Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Redistribution of debris-flow sediment following severe wildfire and floods in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, USA","authors":"Jonathan M. Friedman,&nbsp;Anne C. Tillery,&nbsp;Samuel Alfieri,&nbsp;Elizabeth Skaggs,&nbsp;Patrick B. Shafroth,&nbsp;Craig D. Allen","doi":"10.1002/esp.5964","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5964","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Severe fire on steep slopes increases stormwater runoff and the occurrence of runoff-initiated debris flows. Predicting locations of debris flows and their downstream effects on trunk streams requires watershed-scale high-resolution topographic data. Intense precipitation in July and September 2013 following the June 2011 Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, led to widespread debris flows in the watershed of Rito de los Frijoles. We differenced lidar Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) collected in 2010 and 2016 to map subwatersheds experiencing debris flows and changes in elevation of the trunk stream. Debris flow occurrence was well predicted by previous assessments of debris-flow hazard; debris flows occurred in 7 of 9 sub-basins where the debris-flow hazard was above 60% for the 25-year rainfall event, and in 0 of 21 basins where debris flow hazard was less than 60%. Debris flows resulted in fan deposition at the confluence with the trunk stream followed by transport during three documented floods. The bed of the 22 km trunk stream increased in elevation by a mean of 0.29 m, but the local change in thalweg elevation was controlled by inputs of water and sediment and longitudinal variation in gradient. Downstream of the mouths of tributaries with debris flows, the thalweg of the trunk stream rose as much as 2 m. Downstream of the mouths of tributaries without debris flows the thalweg of the main stem degraded by as much as 2 m, mobilizing sediment that was then deposited further downstream where the gradient of the trunk stream decreases. In conclusion, the transport of sediment generated by debris flows was predictably related to spatial variation in sediment supply, discharge and gradient.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4263-4274"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Importance of vegetation in riverbank resilience: An experimental approach","authors":"Jyotirmoy Barman,&nbsp;Bimlesh Kumar","doi":"10.1002/esp.5963","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5963","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Floodplain (FP) vegetation determines the flow structures in river channels based on its shape, type, spacing and root-soil binding capacity. The present study focuses on experimental approach to understand the role of FP vegetation in determining the flow patterns and morphological changes in the channels. Flow properties like streamwise and transverse velocity, along with secondary flow and turbulent kinetic energy, were compared between rectangular and compound channels considering partial vegetation cover. The presence and absence of dip phenomenon in the main channel (MC) of compound and rectangular channel respectively suggest that the dip phenomenon is influenced by both vegetation emergence in FPs and differential cross-sectional depths of compound channels. The secondary flow direction in the slopes and MC of compound channel is towards the FP region which is opposite to that observed in rectangular channel where secondary flow is towards MC showing the effect of non-uniform cross-section of compound channels. The morphological changes were analysed by performing experiments in unsymmetrical erodible riverbank channels with bankfull condition considering artificial rigid FP vegetation (<i>Phragmites karka</i>) and naturally growing flexible vegetation (<i>Oryza sativa</i>). After more than 24 h of continuous experimental runs, the <i>O. sativa</i> remains intact in the soil because of development of strong root-soil bond whereas; all the <i>P. karka</i> gets uprooted. The channel cross-section in the downstream channel becomes almost uniform for <i>P. karka</i>, whereas differential cross-sectional height is observed for <i>O. sativa</i>. This study shows that along with the shapes and size of vegetation, root-soil binding capacity also determines the morphological changes in river channels. Furthermore, it also shows the importance of growing vegetation in the laboratory to properly simulate vegetation observed in river channels.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4249-4262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-site and hypothesis-driven approach to identify controls on the bedload transport regime of an anthropised gravel-bed river","authors":"Théo Bulteau,&nbsp;Daniel Vázquez-Tarrío,&nbsp;Ramon J. Batalla,&nbsp;Hervé Piégay","doi":"10.1002/esp.5945","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5945","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the effects of human disturbance on the bedload transport regime of anthropised rivers is a topic of growing importance, as such information is of interest for adequate river diagnosis, correct implementation of restoration measures and appropriate design of post-action monitoring programs. However, such assessments are complex, especially in sites where multiple factors simultaneously influence the bedload transport regime, so that it is difficult to establish simple causal relationships between human disturbances and changes in the sediment transport regime, notably on bedload. To overcome this, there is a need for rigorous hypothesis-driven approaches to assess the isolated effects of each driver. With this in mind, we have characterised the dynamics of bedload transport in the Upper Garonne (Central Pyrenees, Spain-France), a river impacted by sediment retention, flow diversion and mining that influence its morphological conditions and transport regime. We assessed the effects of (1) surface grain size distribution, (2) river morphology, (3) sediment supply and (4) flow diversion on the bedload transport regime. Four sites with different degrees of river anthropisation were selected. After defining hypotheses on the most likely bedload transport conditions for each site, we proposed a set of discriminating criteria to test these hypotheses, based on temporal within-site and spatial between-site comparisons of coarse particle tracking measurements over four years. The results of this research showed that the hydrosedimentary regime of the Garonne is controlled by a complex combination of drivers such as valley physiography, which exerts a first-order control on differences in reach-scale bedforms and bedload dynamics; and human disturbances which contribute to a reduction in sediment supply through changes in land cover and hydropower dams, or to changes in hydrology (i.e., flow competence) due to water diversion and abstraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 12","pages":"3913-3933"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5945","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of friction factor and bed shear stress considering bedform effect in rivers","authors":"Minjae Lee,&nbsp;Yong Sung Park,&nbsp;Mikyung Lee,&nbsp;Yong-Sik Song,&nbsp;Chanho Park","doi":"10.1002/esp.5954","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5954","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The roughness height plays a crucial role, especially in shallow-water environments with rough-bed conditions. Specifically, it is a key parameter for predicting flow velocity and bed shear stress. Therefore, an accurate determination of roughness height is essential for precise predictions of hydraulic phenomena. In this study, we propose a method to estimate form roughness height and friction factor using bathymetry data, with a focus on cross-sectional data in the transverse direction. To overcome the limitations of using lateral direction data, we derived an empirical formula for estimating bedform length from the bed profiles in the streamwise direction. To assess the validity of bedform analysis and estimated form roughness height based on lateral direction data, we compared the characteristics of bedform and form roughness height analysed using lateral direction data with those analysed using the streamwise direction data. Furthermore, we confirmed the importance of considering the form roughness height in estimating bed shear stress through a comparison with bed shear stress calculations considering only grain roughness height.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4154-4167"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5954","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141928751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology, timing, and drivers of post-glacial landslides in the northern Yellowstone region","authors":"Jean L. Dixon,&nbsp;Grace E. Nicholas,&nbsp;Kenneth L. Pierce,&nbsp;David Lageson","doi":"10.1002/esp.5943","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5943","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The withdrawal of glaciers in mountainous systems exposes over-steepened slopes previously sculpted by ice. This debuttressing can directly trigger mass movements or leave slopes susceptible to them by other drivers, including seismogenic shaking and changing climate conditions. These systems may pose hazards long after deglaciation. Here, we investigate the drivers of slope failure for landslides at the northern entrance to Yellowstone National Park, a critical conduit traversed by ~1 million visitors each year. Through field mapping and analyses of LiDAR data, we quantify the spatial and temporal relationships between eight adjacent slides. Stratigraphic relationships and surface roughness analyses suggest initial emplacement 13–11.5 ka, after a significant delay from Deckard Flats glacial retreat (15.1 ± 1.2 ka). Thus, rapid glacial debuttressing was not the direct trigger of slope failure, though the resultant change in stress regime likely had a preparatory influence. We posit that the timing of failure was associated with (1) a period of enhanced moisture and seismicity in the late Pleistocene and (2) altered stress regimes associated with ice retreat. Historical archives and cross-cutting relationships indicate portions of some ancient slides were reactivated; these areas are morphologically distinguishable from other slide surfaces, with mean topographic roughness 2 times that of non-active slides. Stream power analysis and archival records indicate Holocene incision of the Gardner River and human disturbances are largely responsible for modern reactivations. Our findings highlight the importance of combining archival records with stratigraphic, field and remote sensing approaches to understanding landslide timing, risk, and drivers in post-glacial environments. This study also provides a valuable baseline for geomorphic change in the Yellowstone system, where a 2022 flood incised streams, damaged infrastructure and further reactivated landslide slopes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 12","pages":"3873-3888"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5943","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141925758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detailed detection and extraction of estuarine tidal channels with multispectral and full-polarised SAR remote sensing","authors":"Peng Li,&nbsp;Shu Li,&nbsp;Zhenhong Li,&nbsp;Cunren Liang,&nbsp;Houjie Wang","doi":"10.1002/esp.5950","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5950","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Estuarine tidal channels are active geomorphic units in tidal flats. However, accurate information on the spatiotemporal changes in tidal channel systems remains scarce. The width of the tidal channels may vary from several kilometres to tens of centimetres. Monitoring tidal channel evolution is complicated because of periodic tidal scouring, anthropogenic activities and sea level rise. In this study, we propose a synergetic classification method to detect and extract morphological information of estuarine tidal channels with a spatial resolution of up to 3 m by fusing PlanetScope multispectral data with C-band GaoFen-3 fully polarised Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and machine learning algorithms. Considering the Yellow River Estuary as an example, the spectral features, vegetation and water index, polarisation and texture features derived from the multispectral and SAR images were selected as input data for classifiers according to feature importance ranking. Comparison to the maximum likelihood, and support vector machine classifiers, the synergetic classification with random forest showed the best performance, with an overall accuracy of 99.6%. Based on these results, the total number of tidal channels in the Yellow River Estuary reached 872, with a total length of 348.8 km. The spatiotemporal changes in the central axis over the last 4 years (2019–2022) suggest that the evolution of tidal channels was mainly controlled by ocean dynamics and anthropogenic activities. This method provides a cost-effective alternative to accurately map tidal channel systems in global estuarine and coastal zones and helps to quantitatively describe their morphological evolution, stability and drivers.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 12","pages":"3968-3988"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geomorphology without borders — The history of the International Association of Geomorphologists (IAG) and reappraisal in the 35th anniversary","authors":"Piotr Migoń,&nbsp;Mauro Soldati","doi":"10.1002/esp.5955","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5955","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper reviews the history of the International Association of Geomorphologists (IAG), an organization formally established in 1989, but with the foundations laid at the First International Conference on Geomorphology in Manchester in 1985. It recreates the spirit of the 1980s, when the need for more efficient international cooperation on an equal basis was argued for, and outlines steps which led to its setting up. The model of operation of the IAG is presented, emphasizing membership by countries, followed by milestone institutional developments, listing of IAG officers and its Honorary Fellows. Key IAG activities are conferences, projects run by working groups, training and support programmes for early career geomorphologists, and publications. A summary of major achievements and challenges for the future concludes the paper.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4099-4112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An extreme wave event in Timanfaya National Park: Possible first geological evidence of the 1755 Lisbon tsunami in Lanzarote, Canary Islands","authors":"Inés Galindo,&nbsp;Carmen Romero,&nbsp;Esther Martín-González,&nbsp;Nieves Sánchez,&nbsp;Juana Vegas,&nbsp;Javier Lario","doi":"10.1002/esp.5953","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5953","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The identification of extreme wave events' deposits is of the main importance in the contexts of global warming and coastal geohazards. Specifically, improving the knowledge of this phenomenon is extremely relevant for high populated volcanic oceanic islands. In this paper, we analyse two extreme wave event deposits located on a coastal platform formed by lavas from the 1730–1736 Timanfaya eruption in Lanzarote Island (Spain). The first one consists of a boulder ridge parallel to the coast of approximately 750 m in length and 7 m asl in elevation. These are accumulations of non-cemented large boulders and sands that extend about 150 m inland from the intertidal zone. The boulders are of basaltic composition, heterometric, sub-rounded to angular, and they reach sizes up to 3 m of major axis. They are imbricated both inland and seaward, indicating a strong inundation and backwash. The second deposit is a small outcrop of boulders of equal composition and sizes up to 1 m of major axis, reaching an elevation up to 6 m asl, and has been correlated with the former deposit. Here, the boulders were also deposited on the Timanfaya lavas and later covered by lava flows extruded during the 1824 eruption. Therefore, both deposits could be related with a chronologically well-contrasted event, between 1736 and 1824. The origin of these deposits could be interpreted as an extreme storm or a tsunami. There are no historical records of extreme storms in the Canary Islands for this period, but there is documentary evidence of the tsunamis of 1761 and 1755. Moreover, for the latter, there is documentation that indicates its impact on coastal infrastructures in the Canary Islands, including the western slope of Lanzarote, and therefore, we propose these deposits as the first sedimentary evidence of the 1755 tsunami in the Canary Islands.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4133-4153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5953","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined use of physically based hydrological model and empirical models to improve parameterisation of erosion processes in a flash flood prone catchment","authors":"Atiyeh Hosseinzadeh,&nbsp;Hélène Roux,&nbsp;Ludovic Cassan,&nbsp;Audrey Douinot","doi":"10.1002/esp.5946","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5946","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study assesses the effectiveness of a distributed physically based hydrological model (MARINE) to investigate erosion estimation during flash floods compared with other widely used empirical models derived from the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) like Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE). It is carried out on a small catchment in south-eastern France, the Claduègne catchment. To compare the erosion volumes simulated by the three models, MARINE, MUSLE and RUSLE, a sensitivity analysis on the model parameters is carried out. According to physics-based simulations, flood events fall into two categories: those dominated by raindrop erosion and those dominated by shear stress erosion. The results show that the erosion simulated by the three methods are comparable, except for events dominated by raindrop erosion suggesting that further research is needed to improve raindrop erosion within MARINE. Simulations from the MARINE model provide access to the spatio-temporal variability of erosion dynamics during the event and can also be used to produce erosion/deposition maps, which are useful for environmental decision-makers and planners in identifying areas at risk from erosion and deposition hazards.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 12","pages":"3934-3948"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5946","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of riparian vegetation in response to anthropogenic effects: The Taleqan River, Iran","authors":"Sahar Darabi Shahmari,&nbsp;Ezatollah Ghanavati,&nbsp;Ali Ahmadabadi","doi":"10.1002/esp.5891","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5891","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During the last decades, human interventions, such as dam construction and land-use change, have caused changes in geomorphic patterns and riparian zones in many rivers in Iran. This study aimed to assess the spatio-temporal evolution of riparian vegetation and the spatial area of biogeomorphic feedback windows (BFWs) located in the riparian Salicaceae vegetation patches and their traits responding to human interventions in the Taleqan River during 1990–2022. The river was divided into five reaches using the geomorphic unit system (GUS) method, and the river sensitivity index (SI), location of BFWs, vegetation typology and main cover typology were investigated in the reaches using aerial photographs and satellite images from 1990 to 2022. For this purpose, the main cover typology was classified into grassland, woody vegetation, bank-attached bars, islands, vegetated islands, river channels and urban areas. The stem diameter and density, degradation level and longitudinal/latitudinal alluvial bars in each of the BFWs were investigated using the field survey. Based on the findings, the lowest values of the SI (braiding index [BI], channel activity [CA] and channel width [CW]) and the highest expansion of BFWs were observed in the upstream reaches of the Taleqan River. Human disturbances in these reaches were less than in the reaches downstream, allowing the expansion of vegetation habitats. The vegetation patches were unstable and scattered in the midstream and downstream, and the width decrease of the river channel was created by land-use change and channelization. A significant direct relationship was observed between BFW establishment, stem diameter and density, and vegetation height. The BFWs create an opportunity for engineer vegetation to prevent erosion and expand new habitats by creating biogeomorphic accumulation landforms and trapping alluvial bars on the lee side of engineer woody vegetation. This study highlights the interactions between riparian areas and hydrogeomorphic processes within riparian corridors exposed to human disturbances to help better define a comprehensive plan for river management.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 11","pages":"3620-3637"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}