Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"The unrepeatable river: Exploring chaotic variability in laboratory channels","authors":"David L. Adams,&nbsp;Marwan A. Hassan,&nbsp;Sarah Davidson","doi":"10.1002/esp.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Experimental work relies on the assumption that, under controlled conditions, repeat trials will yield consistent outcomes. This assumption is crucial in geomorphology, as both a theoretical and applied science, yet it is rarely examined directly. We investigated the repeatability of channel forms by conducting 14 trials using a gravel-bed stream table. Analyses of morphology and hydraulics using simple statistics, dimensional reduction techniques and hierarchical clustering were used to quantify similarities and differences between outcomes. Average channel form was consistent across all trials, but practically, irreducible variations in initial conditions led to divergent outcomes through chaotic dynamics. Notably, two distinct channel outcomes were observed, resembling attractor states, relating to the presence or absence of an avulsion. The results indicate that even under well-controlled conditions, repeatability is not guaranteed in physical models. The findings prompt a re-framing of how experimental certainty and repeatability are defined in practice. Conducting repeated trials may mitigate the confounding effects of variability, but the optimal number of trials remains unclear and is likely case-specific. We suggest that future research incorporate repetitions and explore probabilistic approaches to presenting results. Embracing and quantifying this variability can enhance the robustness of physical models and provide deeper insights into channel dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UAV and photogrammetric techniques to study shoreline changes in the high Arctic as exemplified by the Kaffiøyra region, Svalbard","authors":"Kamil Czarnecki,&nbsp;Ireneusz Sobota","doi":"10.1002/esp.70037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High-latitude coasts are among many polar ecosystems vulnerable to global climate change. This paper presents research results on coastline changes in Kaffiøyra, Svalbard (High Arctic). Archival aerial photographs and satellite imagery (1966, 1990, 2017) were used, and field surveys (by UAVs) were carried out in 2021–22 to create high-resolution digital terrain models (pix ~ 5 cm). The Area Of Interest (AOI) covered ~1.5 km² and was divided into four main zones of different characteristics (mouth of the river, beach, bay and sand spit). Remote sensing methods were used to determine the directions of changes in the Kaffiøyra coastline and to indicate the main factors affecting the deposition or erosion of sediments. With the support of a UAV kit with a GNSS receiver, using photogrammetric software, models, with precise and low error rates, were obtained depicting the state of the Arctic environment. The average rate of coastline retreat in the adopted AOI ranged from −0.24 ± 0.16 to 0.70 ± 0.16 m yr⁻¹ (1966–2021), but in the selected period: −0.32 ± 0.57 to 0.19 ± 0.57 (1966–1990), −0.38 ± 0.40 to 1.10 ± 0.40 (1990–2017); −0.27 ± 0.47 to 1.33 ± 0.47 (2017–2021). The study described the direct factors (coastal currents, tides, hydrographic network) and indirect factors (meteorological conditions and recession of Kaffiøyra glaciers) but focused on the morphometric transformation of the shoreline. In this study, the authors sought to explain the causes of the changes that are occurring in the polar environment. They performed the analysis under the very specific meteorological and topographical conditions of the Kaffiøyra lowland, discovering and closing the spatial gaps of coastal research in the Arctic. The results were compared with different locations on Spitsbergen, where the reasons for these changes were quite different.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of river capture on fluvial terraces and bedrock incision","authors":"Sean F. Gallen,&nbsp;Karl W. Wegmann","doi":"10.1002/esp.70035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<p>River terraces are commonly used to infer climate and tectonic histories. Yet, it is increasingly recognised that other processes, such as river capture, can affect river terrace genesis and incision rates and patterns. In this study, we conduct a field-based investigation of river terrace sequences along the Kolokithas and Varitis Rivers in central Crete, Greece, that share a confluence and preserve geomorphic evidence for the recent capture of the Kolokithas headwaters by the Varitis. We use digital topographic analysis, mapping, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) geochronology to quantify the river terrace and bedrock incision response to river capture. Topographic analysis indicates the Varitis captured ~30 km² of drainage area from the Kolokithas. We find differences in terrace characteristics, number of terraces, and incision rates and patterns on the adjacent valleys. The Kolokithas has four terrace levels, and the Varitis has five. All terraces are strath terraces, except for the oldest on the Kolokithas, a ~8 m thick fill terrace that starkly contrasts the time-equivalent ~1–2 m thick strath terrace on the Varitis. Relative and absolute age control suggests three Pleistocene terraces were emplaced during cooler climate intervals, and two Holocene terraces are perhaps because of anthropogenic disturbances. The incision patterns differ on each valley, with generally more incision upstream on the Varitis relative to the Kolokithas. Incision rates on the Varitis are roughly twice as high as on the Kolokithas, but the average incision rate of both valleys combined is comparable to coastal rock uplift rates derived from marine terraces. Collectively, our results suggest that fluvial systems are sensitive to climate and tectonic processes even when affected by geomorphic disturbances, like river capture and beheading. However, care must be taken when interpreting river terraces as direct records of climate and tectonic processes, particularly when working on a single river valley.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rheology of debris flows: Insights from experiments with coarse-grained matrix","authors":"Taiqiang Yang,&nbsp;Yong Li,&nbsp;Xiaojun Guo,&nbsp;Kun Wang,&nbsp;Jun Zhang,&nbsp;Junyao Luo,&nbsp;Jingjing Liu","doi":"10.1002/esp.6069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Debris flow is characterized by a heterogeneous mixture of water and sediment with varying rheology. The granular effects on rheology are usually attributed to the bulk concentration of solids without considering the variability of granular configuration, as signified in the grain size distribution (GSD). In this work, the GSD effects on debris flow rheological properties were explored using the parameters <i>μ</i> and <i>D</i>_c derived from a unified GSD function, <i>P</i>(<i>D</i>) ~ <i>D</i>^<i>-μ</i> exp(-<i>D</i>/<i>D</i>_c), that are widely applicable for debris flow materials. Compared with other experiments using artificial fine-grained slurry (with grain size &lt;2 mm) at a given solid volume concentration (<i>C</i>_v), the realistic coarse-grained matrix (up to 10 mm) of fresh debris flows was used for the experimentation, under shear rate up to 40 (s⁻¹) as in natural conditions. The results show that the flow can be categorized as Herschel-Bulkley (HB) fluid, with an average consistency index of 0.45, signifying the shear thinning effect. The yield stress and effective viscosity exhibit a power-law with <i>μ</i> and an exponential relationship with <i>D</i>_c, revealing the interlock between fine and coarse grains. Then, a modified HB model was proposed using the GSD parameters to specify the granular effects and explain the velocity fluctuation of debris flow surges. This work represents the first attempt to express rheological properties as a function of the unified GSD parameters and is potentially instrumental in formulating debris flow dynamics incorporating granular effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grid independence studies applied to a field-scale computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model using the detached eddy simulation (DES) technique along a reach of the Colorado River in Marble Canyon","authors":"Rosa E. España,&nbsp;Laura V. Alvarez,&nbsp;Jayanga T. Samarasinghe","doi":"10.1002/esp.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Grid independence studies have emerged as essential methodological frameworks for comprehending the impact of domain resolution on simulating anisotropic turbulence at the river-reach scale using large eddy simulation models. This study proposes a methodology to assess the loss of information in turbulent flow patterns when coarsening the computational domain, examined in a 1-km transect of the Colorado River along Marble Canyon. Seven computational domain resolutions are explored to analyse the sensitivity of turbulent flow to spatial resolution changes, utilizing the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) spectrum technique and spatiotemporal analysis of eddy structures via statistical metrics such as root mean square error (RMSE), Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE), wavelet power spectrum and grid convergence index (GCI). Based on physical principles and statistics, these metrics quantify information loss and assess domain resolutions. A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model is developed by employing the detached eddy simulation (DES) technique, with boundary condition (BC) integrating the rough wall extension of the Spallart-Allmaras model in cells near the bed. Evaluation of domain resolutions aims to identify grid cell sizes capturing flow behaviour and hydraulic characteristics, including primary and secondary flows, return currents, shear layers and primary and secondary eddies. The study observes an increase in data representation of the TKE spectrum with finer spatial domain resolution. Additionally, surface analysis, conducted via RMSE, KL and NSE metrics, identifies specific areas within the flow field showing high sensitivity to refining the grid cell sizes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of RUSLE model with remotely sensed data over Google Earth Engine to evaluate soil erosion in Central Indus Basin","authors":"Shah Fahd,&nbsp;Muhammad Waqas,&nbsp;Zeeshan Zafar,&nbsp;Walid Soufan,&nbsp;Khalid F. Almutairi,&nbsp;Aqil Tariq","doi":"10.1002/esp.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil erosion presents a substantial environmental obstacle for farmers, especially in the plains of the Indus Basin, which are characterised by rainfall scarcity. This study utilised remotely sensed data on Google Earth Engine (GEE) to estimate the yearly soil erosion by implementing the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model in the Central Indus Basin. The study's primary objective was to determine the order of importance and execute conservation strategies. The input datasets were processed on GEE to produce essential factors, including soil erosivity (<i>R</i>), soil erodibility (<i>K</i>), slope length and steepness (<i>LS</i>), land cover (<i>C</i>) and land management techniques (<i>P</i>), which are required for the model. The yearly soil erosion in the study area varied from 1 to 26.2 t ha ⁻¹year⁻¹. The combined area of regions with low, moderate, high, and extremely high rates amounted to 1 445 397 ha. More precisely, 8670 (0.6%), 263 062 (18.2%) and 468 310 ha (32.4%) were allocated as first, second and third-class priority areas, respectively. These areas were geographically dispersed across the northwest and eastern regions of the basin, including sandy dunes and infrequent agricultural cultivation. This study highlighted the usability of remotely sensed data on GEE for reliable soil erosion estimation on a large scale. This methodology amplifies the effectiveness of planning and conservation endeavours.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143565198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empirical modeling of streambed hydraulic conductivity in ephemeral rivers: Insights from sediment characteristics in arid environments","authors":"Ehsan Karrabi,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Majdzadeh Tabatabai","doi":"10.1002/esp.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents a pioneering investigation into the relationships between vertical hydraulic conductivity (<i>K</i>_<i>v</i>) and sediment properties through an extensive field measurement of 15 ephemeral sandy-bed rivers in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. A robust dataset comprising 300 <i>in situ K</i>_<i>v</i> measurements and grain size analyses was collected from 2019 to 2022, including both main channel and bar morphological units. Statistical analyses, such as coefficient of variation and skewness, revealed significant deviations from normality in the data distributions, particularly pronounced for bar samples, emphasizing the limitations of conventional statistical frameworks based on normality assumptions. Applying nonparametric techniques of Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney, the study uncovered strong interdependencies between <i>K</i>_<i>v</i> and key sediment descriptors, including armor ratio, mud percentage, and grain size (<i>d</i>₁₀). Notably, main channel data indicated a stronger tendency towards normality relative to the bar data, reflecting the inherent disparities in sediment dynamics and hydrologic regimes across these various morphological units. The data samples were randomly split into two groups: 70% for calibration and 30% for validation to develop a novel empirical model, explicitly incorporating the interdependent effects of armor ratio, mud percentage, and <i>d</i>₁₀ on <i>K</i>_<i>v</i>. On the 70% calibration set, <i>R</i>² and RMSE were calculated to evaluate model fit. On the 30% validation set, RMSE was calculated to evaluate predictive accuracy. Thereafter, the validated data were used to assess performance of the adopted model. The model is meant for a specific range of sediment characteristics, including uniformity coefficients (5.2 &lt; <i>U</i>_<i>c</i> &lt; 141), characteristic grain sizes (0.05 mm &lt; <i>d</i>₁₀ &lt; 0.62 mm), mud percentages (0.01 &lt; <i>m</i>_<i>p</i> &lt; 7.2), and armor ratios (0.9 &lt; <i>A</i>_<i>r</i> &lt; 6.2), which are particularly relevant in ephemeral rivers. Finally, the proposed model yielded results outperform those of several widely adopted empirical models, reflecting the effect of mud percentage and armor ratio to provide accurate prediction of the <i>K</i>_<i>v</i> within the scope of this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143565142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating sediment connectivity and stream power index with RUSLE for modelling soil erosion dynamics in a large Himalayan basin under modern and future climate scenarios","authors":"Shobhit Singh,&nbsp;Somil Swarnkar,&nbsp;Rajiv Sinha","doi":"10.1002/esp.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil erosion in mountainous catchments is one of the most serious problems and, combined with monsoonal rainfall, triggers several disasters such as landslides, flash floods, debris flows and siltation in river channels. The Himalayan basins are particularly susceptible to erosion because of their unique geological, topographic and geomorphological settings. Human-induced perturbances such as road construction, tunnelling, dams, reservoirs and other infrastructure projects have further increased soil erosion, impacting millions of people in these regions. The Tawi River in the western Himalayas is an important tributary of the Indus River system. It is characterized by a large mountainous catchment prone to severe erosion and a relatively smaller alluvial part that is prone to flooding. We have used an integrated approach of soil erosion modelling (RUSLE) and geomorphic analysis, including sediment connectivity and stream power distribution to compute sediment transport potential (STP). We then combine soil erosion modelling and STP results to compute the Soil Erosion and Transport Index (SETI) for assessing soil erosion dynamics in the Tawi basin. The SETI shows a strong correlation with sediment yield estimates, confirming its reliability in assessing sediment transport dynamics in the study area. In this novel approach implemented in a GIS framework, we have further investigated the impact of climate change on soil erosion and its dynamics. Our results show that the Tawi basin is extremely diverse in terms of erosion and sediment yield owing to variable topographic, geomorphic and landcover characteristics of the subbasins. Topographic steepness (LS factor) has the highest contribution towards soil erosion followed by crop and management (CP) factor in most subbasins. Further, we show that soil erosion rates will be accelerated under future warming climates by 6–67% compared to modern rates for the mountainous and transitional subbasins, whereas the alluvial subbasins will not be impacted much. Accordingly, soil erosion dynamics and associated hazards are likely to be intensified in the mountainous and transitional basins. The alluvial basins will remain unaffected in terms of soil erosion dynamics, but the flood risk is likely to be increased manifold because of accelerated sediment flux and channel aggradation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143565141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of anthropogenic topographic changes on geomorphological processes in the city of Rome (Italy): A case study of the Malagrotta area","authors":"Michele Delchiaro,&nbsp;Francesca Vergari,&nbsp;Carlo Esposito,&nbsp;Maurizio Del Monte","doi":"10.1002/esp.70033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rome's urban landscape presents a clear urban–rural gradient, with diminishing human influence from the historic city center to the surrounding outskirts and peri-urban areas. Millennial urban growth resulted in drastic changes of natural landscapes, making it an invaluable case study for examining human impact on natural geomorphological processes. Despite the importance of understanding these interactions for managing geomorphological risks, the role of human activity along the urban–rural gradient remains poorly understood. This study explores human-induced geomorphic changes in Rome's Malagrotta quarrying and dumping area established in the 1980s, focusing on erosion, transport and sedimentation processes that challenge sustainable land use. Using the slope–area relationship, applied on digital elevation models across different time periods (1894, 2002 and 2023), we identify local process domains to better understand how human activity influenced landscape dynamics over time. Results reveal that extensive quarrying and excavation activities between 1894 and 2002 removed nearly 3 × 10⁷ m³ of material, while the period from 2002 to 2023 saw the removal of 7 × 10⁶ m³. Dumping and ancient quarry and valley filling added approximately 2.6 × 10⁷ m³ of material, compared with 1.4 × 10⁷ m³ in the later period. Regions with convergent morphological deviations are generally linked to excavation and quarrying activities while divergent patterns align with filled depressions. High slopes from quarry escarpments are prone to erosion and landslides. While stream power and topographic wetness index shifts suggested increased flood risks and altered hydrological patterns. These findings underscore the need for geomorphologically informed urban planning to mitigate erosion, landslides and flood hazards in urbanizing landscapes globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of multiple time scale rainfall erosivity models: A case study of subtropical regions in Central China","authors":"Yaodong Ping,&nbsp;Pei Tian,&nbsp;Haijun Wang,&nbsp;Tinghui Jia,&nbsp;Yang Yang,&nbsp;Yuyan Fan","doi":"10.1002/esp.70029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rainfall erosivity is an essential factor affecting soil erosion, which is expected to change under global climate change. Despite the existence of numerous rainfall erosivity models, there remains a scarcity of research focusing on the accuracy of multi-time scale models. In this study, the subtropical regions of central China (Hubei Province) were selected, where the simulation performance of six widely employed rainfall erosivity models was investigated using daily precipitation data from 70 meteorological stations spanning from 2000 to 2020. Using the optimal model, Kriging interpolation and the Mann–Kendall test revealed significant temporal and spatial variations in rainfall erosivity and density. The results show that: (1) the daily rainfall erosivity model was more suitable for simulating rainfall erosivity in Hubei Province. (2) The mean annual rainfall erosivity in Hubei Province was 5894.25 MJ·mm·ha⁻¹·h⁻¹·a⁻¹, with large variations across regions. (3) Rainfall erosivity and erosivity density showed significant differences between different seasons, and soil erosion was most likely to occur in summer (June, July and August). (4) The spatial distribution pattern of rainfall erosivity and erosivity density was highly consistent: the long-term high levels of rainfall erosivity and erosivity density were in Xianning City, southeastern Hubei Province, and the soil erosion risk was high. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the selection of rainfall erosivity models in subtropical mountainous and hilly areas and provide a reference for assessing soil erosion risk and formulating control measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}