 to 2023 is characterised by a small but statistically significant accreting trend (mean 0.4 m/yr), likely representing the recovery of the barriers from extreme winter storms that impacted northern European coasts from 2013 to 2015. The results demonstrate that considering variable geological controls in shoreline change assessments improves the understanding of shoreline variability along coastal barriers, allowing to identify distinct storm-driven shoreline behaviour according to the degree of geological control.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143698940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical modelling investigation of finite-amplitude subaqueous dune saturation","authors":"Arnaud Doré,&nbsp;Giovanni Coco","doi":"10.1002/esp.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Observations of bedform development under various flow conditions show that an initially flatbed evolves through different phases leading to a fully developed dune field. However, the mechanisms limiting dune growth in flows with limited depth and suspended sediment transport are not fully understood. This paper presents a novel methodology to characterise the evolution of phase shifts in bed shear stress and sediment flux maxima in relation to finite-amplitude bedform crests, using a 2D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes model (RANS) to simulate dune profile evolution. Our results indicate that increasing both profile wavelength and height enhances turbulent mixing, thereby reducing flow inertia and decreasing the phase advance of bed shear stress. We then demonstrate that increased turbulent kinetic energy levels entrain significant amounts of suspended sediment in the water column, eventually leading to profile saturation at specific parameter thresholds. This research sheds light on important mechanisms controlling the equilibrium dimensions of finite-amplitude dunes. The various saturation modes presented in this paper provide deeper insights into the diverse dune profiles found in nature.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of fossilised solution pipes and their hydrological function using electrical resistivity tomography in Apulia, Italy","authors":"Mateja Ferk,&nbsp;Matej Lipar,&nbsp;Andrej Šmuc,&nbsp;Mario Parise,&nbsp;Rok Ciglič,&nbsp;Klemen Cof,&nbsp;Primož Miklavc,&nbsp;Uroš Stepišnik","doi":"10.1002/esp.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Solution pipes are vertical, cylindrical karst features formed by focused vertical water flow in carbonate rocks with matrix porosity, often with well-cemented rims and filled with sediment. The objective of this study was to detect and characterise solution pipes with cemented rims along the Melendugno coast in Apulia, Italy, using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). We employed both 2D and 3D ERT profiles, using Schlumberger and Mixed Dipole-Gradient arrays, to identify cylindrical resistivity anomalies associated with solution pipes, even in sediment-covered areas where surface mapping is insufficient. The ERT results combined with stratigraphic analysis of the bedrock showed that the pipes are shallow, typically less than 2 m deep, and are associated with layers of highly porous calcarenites. Furthermore, the detected solution pipes have a higher electrical resistivity than the surrounding bedrock, indicating that the solution pipes are fossilised and no longer actively contributing to vertical water flow. These fossilised pipes now exhibit a reversed hydrological function compared to their active formation phase; presently, water preferentially infiltrates into the subsurface through the surrounding bedrock rather than through the pipes themselves. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of ERT in diagenetically immature rocks, providing insights into the geomorphological and hydrological evolution of coastal karst systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction, destruction and fan-river coupling dynamics during two consecutive debris flow events in an arid fluvial system","authors":"Albert Cabré,&nbsp;Álex Garcés,&nbsp;Germán Aguilar,&nbsp;Santiago Montserrat,&nbsp;Eneko Beriain,&nbsp;Francisco O. Alfaro","doi":"10.1002/esp.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the shifts in fan-river coupling during two major consecutive debris flow events (March 2015 and May 2017) on tributary-junction alluvial fans situated in the Atacama Desert in the Andes. Studying the geomorphological consequences of debris flow events in these fans provides a unique opportunity to understand the mechanisms of fan formation and destruction in arid landscapes. To do so, we integrate repeated high-resolution topography of two end-member fans representative of fans built in confined fluvial settings in the Andes, along with detailed geomorphological and sedimentological mapping.</p><p>Here, we identify how fan-river interactions shift after flood events, influenced by: (i) sediment volumes supplied and buffered in the fan, (ii) changes in feeder channel gradient and (iii) the previous position of the main river channel in the trunk valley. The primary geomorphic consequences observed in the fans include deep incisions and entrenchment of the abandoned alluvial surfaces by the feeder channels, leading to the formation of new lobes at the fan toes. In many cases, debris flow partially block the main river, diverting the main channel. We interpret that the sedimentological differences within and between fans during both debris flow events result from varying water-to-sediment ratios, which are influenced by the sediment storage characteristics of the catchments (e.g., net sediment storage, internal buffers in drainage networks, transport capacity).</p><p>Our findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms responsible for the formation of tributary-junction alluvial fans and their interactions with axial valleys in arid, confined valley settings. This approach can be applied to tributary-junction fans elsewhere, contributing to sediment budget estimates, downstream sediment propagation signals and the development of hazard mitigation strategies in regions expected to experience an increase in the frequency and intensity of rainstorm events.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legacy sediment: A conceptual model and perspective on the role of dams","authors":"Bridget Livers,&nbsp;Noah P. Snyder","doi":"10.1002/esp.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The term ‘legacy’ usually refers to past human activities that have long since ceased, but contemporary human activities can potentially leave future legacies. While legacy sediment is often defined as having upstream anthropogenic origins, such as from land clearing, infrastructure such as flood control structures and dams can trap sediment, whether naturally or anthropogenically derived, that can persist for centuries or more, thus leaving a legacy of past sedimentation. Dam removal is becoming more common, and accounting of sediment caused by the impoundment is an important component of planning a removal and its impacts. We provide four examples to explore mechanisms of legacy sediment generation: (1) land use changes with no infrastructure or dams, (2) a review of non-dam infrastructure that abstracts water and substantially reduces sediment transport, (3) a case study from the longest-duration geomorphic monitoring (2007 to 2023) of a short (&lt;10 m) dam removed in 2008 and (4) a review of a well-studied tall (&gt;10 m) dam removal. When dams are removed, fluvial processes typically erode sediment in and directly adjacent to newly formed or opened stream channels over short timescales, but inaccessible deposits remain as legacy sediment. We demonstrate that overbank flooding and sedimentation upstream of run-of-river dams can create unrecognised deposits outside of the modern reservoir pool. We further outline how certain dam and other infrastructure characteristics, dam removal style and sediment character can generate persistent legacy sediment and sometimes legacy landforms outside active stream channels where it is unlikely to be excavated by natural geomorphic processes except in the most extreme events. With the increase in dam building and dam removal in various parts of the world, legacy sediment deposits are becoming ubiquitous, with important consequences for river and land management.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}