Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Moisture patterns and fluxes in evolving tafoni developed in arkosic sandstone in temperate climate","authors":"Jakub Mareš,&nbsp;Jiří Bruthans,&nbsp;Alžběta Studencová,&nbsp;Michal Filippi","doi":"10.1002/esp.5928","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5928","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cavernous weathering forms have long been studied and discussed as enigmas in geomorphology. Recently, their evolution has been shown to be controlled by moisture patterns, which are still poorly understood. For the first time, capillary water and vapor fluxes were characterized in detail at tafone in a temperate climate of central Europe using a wide range of methods adapted from soil hydrology. Time domain reflectometry showed that moisture flows from the rock interior to the evaporation front in the shallow subsurface of both — the backwalls and the outer surface. When overland flow occurs on the outer surfaces (after heavy rains), 10 mm/day can infiltrate and flow toward the backwalls. The main sources of water for tafone are the influx of water from the rock interior and the infiltration of overland flow after heavy rains, while condensation of air humidity is a minor source. Influx from the rock interior is coupled to the evaporation rate, which varies between 100 and 300 kg/m²/year in summer and less than 15 kg/m²/year in winter. More water evaporates from the backwall of the tafone than from the outer surface, and more salt is deposited in the backwalls, resulting in predominant salt weathering in the backwalls. The tafoni studied thus evolve, and the cavities deepen. Tafoni in arid and semi-arid environments generally show a much higher contrast between evaporation rates from backwalls and outer surfaces than tafoni and honeycombs in temperate and coastal environments. Tafoni in temperate settings are therefore more susceptible to degradation when evaporation decreases or inflow to the tafone increases. This study also shows that microtensiometers can be used to determine moisture content with high spatial resolution, while time domain reflectometry allows accurate characterization of moisture patterns with depth.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 12","pages":"3706-3720"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141551207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hierarchical method and workflow for the semi-automated mapping of valley bottom geomorphic units using publicly available remote sensing datasets","authors":"Nuosha Zhang,&nbsp;Kirstie Fryirs","doi":"10.1002/esp.5920","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5920","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Geomorphic units (GUs) are the landforms that make up the valley bottom and are produced by fluvial processes that determine river structure and function. Mapping of GUs can be used to interpret river type and behaviour and to analyse river condition and recovery processes. The advancement of remote sensing technologies and big-data acquisition are enabling the development and operationalisation of tools to semi-automate the mapping of assemblages of GUs across large spatial areas. In this study, we develop a hierarchical method that combines a landscape classification approach (Geomorphons) with supervised classification using light detection and ranging data (LiDAR) and satellite images to semi-automate the mapping of GUs across valley bottoms. We have also produced a new method for identifying and mapping pools in the absence of bathymetry data. We applied our method on 78 river sections in coastal catchments of NSW, Australia. We were able to identify 20 refined GU types and four further sub-types of bank-attached bars. Our method produced GU maps that are consistent with desktop manual delineation from aerial images and digital elevation models. Our hierarchical method offers GU maps with varying accuracy and resolution, accommodating a user's decisions regarding amount of effort invested relative to map quality and accuracy required. Initial runs produce maps with 12 preliminary GUs with 61%–75% consistency when compared to desktop manual mapping. With additional effort and manual corrections, a higher level of GU identification is possible (i.e. refined GU mapping increases the consistency to 70%–81%). The delineation of more intricate sub-types of GU or sub-units on compound GUs, which is essential for interpretation of river behaviour, condition, and recovery, still requires on-site field verification to achieve the best results.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 11","pages":"3524-3540"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5920","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141551208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of changing channel retention: Unravelling the mechanisms behind the spatial and temporal trends of suspended sediment in the Rhine basin","authors":"Jana Cox,&nbsp;Marcel van der Perk,&nbsp;Tatjana Edler,&nbsp;Hans Middelkoop","doi":"10.1002/esp.5929","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5929","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Deltas are reliant on upstream fluvial sediment sources for their survival. In the Rhine basin, the suspended sediment transport governs the supply of fines to the delta, a supply that has been dwindling for several decades. We investigate the changes in suspended sediment (SS) fluxes along the main Rhine branch and its tributaries since 1997 and link these to past and ongoing human activities in the basin. We demonstrate that the spatial pattern in the temporal change can allow us to discount and determine specific mechanisms of SS delivery, transport and trapping that are causing the recent decline. A clear spatial trend in the temporal change emerges: there is an increasing loss of SS from the upper basin towards the delta apex. For the last two decades, this is contributed to the introduction of retention basins, which increase the trapping of overbank fines during high flow. However, the declining sediment flux to the delta extends further in the past (at least since 1950); thus, we also examine potential historical mechanisms, which are different from the short-term explanation. The longer term decline can be explained by the compound effects of dam construction and the decreasing fine sediment uptake by the river from its channel bed. The Rhine River has demonstrated incision in response to normalization works (finalized in the early 1920s). The incision rates declined over the second half of the 20th century corresponding to a declining SS supply from the bed to the delta apex. The importance of the channel bed as a source contributing to the total SS in human-affected rivers and the contribution of fines through varying channel bed incision has not yet been identified or considered in global river basin studies. However, it may become increasingly relevant as more rivers are urbanized and controlled for flood protection purposes in the face of climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 12","pages":"3721-3736"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5929","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141551209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How can geomorphology facilitate a better understanding of glacier and ice sheet behaviour?","authors":"Richard S. Jones,&nbsp;Lauren E. Miller,&nbsp;Matthew J. Westoby","doi":"10.1002/esp.5932","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5932","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Glaciers and ice sheets are an integral part of Earth's system, advancing and retreating in response to changes in climate. Clues about the past, present and future behaviour of these ice masses are found throughout current and former glaciated landscapes. In this commentary, we outline recent scientific advances from a collection of articles in which geomorphological evidence is used to inform us about the behaviour of glaciers and ice sheets across a range of spatial (landform to continent) and temporal (seasons to millennia) scales. Through a diversity of approaches including field measurements, remote sensing and numerical modelling, these studies build on an extensive background literature to deepen our understanding of how ice flows, how glaciers and ice sheets respond to climate change, and of the processes of ice advance and retreat and the stability of the system. Further integration of knowledge across the fields of geomorphology and glaciology will have tangible benefits for managing the societal and environmental impacts of glacier change and for improved projections of sea-level rise over the coming decades to centuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 12","pages":"3677-3683"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5932","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141551244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oil and gas development influences potential for dust emission from the Upper Colorado River Basin, USA","authors":"Gayle L. Tyree,&nbsp;Adrian Chappell,&nbsp;Miguel L. Villarreal,&nbsp;Saroj Dhital,&nbsp;Michael C. Duniway,&nbsp;Brandon L. Edwards,&nbsp;Akasha M. Faist,&nbsp;Travis W. Nauman,&nbsp;Nicholas P. Webb","doi":"10.1002/esp.5887","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5887","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wind erosion and dust emission from drylands have large consequences for ecosystem function and human health. Wind erosion is naturally reduced by soil crusting and sheltering by non-erodible roughness elements such as plants. Land uses that reduce surface roughness and disturb the soil surface can dramatically increase dust emission. Extraction of oil and gas is a common and growing land use in the western United States (US) that removes vegetation and other roughness elements for construction of well pads and unpaved access roads, resulting in thousands of small (1–4 ha), discrete patches of unprotected soil. Here, we use a satellite albedo-based model to assess the effect of oil/gas activity on surface roughness in the Uinta-Piceance Basin, an area of the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) with dense oil and natural gas development and modelled how the change in surface roughness could impact aeolian sediment flux and dust emission. We also investigated how regional drought influences the response of surface roughness to well pads and access roads. Oil/gas activity reduced surface roughness and increased modelled aeolian sediment flux at the landscape scale across much of the study region, resulting in a modest increase of 10 139 kg of dust per year, which is small relative to dust loads from a single regional dust event observed in the region, but downwind impact could be significant. The magnitude of surface roughness reductions by oil/gas activity was generally consistent among land cover types. However, in parts of the basin that had high cover of annual forbs and grasses, oil/gas activity was associated with larger surface roughness and smaller potential dust emission. Drought decreased surface roughness across disturbed and undisturbed sites, but there was no interactive effect of oil/gas activity and drought on surface roughness. These results suggest that oil/gas activity may increase sediment fluxes and likely contributes to dust emission from landscapes in the UCRB. Understanding how drought and land use change contribute to dust emissions will benefit mitigation of undesirable impacts of wind erosion and dust transport.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 11","pages":"3292-3307"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5887","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141514239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water content and ground temperature variations in the active layer of a rock glacier in the Central Andes of San Juan, Argentina","authors":"Martín Mendoza López,&nbsp;Carla Tapia Baldis,&nbsp;Dario Trombotto Liaudat,&nbsp;Silvio Pastore","doi":"10.1002/esp.5926","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5926","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper analyses the response of the active layer between 2018 and 2020 in a typical rock glacier in the Central Andes of Argentina, in terms of volumetric water content and ground temperature variations. The period 2018–2020 coincided with the warmest and driest years of the last fourth decades in the Central Andes, reflected also in the reduced cooling periods, and decreased extent and duration of snow coverage. We performed sedimentological studies and calculations of thermal properties, along with measurements of water content and soil temperature in the top meter of soil within the active layer. Afterward, using the Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer Model for the Soil–Plant–Atmosphere System (COUP) model software, a number of selected parameters were adjusted to get the best correlation between measured and simulated data, using air temperature and precipitation datasets from global reanalysis models as inputs. This numerical model allowed to interpret the physical processes driven by thermal and hydrological fluxes within the active layer of rock glaciers in the Central Andes. During the autumn, we observed upward migration of moisture controlled by cryosuction at the freezing front. Maximum soil water content and downward moisture migration take place in the end of winter and during the spring, starting with snowmelt and seasonal ice thawing. However, the upper part of the active layer remained much drier than saturation over the simulation period (2018–2019). From the hydrological balance analysis, it is deduced that the studied soil profile receives some inflow of groundwater during spring and summer. Results contribute to better understand the Andean cryo-lithozone and may be a reference to study other rock glaciers using little and accessible equipment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 12","pages":"3684-3705"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141509868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated method for extracting channel network with check dams from high-resolution DEM on the Loess Plateau","authors":"Shihao Fan,&nbsp;Hongming Zhang,&nbsp;Pan Pu,&nbsp;Liang Dong,&nbsp;Hongguang Sun,&nbsp;Hongyi Li,&nbsp;Chao Xu,&nbsp;Bingyi Kang,&nbsp;Zhengjie Ji,&nbsp;Ruxue Chen,&nbsp;Wenhu Yu,&nbsp;Coen J. Ritsema,&nbsp;Violette Geissen","doi":"10.1002/esp.5924","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5924","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Channel networks have been widely used to model sediment transport and accumulation. Extracting channel networks in the check dam region from digital elevation models on the Loess Plateau can facilitate effective decision-making and planning for soil and water conservation. Three methods are generally used to ensure the continuity of channel networks by removing check dams as hydrological barriers: filtering, filling and breaching. However, these methods may still cause disruption and displacement of the channel network owing to the existence of check dams. This study presents the development of an integrated method (improved regional growth and linear feature detection [iRG-LFD]) for extracting natural continuous channel networks and locating check dams. First, a proposed improved region growth method based on channel and check dam terrain features was used to extract the complete channel network. Subsequently, the line segment detector for extracting straight lines was then improved to separate lines with different slopes. Finally, by combining the channel network and line segment detector results, a cross model was proposed for extracting check dams of different sizes. The experimental results for the Wangmaogou and Zhoutungou catchments showed minimal errors when the proposed method was used to extract the channel network, and F1-scores of 86.67% and 86.95% were obtained for the predicted check dam samples in the two catchments, respectively. The results indicate that this method can be effectively used to extract continuous natural channel networks and accurately identify check dams and can thus be used to design soil and water conservation measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 11","pages":"3585-3597"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141509869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of bed material transport in gravel-bed streams using the virtual velocity approach: Insights from the North-Western Himalayas, India","authors":"Anshul Yadav,&nbsp;Sumit Sen,&nbsp;Luca Mao,&nbsp;Marwan A. Hassan","doi":"10.1002/esp.5910","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5910","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study focuses on evaluating the sediment mobility and transport patterns in two Himalayan rivers (Aglar and Paligad Rivers) during monsoon and non-monsoon flows. The virtual velocity approach involving the measurements of the bed proportional mobility (<i>Y</i>), active layer depth (<i>d</i>_<i>s</i>), displacement length and virtual velocity of mobilized grains was employed. Both local (0.5 m subsections) and wetted cross-sectional average parameters were used. While using local parameters the total annual bed material transport was estimated to be 67 100 (±20 400 t) and 18 400 t (±6000 t) in the Aglar and Paligad Rivers, respectively. Of this, nearly 60% of transport occurred during the monsoon and the overall contribution of partial transport (PT) remained low (&lt;6%). However, based on cross-section average parameters, total transport was estimated to be 42 300 (±15 800 t) and 12 200 t (±4700 t), in Aglar and Paligad, respectively, with nearly 79% and 68% occurring during the monsoon. Moreover, the contribution of PT increased to nearly 18% and 29% for the Aglar and Paligad Rivers, respectively. Additionally, the dependence of PT on <i>Y</i> and full transport on <i>d</i>_<i>s</i> results in an abrupt shift in transport rates at the transition from partial to full transport, causing discontinuity in transport curves. Therefore, a unified function was proposed to represent the extent of transport for both partial and full transport, yielding continuous transport curves. These findings are particularly relevant for efficient river management as the region houses several hydropower plants and is highly vulnerable to climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 11","pages":"3367-3382"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141509870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rock glaciers as proxy for machine learning based debris-covered glacier mapping of Kinnaur District, Himachal Pradesh","authors":"Ipshita Priyadarsini Pradhan,&nbsp;Kirti Kumar Mahanta,&nbsp;Nishant Tiwari,&nbsp;Dericks Praise Shukla","doi":"10.1002/esp.5888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5888","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research introduces an innovative approach by utilising rock glaciers (RGs) as a proxy for mapping debris-covered glaciers (DCGs). This approach focuses on the interconnected nature of glaciers, DCGs and RGs in a continuum where DCGs can transform into RGs over time due to various processes. This study utilises six machine learning models—logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbour (KNN), Naïve Bayes (NB), decision tree (DT) and random forest (RF)—combined with multispectral satellite data (Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8) and topographical data derived from ALOS PALSAR DEM. Performance metrics such as accuracy, area under the curve (AUC) score, precision, recall and F1-score were evaluated to assess model performance. This detailed mapping provides a precise estimation of the extent of DCGs in the Kinnaur district. The estimated DCG areas revealed intriguing variation across models, with RF (9.71%), KNN (9.67%) and NB (9.41%) yielding similar predictions. SVM (11.61%) projected a slightly larger DCG area, whereas DT (5.54%) and LR (25.55%) provided contrasting results. Validation against high-resolution satellite images, Google Earth images and glacier inventories confirmed the accuracy and reliability of our approach. Based on our findings for our specific study, the most effective method for mapping DCGs is RF, followed by KNN, NB, DT and SVM. The combination of machine learning models and RG data presents a novel and promising approach to remote sensing-based DCG mapping, with potential applications for other regions and broader environmental studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 11","pages":"3598-3619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A geomorphic perspective on discharge–area relationships","authors":"Akshay Kadu,&nbsp;Basudev Biswal","doi":"10.1002/esp.5916","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5916","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is well-documented that the discharge-area power-law scaling exponent (<i>θ</i>) can be much lower than 1 during peak flow periods. A physical explanation for this phenomenon is generally given with the help of the channel network width function, which represents pure surface flow (PSF). When PSF ceases to dominate, <i>θ</i> is expected to increase due to the increasing contribution of mixed surface sub-surface flow (MSSF) and approach 1. However, to our knowledge, no study thus far has conducted a systematic investigation of the variation of <i>θ</i>. In this study, we use a channel network morphology-based routing model that considers both PSF and MSSF to investigate the variation of <i>θ</i> across the streamflow spectrum. The model captures the increasing trend of <i>θ</i> quite well during recession periods, attributable to the growing dominance of MSSF. We also demonstrate that the analysis of the discharge-area scaling is further complicated by several factors, including spatio-temporal variation of rainfall. The uniqueness of the model is that it suggests <i>θ</i> to assume values much greater than 1 because the flow in smaller basins decreases at a higher rate during late recession periods. Demonstrating this effect using observed data is difficult since obtaining sufficiently long recession curves is practically challenging. However, the predicted trend of <i>θ</i> is well supported by observed data when we perform percentile-based discharge-area scaling analysis. Our results thus indicate the possibility that a basin is not merely a sum of its hillslopes, with far-reaching consequences for modelling hydrological and ecological phenomena.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 11","pages":"3456-3470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141343480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}