Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Erosion rates for forest roads in the Gorce and Western Tatra Mountains in southern Poland","authors":"Joanna Fidelus-Orzechowska,&nbsp;Piotr Wałdykowski,&nbsp;Anna Chrobak-Žuffová,&nbsp;Kazimierz Krzemień,&nbsp;Agnieszka Sosnowska","doi":"10.1002/esp.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The activity of natural processes in mountain areas is particularly high in zones without permanent vegetation cover. The main aim of the research was to determine the rate of erosion on selected sections of forest roads in the Tatra Mountains and the Gorce Mountains. The research consisted of geomorphological mapping and cyclic comparative measurements within 23 cross-sections, as well as a comparison of the average annual erosion value obtained based on the WEPP:Road model. The research has shown that the average rate of road erosion in the Tatra Mountains ranged from −4.3 to −1.4 cm year⁻¹. In the Gorce Mountains, the value range was −1.7 to −0.7 cm year⁻¹. The annual erosion for the analysed roads projected by the WEPP:Road model was 29 and 47.4 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for roadbeds located in the Western Tatra Mountains while for the Gorce Mountains amounted to 11.4 and 110.5 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The projected erosion values increased by an average of 55% when including the width of the road cut slopes. The research has shown that there is a significant difference between the studied forest roads in the Gorce and the Tatra Mountains and that the intensity of road use has the greatest impact on the amount of erosion.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 300 kyr record of past hydroclimate change from alluvial fans in the southern Central Andes","authors":"Mitch K. D'Arcy,&nbsp;Taylor F. Schildgen,&nbsp;Stéphane Bonnet,&nbsp;Walter Duesing,&nbsp;Stefanie Tofelde,&nbsp;Duna C. Roda-Boluda,&nbsp;Hella Wittmann,&nbsp;Jürgen Mey,&nbsp;Andrew S. Murray,&nbsp;Ricardo N. Alonso,&nbsp;Manfred R. Strecker","doi":"10.1002/esp.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alluvial fans are hypothesised to record signals of past hydroclimate changes in their depositional chronologies and slopes. However, direct tests of this hypothesis have been limited due to challenges in precisely dating the responses of alluvial fans to past climate forcing. Here, we present a new chronology of alluvial-fan deposition at the Sierra de Aconquija in the southern Central Andes (27°S) spanning ~300 kyr and based on 35 cosmogenic ¹⁰Be-derived exposure ages and eight infrared-stimulated (IRSL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages. The ages reveal that fan deposition was phased with past climate changes. Orbitally-forced weakening and strengthening of the South American Summer Monsoon coincided with fan aggradation during dry episodes and incision during wetter episodes, consistent with predictions from alluvial-channel models. These results are in precise agreement with independent palaeoclimate constraints spanning timescales of 10³ to 10⁵ years. Fan aggradation-incision cycles record a predominant influence of precession-induced variations in precipitation, although climate shifts as rapid as 1 kyr also triggered incision, and fan architecture appears to be further modulated by orbital eccentricity cycles. Incision events on the fans coincide with the ages of moraines in the headwater catchments, including those formed during the Younger Dryas and Last Glacial Maximum. Furthermore, the fan chronology indicates dry conditions in the southern Central Andes during Heinrich Stadial 1, suggesting that enhanced precipitation during this episode was limited to more northerly latitudes. Our results demonstrate that climate change exerts a primary control on simple, source-to-sink sedimentary systems and show that alluvial fans can, in some cases, be utilised as terrestrial palaeoclimate archives with which the spatio-temporal variability of past climate changes can be constrained.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-series ground surface deformation revealed by advanced land observing satellite-2 and Sentinel-1 along the Bei'an-Hei'he highway in Northeast China","authors":"Aoxiang Yan,&nbsp;Ying Guo,&nbsp;Wei Shan,&nbsp;Xujing Zeng,&nbsp;Lisha Qiu,&nbsp;Chengcheng Zhang,&nbsp;Shuai Liu,&nbsp;Monan Shan,&nbsp;Qingzhao Ji","doi":"10.1002/esp.6063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6063","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate warming, human activities and the subsequent warming and thawing of permafrost have led to ground surface instability, threatening infrastructures and indigenous northern communities. The northern Da and Xiao Xing'anling mountain ranges, home to the largest latitudinal permafrost region in China, highlight the importance of monitoring the thermal state of permafrost for understanding climate change and regional economic development. This study utilized 11 scenes of the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) data and 54 scenes of Sentinel-1 data from March 2018 to December 2019 to evaluate the ground surface deformation of the Bei'an-Hei'he Highway (BHH) in Northeast China. ALOS-2 results showed deformation rates ranging from −30 to +35 mm/year, while Sentinel-1, from −30 to +30 mm/year (negative values indicate subsidence and positive, frost heaving). The subsidence zone (deformation rate exceeding −15 mm/year) was found in areas with significant variations in permafrost temperature (greater than ±0.8°C), and deformation rates correlated positively to daily precipitation and air temperature. Thaw settlement was predominantly observed in areas at low elevations (140 to 425 m) and on gentle slope angles (2–6°), affecting both south- and north-facing slopes. A comparison of data sources revealed that ALOS-2 data were more sensitive to areas with high normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values, while Sentinel-1 provided more detailed deformation data in regions with low NDVI. This study contributes valuable data and ongoing assessments for road surface stability in permafrost regions of Northeast China.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sediment dynamics of watershed urbanization and river restoration: Insights from 10 years of research in small gravel-bed rivers","authors":"Elli Papangelakis,&nbsp;Thommaso Raso,&nbsp;Marwan A. Hassan,&nbsp;Bruce MacVicar,&nbsp;Peter Ashmore","doi":"10.1002/esp.6047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Watershed urbanization frequently leads to river channel enlargement and incision. Mitigation strategies such as in-channel restoration and stormwater management have been developed to counteract these problems, yet alternatives are rarely considered with respect to the sediment dynamics that underlie the process of river degradation. In the current paper, we revisit two heavily urbanized small gravel-bed rivers where aggressive stormwater management and river restoration projects were completed. The goal is to consider how information from 10 years of research on sediment dynamics might change the adopted mitigation strategies. By synthesizing previous work and novel analyses, we provide a diagnosis of the effects of urbanization and existing restoration efforts on the channel morphology and sediment dynamics and develop a sediment augmentation strategy to restore the dynamic equilibrium of the study reach. Additionally, we model the cumulative impact of various stormwater management strategies on sediment dispersal. We place these river management strategies within a framework that seeks to address the root cause of urban river degradation by rebalancing the sediment supply and capacity of these channels.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid riparian vegetation development and channel stabilization linked to glacier retreat within a large transboundary watershed","authors":"Diane Whited,&nbsp;Kara J. Pitman,&nbsp;Jonathan W. Moore,&nbsp;Christopher J. Sergeant,&nbsp;Erin Sexton,&nbsp;Mark Connor","doi":"10.1002/esp.6045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>River floodplains are dynamic mosaics of aquatic and riparian habitats maintained by flow regimes and sediment processes, but these floodplains may be rapidly shifting with climate change. Specifically, previous work has highlighted that glacier retreat can be associated with river channel and floodplain change. Within a large and glacially influenced watershed, the Taku Watershed of northwestern British Columbia and southeastern Alaska, we used remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) to quantify four decades of annual floodplain habitat composition and river channel patterns in 16 subwatersheds that naturally varied in their glacier coverage and other landscape (e.g., floodplain elevation, slope) and climate variables (e.g., temperature, precipitation). We discovered rapid development of floodplain vegetation and increased habitat stability in subwatersheds with higher glacial coverage, and a lack of directional change in other subwatersheds. Floodplain vegetation coverage almost doubled over 38 years in subwatersheds with the highest glacier coverage. Focal analyses revealed that river channel structure also shifted in glacierized subwatersheds, with decreases in habitat turnover rate, water occupancy and some evidence for decreasing levels of channel braiding. A large landslide (1.5 km runout, 130 ha) during the study period caused a local disturbance to one of the floodplains, but with little immediate broader impacts at the scale of the entire floodplain. Collectively, climate change and associated glacier retreat are leading to the rapid transformation of floodplain ecosystems, with major implications for the habitat of important species such as migratory salmon.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glacier area variation in Uttarakhand Himalaya: Investigating trends and influencing factors","authors":"Iti Shrivas,&nbsp;Supratim Guha,&nbsp;Reet Kamal Tiwari,&nbsp;Mohit Prajapati,&nbsp;Ashutosh Laxman Taral","doi":"10.1002/esp.6072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6072","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the intricate interplay between topography and glacier changes is vital for predicting future water resources and addressing the impacts of climate change. This study examines changes in glacier area in the Uttarakhand Himalayan region, where the River Ganga originates, between 2000 and 2023 using high-resolution satellite imagery. A manual digitization process was employed to delineate the glacier boundaries of 116 glaciers for the years 2000 and 2023. Multivariate regression analysis was then conducted to identify and quantify the controlling topographical and morphological parameters. The analysis revealed significant reductions in total glacier area, decreasing from 979.05 ± 46.89 km² in 2000 to 957.60 ± 13.67 km² in 2023, with an overall deglaciation rate of 0.095% per year, highlighting variability in glacier responses. This variability is driven by a complex interplay of mainly slope, shape index, glacier elevation and surface ice velocity. Among these factors, the shape index emerged as the most influential. Glaciers with a higher shape index (more elongated) were found to be more stable than those with a lower shape index (more circular). A 10% difference in shape index results in a glacier with a higher shape index losing 0.112% per year less area compared to a glacier with a lower shape index. The second controlling parameter is glacier slope; glaciers with a 10% steeper slope lost 0.11% per year less area compared to those with a gentler slope. The other two parameters showed some minor impact on glacier area variation in the sample glaciers but not across the entire Uttarakhand region.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving hydroacoustic methods for monitoring suspended-sand flux and grain size in sediment-laden rivers","authors":"Jessica Marggraf,&nbsp;Jérôme Le Coz,&nbsp;Benoît Camenen,&nbsp;François Lauters,&nbsp;Guillaume Dramais,&nbsp;Gilles Pierrefeu,&nbsp;David J. Topping","doi":"10.1002/esp.6056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Suspended-sand concentration and grain-size data in rivers provide valuable information on the catchment's dynamics for scientists and river managers. Producing continuous measurements of suspended-sand concentrations remains a scientific challenge due to their high spatial and temporal variability. Traditional methods such as sediment-rating curves may be highly uncertain, and optical turbidity is insensitive to coarse particles when there are many fine particles. Surrogate hydroacoustic methods aim to improve sand concentration measurements. These single- or dual-frequency acoustic methods use acoustic attenuation and/or backscatter to estimate fine-sediment (i.e., silt and clay) and/or sand concentration and possibly grain size. New methods have recently been developed and applied in rivers exhibiting a wide range of sediment conditions in North America but not independently tested elsewhere by other researchers. In this article, we apply, adapt and evaluate hydroacoustic methods to continuously estimate suspended-sand concentration and grain size in an Alpine river with high suspended-sediment concentrations. From the example of the River Isère at Grenoble Campus, France, we show that the hydroacoustic methods adapted to local conditions may yield valuable sand concentration estimates consistent with traditional measurements. Compared with prior knowledge, limited additional information on the grain size can be obtained due to high uncertainties. Hydroacoustic concentration estimates are more sensitive to real changes in concentration at the event scale than traditional rating-curve methods that relate concentration to discharge only. These findings open the perspective for facilitated sand concentration monitoring at a higher temporal resolution with decreased field work.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disintegration characteristics of undisturbed loess in response to train vibration frequency","authors":"Shan Li,&nbsp;Jiading Wang,&nbsp;Dengfei Zhang,&nbsp;Li Wang,&nbsp;Lirong Qi,&nbsp;Tao Xiao,&nbsp;Kai Han,&nbsp;Qinghua Wang","doi":"10.1002/esp.6070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6070","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Disintegration fragments the loess body, causing erosion and the emergence of significant geohazards. The impact of vibrations on soil disintegration has been slightly documented; however, the contribution and mechanism of train vibration frequency in the disintegration of undisturbed loess remain unclear. In this study, train vibrations were monitored in situ, and the resulting vibrational parameters were used in loess disintegration tests using a customised vibration-disintegration apparatus. The changes in the meso-parameters of the disintegrated loess and aqueous solutions were quantified, and the microstructural differences in the residual loess after disintegration were compared under non-vibrating and vibrating conditions. The results revealed that train vibrations in the loess progressively diminished with increasing distance from the track, with dominant vibration frequencies ranging from 17 to 49 Hz. Increasing the vibration frequency accelerated loess disintegration and enhanced the dispersion of the disintegrated fragments. Notably, the acceleration effect of disintegration was particularly pronounced in the early stages of increasing vibration frequency, and it tended to plateau above 15 Hz. The relationship between the vibration frequency and disintegration velocity (<i>DV</i>) of loess influenced by the initial water content can be expressed as a power function with variables. Vibrations accelerate loess disintegration primarily attributed to repetitive particle displacement and the vibrations of free water in the pores which lead to frictional damage to the weakly cemented structure and pore expansion. Higher vibration frequencies generate greater inertial forces and facilitate more frequent particle jumps, allowing the loess to reach the disintegration threshold conditions more readily than at lower frequencies. These findings provide theoretical value for the prevention and mitigation of water-induced loess geohazards and land degradation in vibrating environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hysteretic response of suspended-sediment in wildfire affected watersheds of the Pacific Northwest and Southern Rocky Mountains","authors":"Gregory D. Clark,&nbsp;Sheila F. Murphy,&nbsp;Katherine Skalak,&nbsp;David W. Clow,&nbsp;Garrett Akie,&nbsp;Kurt D. Carpenter,&nbsp;Sean E. Payne,&nbsp;Brian A. Ebel","doi":"10.1002/esp.6067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wildfires can have a profound impact on hydrosedimentary interactions, or the relationship between sediment and runoff, in forested headwater streams. Quantification of sediment-runoff dynamics at the event scale is integral for understanding source areas and transport of suspended-sediment through a watershed following wildfire. Here we used high-frequency turbidity and stream discharge data, coupled with discrete suspended-sediment measurements, in burned and unburned watersheds in the Southern Rocky Mountains and the western Cascades Range to evaluate the response of fine-grained (clay- and silt-sized particles) suspended-sediment. Hysteresis analysis was conducted on estimated suspended-sediment concentrations (using turbidity as a proxy) and streamflow through measurement of the difference in sediment concentration on the rising and falling limbs of the event hydrograph. All burned watersheds exhibited elevated fine suspended-sediment concentrations relative to concentrations found in pre-fire conditions. Changes to hysteretic response vary and may depend on a watershed's sediment connectivity limitations. Results suggest a watershed's inherent hillslope-to-channel (or lateral) connectivity is the primary factor controlling the relative magnitude of event-driven fine sediment fluxes in watersheds affected by wildfire. While wildfire did promote lateral connectivity through activation of hillslope sources, snowmelt, precipitation characteristics and antecedent conditions were more important drivers of hysteretic response than wildfire. For watersheds influenced by annual snowpack, we identified a predominantly clockwise hysteretic response during snowmelt and counterclockwise events during the late spring and summer months. There were also proportionally more counterclockwise events after wildfire in watersheds with high sediment connectivity. Results suggest contrasting wildfire-related sediment risk potential. Rivers in burned watersheds with high sediment connectivity may pose a higher risk to receiving waterbodies, such as larger tributaries or reservoirs, while rivers with low sediment connectivity may experience long-term sediment-related risk within the watershed above the outlet.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gully erosion susceptibility mapping in the Loess Plateau and the Northeast China Mollisol region: Optimal resolution and algorithms, influencing factors and spatial distribution","authors":"Annan Yang,&nbsp;Chunmei Wang,&nbsp;Qinke Yang,&nbsp;Guowei Pang,&nbsp;Yongqing Long,&nbsp;Lei Wang,&nbsp;Richard M. Cruse","doi":"10.1002/esp.6059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6059","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gully erosion susceptibility (GES) mapping is crucial for controlling gully erosion hazards and has become a significant focus of global research and management efforts. Machine learning models have proven effective in this field. However, in areas with different terrain complexity, the model shows significant variation in optimal resolution and algorithms, factor importance and spatial distribution of the model results, which limits their broader application. This study compares GES mapping in two small watersheds: one located in the complex terrain of the Loess Plateau and the other in the relatively flat terrain of the Northeast China Mollisol region. The model predictive accuracy was evaluated using 30% of the datasets that were excluded from model training. The results revealed that: 1) significant differences in optimal resolution of GES mapping in the two regions, which were 1–2.5 m for the Mollisol region, and 2.5–5 m for the Loess Plateau. The extreme boosting tree (XGBoost) algorithm achieved the best simulation results compared to random forest (RF) and gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) in both regions. 2) Slope gradient and contributing area influenced gully distribution in both watersheds, with land use being critical in the Loess Plateau and distance from streams more important in the Mollisol region. 3) In the Loess Plateau watershed, 25% of the area was highly susceptible to gully erosion, while only 1% of the Mollisol watershed was highly susceptible. This research compared GES mapping in two watersheds with different terrain complexity, which would be beneficial for better use of machine learning in gully research.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}