Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Morphology and dynamics of thermokarst ponds in a subarctic permafrost peatland, northern Sweden","authors":"Fabian Seemann,&nbsp;A. Britta K. Sannel","doi":"10.1002/esp.6021","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.6021","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rapid climatic changes cause permafrost to thaw, initiating thermokarst landforms such as lakes and ponds. These waterbodies cover large extents of the northern circumpolar permafrost region and are significant sources of greenhouse gases. For the assessment of current and potential future waterbody development, continuous monitoring and analyses of the driving factors are required. In Dávvavuopmi, a permafrost peatland located in the sporadic permafrost zone of northern Sweden, high-resolution imagery of the first two decades of the 21st century is available. This study combined field, GIS and statistical methods to explain spatiotemporal pond dynamics by investigating pond morphology and regional climate characteristics. Erosion affected 42% of the shorelines, and the erosion intensity was significantly correlated with the height and slope of bluffs facing the waterbodies. Along some sections, active erosion was causing shoreline retreat, but the dominant trend in this landscape was pond drainage and terrestrialisation/fen vegetation ingrowth. Between 2003 and 2021 the thermokarst pond area and number decreased by 6%/decade and 27%/decade, respectively. Inter- and intra-annual climatic parameters could not be directly linked to thermokarst pond dynamics. Instead, the climate conditions (MAAT/snow depth) control permafrost degradation, causing enhanced hydrological connectivity in the landscape, which drives the pond drainage trend.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5377-5389"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142665593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A method for segmentation of pebble images in the presence of shadows","authors":"Alessandro Cattapan,&nbsp;Alessia Gurini,&nbsp;Paolo Paron,&nbsp;Francesco Ballio,&nbsp;Mário J. Franca","doi":"10.1002/esp.6027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The quantification of pebble shape has been of interest to geomorphologists for decades. Several authors developed parameters to describe pebble shapes from their images. The extraction of this information from images involves two steps: the segmentation of pebble contours and the application of a computational geometry algorithm to estimate shape parameters. When images are taken in the field, unavoidable shadows might hinder the possibility of using automatic segmentation methods. This paper introduces a new method for automatic segmentation of pebbles that improves segmentation accuracy in the presence of shadows. The method is based on the Canny edge detection algorithm which uses a double thresholding process to provide a classification of the strength of the detected edges. The proposed method applies this algorithm with an ensemble of thresholding values, estimating, for each pixel, the probability of being an edge. The resulting pebble contours were analysed using two computational geometry algorithms to obtain shape parameters. The algorithm was calibrated on a sample of five pebbles and then validated on a sample of 1696 pebbles. Its accuracy has been estimated by comparing the resulting shape parameters with those obtained using reference software, which was used as ground truth (GT). The proposed segmentation method was capable of accurately segmenting around 91% of the sample with a relative error for roundness of −1.7% and −0.4%; for elongation of −0.2% and −0.3% and for circularity of 0.2% and 0.1%, when shape parameters were computed using the algorithms of Zheng or Roussillon, respectively. The method could therefore be used to segment images of pebbles collected in the field with low contrast and shadowing, providing comparable accuracy with ‘manual’ segmentation, while removing operator bias.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5202-5212"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trench investigation to quantify debris flow activity for landslide hazard mapping in populated areas: Lessons learned from Gol, southern Norway","authors":"Raymond S. Eilertsen,&nbsp;Kari Sletten,&nbsp;Gro Sandøy,&nbsp;Reginald Hermanns,&nbsp;Anders Romundset,&nbsp;Lena Rubensdotter","doi":"10.1002/esp.6028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We here describe the results of stratigraphic and sedimentological examinations of debris flow deposits at Breidokk, Gol, southern Norway. The deposits are situated at the valley floor, below a steep slope with three large and several smaller debris flow channels incised into the thick till cover. The study area is populated and with abundant infrastructure such as roads, public and private buildings and other types of infrastructure, including underground water pipes and cables. Six, 10–15 m long and 1–3 m deep trenches were dug out with an excavator and examined. The sediments in the trenches consist of moraine-, glaciofluvial/fluvial- and debris flow deposits. The latter consist of matrix supported, unsorted, massive beds from 1 cm to more than 1 m in thickness, with clasts up to 80 cm in diameter. A total of 16 post glacial debris flow beds are identified in five of the six trenches, representing a minimum of eight individual debris flow events. This is probably an underestimation of the debris flow activity through postglacial times as the location of the trenches was in large determined by infrastructure and were not optimally placed for mapping all debris flow deposits in the area. Also, correlation between trenches proved difficult. A total of 37 radiocarbon ages of buried soil and other organic material situated above and below debris flow deposits, together with the sedimentological and stratigraphical interpretation, show that debris flow activity has prevailed throughout the Holocene, also within the last 1000 years. A possible increase in activity within the last 3–4000 years BP has been noted. This is important knowledge to aid in the interpretation of the Quaternary history of the area but also to determine the hazard zones.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5213-5226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenic effects on flood hazards in a hyper-arid watershed: The 2015 Atacama floods","authors":"María Teresa Contreras,&nbsp;Sebastián Nash,&nbsp;Cristián Escauriaza","doi":"10.1002/esp.6017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An unprecedented precipitation event in the hyper-arid Atacama Desert of Northern Chile occurred in March 2015. Geomorphic alterations to the river channel and the coastal zone, coupled with the exceptional magnitude of the rainfall, caused catastrophic damage and loss of life. On the coast of the El Salado watershed, legacy mine tailings infilled the watershed-ocean connection, while the river channel was altered both by tailings and urbanization. The consequences of this event resulted from the coupling of anthropogenic geomorphic changes with an unusual climate event. Lack of field data, complex geomorphology and sediment loads influenced by human activity make analysing floods in these regions especially challenging. The objective of this work is to improve our understanding of the factors that control flood hazards by using numerical simulations to reconstruct the 2015 flood in El Salado. We carry out unsteady two-dimensional simulations fully coupled with the sediment concentration to identify the influence of tailing deposits, considering high-resolution data of the pre- and post-2015 flood topography. The results highlight the importance of specific event-based studies, using models that can help designing better strategies for climate change adaptation and risk mitigation, while providing information for risk reduction and channel restoration.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5362-5376"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative effects of intermittent and continuous simulated rainstorms on rill erosion based on photogrammetry","authors":"Yanmin Jiang,&nbsp;Haijing Shi,&nbsp;Zhongming Wen,&nbsp;Xihua Yang,&nbsp;Minghang Guo,&nbsp;Junfeng Shui,&nbsp;You Fu Wu,&nbsp;David Paull","doi":"10.1002/esp.6029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6029","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite artificial rainfall simulation proves invaluable for the study of soil erosion processes and model construction, it still fails to fully replicate the characteristics of natural rainfall. Currently, most artificial rainfall experiments have carried out a large number of continuous high-intensity rainfall due to the focus on the characteristics of short duration and high intensity of natural rainstorm but have ignored the erosion effects caused by intermittent rainstorm with low intensity and long duration. In this study, two sets of artificial rainfall simulation experiments of intermittent low-intensity rainstorm (RR1) and continuous high-intensity rainstorm (RR2) were conducted to evaluate the effects of rainfall characteristics on erosion morphology, runoff generation and soil loss. The evolution morphology monitored by a digital close-range photogrammetry technology demonstrated the difference between the two rainstorm regimes. The soil surface was damaged more seriously under rainfall of RR2, and the rill morphological indicators of RR1 were all less than that of RR2. As rainfall proceeded, morphological indicators except for rill width-depth ratio gradually increased. As a result, the runoff rate and sediment yield between two regimes were distinct. The segmented and total soil loss, average runoff rate and sediment concentration of RR1 were all less than that of RR2, with the total soil loss of the two rainstorm regimes being 275 and 683 kg, respectively. Water infiltration, rainfall intensity, duration and frequency may be the main factors leading to the difference in soil loss and erosion morphology between two rainstorm regimes. The inconsistency of these factors can easily cause the deviation of understanding of soil erosion mechanism. Therefore, the comparison of erosion effects under different rainstorm regimes has important implications for the improvement of natural rainstorm simulation and the comprehensive understanding of erosion mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5227-5243"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and fish mesohabitat dynamics following an experimental flood under different sediment availability","authors":"Tulio Soto Parra,&nbsp;Emilio Politti,&nbsp;Guido Zolezzi","doi":"10.1002/esp.6025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Experimental floods have been increasingly used as a promising practice to rehabilitate river ecosystems downstream of dams; however, the morphological and habitat dynamics they determine under different sediment supply conditions still poses relevant research and management questions. This study investigates the morphological and fish mesohabitat dynamics following an experimental flood, in two river reaches subject to different sediment supply regimes. We chose the lower Spöl River (Switzerland) as a relevant case study, subject to an experimental flood program for several years. Downstream of the dam, a tributary supplies large amounts of sediment to the Spöl dividing the study area into two homogeneous reaches with different sediment availability but similar flow conditions during the experimental flood. We analyzed and quantified the changes in morphology and fish habitat suitability for the Brown Trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) at the mesoscale in these two reaches caused by the 2021 experimental flood, which lasted 11 h and had a peak magnitude corresponding to a 1-year return interval in the pre-dam flow regime. We found almost no correlation between changes in the channel morphology and in habitat suitability for this event. In the upstream reach, located immediately downstream of the dam, we observed a narrower channel with a regular longitudinal sequence featuring nearly immobile coarse rapids, interspersed with more dynamic, finer riffles. Here, reach-scale morphodynamics and the shifts of the mesohabitat mosaic and the suitable habitats were below 10%. Conversely, the downstream reach, characterised by a wider channel and much higher sediment supply of well-sorted, finer bed material, was dominated by alternate bar instability and migration at the reach scale, which caused a 45% shift in its pre-flood habitat mosaic. Nevertheless, in the same reach, the overall suitability of habitats remained relatively unchanged. We attributed these different dynamics to two main factors: (i) more prolonged bedload mobility conditions and (ii) the occurrence of bar migration in the downstream reach compared to the upstream one. This study (i) underscores the critical importance of considering sediment supply from downstream tributaries when designing and monitoring the effects of experimental floods, (ii) supports the use of morphodynamic models in the related planning and monitoring phases and (iii) shows the relevance of integrating morphodynamics and eco-hydraulic analysis to support the implementation of such flow restoration programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5167-5185"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field-based estimation of cation exchange capacity using induced polarization methods","authors":"Paul McLachlan,&nbsp;Vassil Karloukovski,&nbsp;Andrew Binley","doi":"10.1002/esp.6004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the potential of field-based induced polarization (IP) methods to provide in-situ estimates of soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). CEC influences the fate of nutrients and pollutants in the subsurface. However, estimates of CEC require sampling and laboratory analysis, which can be costly, especially at large scales. Induced polarization (IP) methods offer an alternative approach for CEC estimation. The sensitivity of IP measurements to the surface properties of geological materials ought to make them more appropriate than DC resistivity and electromagnetic induction methods, that are sensitive to bulk electrical properties. Such abilities of IP are well demonstrated in the laboratory; however, applications are lacking at field scales. In this work, the ability of field-based IP to characterize the CEC of floodplain soils is assessed by implementing a methodology that allows for direct comparison between IP and soil parameters. In one field, soil polarization and CEC exhibited the expected positive correlation; but multi-frequency measurements showed no clear advantage over single-frequency measurements. In another field, coarser soils (with low CEC) exhibited a high polarization. These coarser soils were characterized by anomalous magnetic susceptibility values, and hence the polarization was attributed to the presence of magnetic minerals. Although better than order-of-magnitude estimates of CEC were possible in soils without substantial magnetic minerals, better characterization of porosity, saturation, cementation and saturation exponents, and pore fluid conductivity would improve predictions. However, the measurement of these parameters would require similar efforts as direct CEC measurements. This study contributes to bridging the gap between laboratory-derived relationships and their applicability in field applications. Overall, this work provides valuable insight for future studies seeking to understand polarization mechanisms in soils at the field scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"4928-4944"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the applicability of three sediment transport capacity equations on steep colluvial slopes and their modifications","authors":"Haoming Shen,&nbsp;Hua Wang,&nbsp;Fang Ha,&nbsp;Zhenggang Zhang,&nbsp;Changwu Tao,&nbsp;Yue Zhang,&nbsp;Jinshi Lin,&nbsp;Yanhe Huang,&nbsp;Fangshi Jiang","doi":"10.1002/esp.6018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate estimations of the sediment transport capacity (<i>T</i>_<i>c</i>) are essential for soil erosion modelling. However, the applicability of existing <i>T</i>_<i>c</i> equations to colluvial soils with high steep slopes and high gravel content is limited. In this study, the variation of <i>T</i>_<i>c</i> with shear stress (<i>τ</i>), unit stream power (<i>P</i>) and stream power (<i>ω</i>) is investigated for different slopes and flow discharge. We also evaluate the applicability of the Yalin, Govers and GUEST equations (based on <i>τ</i>, <i>P</i> and <i>ω</i>, respectively) for estimating <i>T</i>_<i>c</i> on steep–slope colluvial deposits. Experiments were conducted using colluvial soil in a non-erodible rill flume. The results reveal that <i>T</i>_<i>c</i> follows a power function with <i>τ</i> and <i>ω</i> and a linear function with <i>P</i>. The regression results of the three hydrodynamic parameters and <i>T</i>_<i>c</i> agree with the <i>T</i>_<i>c</i> equation forms of the corresponding equations. The Yalin equation, developed based on gently sloping erodible bed conditions, simulates overall low <i>T</i>_<i>c</i> values for steep sloping non-erodible bed conditions (P.O._0.5–2 = 42.8%). The accuracy is significantly improved by correcting the sediment transport coefficient <i>K</i>_t (P.O._0.5–2 = 100%). The accuracy of the Govers-simulated <i>T</i>_<i>c</i> values under steep slope conditions, based on gentle slope conditions, decreases with increasing slope gradient (P.O._0.5–2 = 37.14%), which is attributed to the large amount of coarse-grained sediment present in this study. Thus, we retained the original form of the equation and further improved its accuracy by adjusting the coefficients (P.O._0.5–2 = 94.29%). As <i>T</i>_<i>c</i> increases, the GUEST equation can accurately simulate <i>T</i>_<i>c</i>. The accuracy is improved by calibrating the <i>F</i>-value (P.O._0.5–2 = 100%). Using dimensional analysis, the equations built based on hydraulic conditions (excess current power, shear stress, flow velocity, etc.) and median particle size can accurately simulate <i>T</i>_<i>c</i> values (P.O._0.5–2 = 100%). These findings provide a basis for the development of erosion models for avalanche deposits on steep slopes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5117-5132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing, building and assessing a geomorphically reconstructed postmining landscape: A case study of the Santa Engracia mine, Spain","authors":"Greg R. Hancock,&nbsp;Jose F. Martín Duque","doi":"10.1002/esp.6024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6024","url":null,"abstract":"<p>New technology allows the reconstruction of postmining landforms using geomorphic design principles. It is important that such designs be evaluated and if needed, redesigned or reshaped so that soil loss is minimised and to ensure the landscape is geomorphically and ecologically integrated with the surrounding landscape. One tool to assess geomorphic landforms is to use a computer-based landscape evolution model (LEM). LEMs allow different designs to be input and will highlight where erosion will occur and type of erosion (i.e. sheetwash, riling, gullying) as well as erosion rate. At the Santa Engracia abandoned mine (East-Central Spain), postmining landscapes were designed using geomorphic principles (GeoFluv method and Natural Regrade software) and later constructed. The SIBERIA LEM was used to assess the erosional behaviour of these landscapes. Using suitable topsoil, vegetation and an organic blanket reduces erosion, and if vegetation can be established, the modelling demonstrates minimal gully erosion. The erosion forecast (5.3 to 6.3 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) is significantly lower than the initial surface (~350 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) using conventional (terraced) mine restoration. The predicted erosion rates and gullying are less than for the unmined (natural) Alto Tajo environment. Importantly, with the ability to spatially forecast gully location, erosion reduction measures can be undertaken. The method described here provides a robust assessment procedure and highlights the potential strengths and weakness of a design therefore supporting lower cost construction and repair with a higher chance of restoration success. The combination of geomorphic landform design and assessment using a LEM for this project (LIFE RIBERMINE) presents a new standard for mine rehabilitation in Europe.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5146-5166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenging underground geophysical, geological and topographical surveys in the Borna Maggiore di Pugnetto karst collapse cave to delineate its genesis and actual structure","authors":"Cesare Comina,&nbsp;Michele Motta,&nbsp;Walter Muzzolon,&nbsp;Federico Vagnon,&nbsp;Andrea Vergnano","doi":"10.1002/esp.6023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6023","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electric resistivity surveys in karst environments are commonly employed to establish parameters that can help in the evaluation of collapse risk related to sinkhole or cave formation. However, these surveys are often executed from the surface with consequent limits in resolution and identification potential as a function of coverage thicknesses. Application of these methodologies directly inside known caves, for a better understanding of their formation mechanisms, is uncommon due to accessibility problems, the nontrivial referencing issues that arise when operating in an underground environment and the challenging 2D/3D interpretation issues emerging from the presence of the cavity itself. This paper reports on the application of electric resistivity tomography along with specific geological and topographic mapping, inside the Borna Maggiore di Pugnetto karst collapse cave. Comprehensive knowledge of this cave, developed in mica-rich and carbonate-rich calcschists, is problematic with traditional investigations, due to the cave breakdown that masks its structure. In this study, the 3D geometry of the cave is reconstructed using a topographical survey. This reconstruction is then utilised to perform a 3D inversion of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) dataset. The results of both 2D and 3D inversions are compared and discussed, focusing on the survey's ability to identify resistivity anomalies within the 3D volume surrounding the cave. Additionally, an open-source script is provided to facilitate the replication of this 3D modelling and inversion in similar underground contexts. Results of the paper show the effectiveness of the proposed surveys in the delineation of genesis and actual structure of the cave. The paper also proposes a methodological approach that can be adopted in similar contexts to enhance the understanding of speleogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 15","pages":"5390-5405"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}