Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"AI-assisted interpretation of changes in riparian woodland from archival aerial imagery using Meta's segment anything model","authors":"Martin Dawson,&nbsp;Henry Dawson,&nbsp;Angela Gurnell,&nbsp;John Lewin,&nbsp;Mark G. Macklin","doi":"10.1002/esp.6053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6053","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An implementation of Meta's 2023 foundation artificial intelligence model, Segment Anything (SAM) is tested and used to assist in mapping changes in the extent of riparian woodland using publicly available archival aerial imagery along three gravel bed, meandering, river reaches in rural settings in the UK. Using visual prompts in interactive mode, this newly applied approach is shown to deliver substantial time savings over manual digitisation techniques and, for the type of imagery and the small-scale deployed, potentially greater accuracy. When applied to high-resolution (25 cm) aerial imagery SAM appears to be a practical and useful method for examining vegetation and landform change in a manner that has previously only been feasible through detailed field studies. The extent of riparian wood increased by 37–46% between 1999 and 2022 along all three reaches with extension occurring in three main situations: lateral expansion of existing woodland patches along stable or near stable banks; localised bankside establishment of trees transplanted under flood conditions; and progressive colonisation of point bars that developed through channel migration. Considering these factors, important conditions for the establishment, survival and expansion of riparian wood are discussed and likely differences in species distribution according to the geomorphic context are highlighted.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New insights into the thermo-tectonic development of the Suez rift within the framework of the northern Arabian–Nubian Shield","authors":"Sherif Mansour,&nbsp;Noriko Hasebe,&nbsp;Ulrich A. Glasmacher,&nbsp;Akihiro Tamura,&nbsp;Mohamed K. El-Shafei","doi":"10.1002/esp.6054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6054","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Gulf of Suez is a young continental rift, the flanks of which make up the Arabian–Nubian Shield basement complex that formed during the East African Orogeny. The impact and significance of the consecutive tectono-thermal activities on the Arabian–Nubian Shield and the rifting processes in the Gulf of Suez remain uncertain. Combining zircon and apatite fission-track dating with time–temperature modelling has been effective in addressing these issues. We here present thermochronological data for 20 basement samples collected from the Samra Mountain region at the northern tip of the Gulf of Suez's eastern flank. Zircon fission-track data revealed two age groups separated spatially and dating from ca. 652 ± 25 Ma and ca. 426 ± 31 Ma. In contrast, apatite fission-track data revealed three spatially separated age groups dating from ca. 473 ± 10 Ma, ca. 269 ± 29 Ma and ca. 101 ± 12 Ma. Reconstructed time–temperature historical records revealed four distinct rapid cooling pulses (i.e. Neoproterozoic, Devonian–Carboniferous, Cretaceous and Oligocene–Miocene) consistent with the tectonic history and regional geology. By integrating our findings with the regional tectonic and sedimentation histories, the relationship between cooling events and exhumation events could be inferred. These cooling pulses were activated in response to four events: (1) the Precambrian–Cambrian post-accretion erosional event, (2) the Devonian–Carboniferous Variscan tectonic event, (3) the Cretaceous Gondwana disintegration and (4) the Oligocene–Miocene Gulf of Suez rifting, respectively. In the studied region, no thermal overprint was seen in association with the rifting in the Gulf of Suez, suggesting that the region had been segmented into northern and southern segments. A southward thermal source, the Arabian margin plume, caused an increase in the rift flank elevation and heat flow in the southern Sinai.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subglacial hydrology insights from eskers developed atop soft beds of the Laurentide ice sheet","authors":"Francisca A. Núñez Ferreira,&nbsp;Lucas K. Zoet,&nbsp;J. Elmo Rawling III,&nbsp;Marianne Haseloff,&nbsp;Matt Rehwald,&nbsp;David J. Ullman","doi":"10.1002/esp.6037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6037","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Glacial landforms provide a valuable record from which to study the history and dynamics of past ice sheets. Eskers record paleo subglacial hydrologic and sediment transport conditions because they are composed of sediment deposited by water flowing through subglacial channels. Despite decades of study, there is still debate about their formation mechanisms and little investigation of the differences between eskers formed over soft and hard beds. To address this complexity, we analysed eskers formed over soft beds along the southern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) in the Lake Superior region. This included developing a new method to calculate the basal effective pressure gradient during esker formation along the subglacial channel using grain size estimates from a 20 m tall esker exposure.</p><p>The morphometry and distribution of eskers were mapped with GIS to quantify their sinuosity and lateral spacing, and to compare those to the underlying bedrock elevation and sediment thickness. Lateral spacing decreased over time as the ice margin retreated, suggesting that melt rates increased during the LIS deglaciation. Furthermore, the relation between esker distribution and sediment thickness showed that eskers formed preferentially over thinner layers of sediment, irrespective of whether erosion occurred before their formation. The sedimentology of the Cable Esker exhibits a non-monotonic pattern in channel boundary shear stress ranging from 10 to 300 Pa, alongside a basal effective pressure gradient fluctuating between −9 to −70 Pa m⁻¹. Negative basal effective pressure gradients are consistent with esker formation in channels close to the glacier terminus, which suggests lower water pressure than normally assumed. This, combined with dynamic water level fluctuations within the esker channel, supports the theory of the formation of eskers near the ice margin.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of water flow behaviour in sharply curved 60° open-channel bends","authors":"Omid Seyedashraf,&nbsp;Ali Akbar Akhtari","doi":"10.1002/esp.6036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6036","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding secondary flows in sharply curved open-channel bends is key for analysing the flow patterns in rivers and and designing effective hydraulic structures. This study employs both experimental and computational methods to investigate the flow characteristics in a sharply curved 60° open-channel bend. The primary objective is to enhance understanding of flow behaviours in such configurations. For numerical simulations, we utilize the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, applying the volume-of-fluid free surface model to simulate air-water interactions alongside the standard k-ε and renormalized group (RNG) k-ε turbulence models. Our findings reveal the emergence of helical currents driven by centrifugal forces at the bend's onset, which guide the fluid particles from the channel bottom to the convex (inner) bank and then to the concave (outer) bank at the surface. We observe a progressive increase in secondary flow intensity and energy dissipation along the bend, peaking at the terminal section. Notably, maximum flow velocity occurs near the convex wall accompanied by nonlinear water surface behaviours. Additionally, flow separation tendencies near the convex wall are noted after two-thirds of the curvature. Quantitatively, the flow velocity at the convex bank was observed to be 1.70 times higher than at the concave bank within the bend. The mean absolute errors between experimental data and the standard k-ε and RNG k-ε models are 3.20 and 3.12, respectively, indicating the accuracy of the RNG k-ε model.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"River confinement and braiding loss in Canterbury region, Aotearoa New Zealand","authors":"Victoria Barlow,&nbsp;Peter Ashmore","doi":"10.1002/esp.6051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6051","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In relation to the wider concern that rivers in Aotearoa New Zealand have been narrowed by river control and land-use encroachment, and that iconic braided patterns are being lost, nine braided rivers from the Canterbury region were studied to compare river width, pattern type and braiding intensity between the mid-1900s and the present based on mapping from aerial images. Channel narrowing occurred along &gt;90% (~490 km) of the length of the rivers studied, 375 km of which were historically braided. In total, the rivers narrowed by an average of 43% (48% for braided reaches). Coinciding with narrowing, braided reaches lost 1.3 channels, on average. Overall, 20% (over 100 km) length of the rivers recorded a change from braided to more simple pattern types including wandering (~18%) and single channel (~1%). The relationship of channel width and pattern change demonstrates the predictability of braiding change based on channel narrowing. As channels narrow, the likelihood of pattern simplification and change increases, although the amount of narrowing required to induce change depends on the initial width and pattern. Narrowing causes a reduction of braiding intensity even when the channel pattern remains braided. Based on these results, a predictor of channel pattern change and reduction of braiding intensity, based only on channel width and width change, can be applied to aid room-for-river management plans for conserving or restoring braided river morphologies. Channel width provides a general criterion for the prediction of braiding intensity and channel pattern threshold illustrating the scale-related effects on channel pattern.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological characteristics of permanent gullies and their relationship with topography in two typical agro-geomorphic regions of Northeast China","authors":"Zhuoxin Chen,&nbsp;Qingchen Song,&nbsp;Mingming Guo,&nbsp;Pengchong Zhou,&nbsp;Lixin Wang,&nbsp;Qiang Chen,&nbsp;Xingyi Zhang","doi":"10.1002/esp.6044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gully erosion poses significant challenges to land degradation and food security. The Mollisols region of Northeast China (MNC) is the main grain-producing region in China. The low mountainous and hilly region (M_FI) and the rolling hilly region (R_FI), as the prominent topographic units in MNC, have suffered significantly from severe gully erosion. However, the actual situation and influencing factors of gully erosion in both regions are still unclear. Thus, we selected two field investigation regions of 103.4 km² in M_FI and 123.9 km² in R_FI to obtain a detailed inventory of gullies. Results showed that the gully number density in M_FI was 25.7 No. km⁻², 8.3 times greater than in R_FI. Conversely, the gully average gully length (511.7 m), width (7.8 m) and depth (2.8 m) in R_FI were 156.8%, 112.6% and 37.4% greater than those in M_FI, respectively. The three types of gullies, developed in different land uses (GF, farmland; GW, woodland; GR, unpaved road), had significantly varying morphologies. In R_FI, GF was the longest, and GW was the widest and deepest. Conversely, in M_FI, GR was the longest but exhibited the least width and depth. Notably, farmland posed the highest risk of gully erosion in both M_FI and R_FI, with 74.4% and 89.6% of the gullies developed there, respectively. Topography was the critical factor influencing the differences in gully erosion between the two regions. To effectively control gully erosion, topographic conditions most susceptible to gully erosion should be prioritized for attention, e.g., slopes of 8–10° and 2–4° were the slope intervals most likely to contribute to gully development in M_FI and R_FI, respectively. We provide the potential for large-scale prediction of gully erosion. Corresponding prediction models based on gully area were provided and the effectiveness of the predictions was improved by separating different land uses. The study's findings could serve as a valuable foundation for gully erosion control and prediction for MNC.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the impact of climate change on rainfall for potential landslide triggering in Japan","authors":"Haruka Tsunetaka,&nbsp;Wataru Murakami,&nbsp;Katsuhiro Nakao,&nbsp;Slim Mtibaa","doi":"10.1002/esp.6050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6050","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Intense rainfall events associated with climate change may increase future landslide hazards. Therefore, future landslide probability should be constrained using rainfall projections from global climate models (GCMs). However, because landslides can occur in association with various rainfall patterns, such as short-duration (few hours) intense rainfall to long-term accumulated rainfall over a few days, general projections of daily rainfall are inadequate for evaluation of rainfall with landslide-triggering potential. To address this problem, this study adopted a new approach using 72-h GCM rainfall projections based on 100-year rainfall return levels and applied it to 10 regions in Japan where landslides widely occur. We found that rainfall with landslide-triggering potential becomes more frequent toward 2,100 in response to intensified global warming. In some regions, under the scenario that future greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase owing to inadequate regulation, intense rainfall with landslide-triggering potential is projected to become more frequent and widespread, especially after approximately 2060. In relation to this projected spread of the areas of persistent rain, rainfall with landslide-triggering potential might occur synchronously in two to five regions. However, even under the scenario that aerosol emissions are reduced rapidly to mitigate global warming, rainfall might intensify before 2060 in some regions, resulting in a projection of high landslide probability. The presented projections are not definitive and require further refinement; however, they do suggest that the impact of climate change on the frequency and region of hazard of landslide occurrence might change in the future depending on the effort made to mitigate global warming.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of secondary currents in tight bends on large wood transport in rivers: Lesson learned from Versilia flood in 1996","authors":"Lorenzo Innocenti,&nbsp;Enio Paris,&nbsp;Jochen Aberle,&nbsp;Luca Solari","doi":"10.1002/esp.6048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6048","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The presence and dynamics of large wood (LW) in river systems, particularly for streams flowing through forested areas, play a significant role in shaping river morphology and influencing flood events. This paper focuses on the numerical reproduction of observed LW trajectories during a flood event in the Versilia River in 1996 in Italy. The study reach, located near Pietrasanta in Tuscany, includes a tight river bend named S. Bartolomeo. During the event, more than two thousand cubic meters of transported wood were observed at this location. In addition, due to the collapse of the outer levee, six million cubic meters of water exited the river corridor, causing the flooding of Pietrasanta. The 2D Lagrangian model Iber-Wood was used for the numerical simulation of this event. In particular, two versions of the model were used: the original one (IB-NSC) and the enhanced version (IB-SC) which simulates the effects of secondary currents on LW dynamics. The results validated the applicability of the enhanced version to simulate real-world conditions and showed that the IB-SC model improves the agreement between observed and simulated LW trajectories by more than 20% compared to the IB-NSC model. Examining the influence of the breach on the LW trajectories, it appears that the presence of LW during the overtopping flow intensified and accelerated the erosion process, resulting in a rapid breach formation. This study therefore highlights the importance of including secondary current effects on LW transport for the development of flood risk assessments and river management strategies, particularly in channelized rivers with tight bends or meanders.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing geospatial tools for the assessment of river bank erosion and migration patterns in complex braided and meandering river systems","authors":"Bajitborlang L. Chyne,&nbsp;Ranjit Das,&nbsp;Ranadeep Sarmah,&nbsp;Asish Saha,&nbsp;Kamini K. Sarma,&nbsp;Shiv P. Aggarwal","doi":"10.1002/esp.6043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bank erosion along the Brahmaputra has serious environmental and socio-economic implications for the state of Assam, India. The lack of high-resolution satellite images to map erosion and deposition is one of the primary drawbacks of previous studies. This study investigates river bank erosion, deposition and migration of river banks during 2016–2022 using high-resolution Sentinel 2A/2B imagery. Multi-temporal post-monsoon images were analysed for three subperiods (2016–2018, 2018–2020 and 2020–2022) to automatically extract river banklines and morphodynamics using the normalized difference water index (NDWI) in Google Earth Engine (GEE). The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) was employed to calculate the bankline migration rate. The study shows that the left bank of the Brahmaputra river experienced higher erosion and migration as compared to the right bank. The subperiod 2018–2020 revealed severe bank erosion and migration, potentially associated with intense flood events in 2020. Zone-wise analysis indicated that the left bank of Zone 1 experienced higher net erosion (8440 ha) and migration (−28.76 m/year). This may be attributed to scouring caused by the impact of flood water as it enters Assam with high erosive velocity. Similarly, Zone 3 of the right bank also experienced higher net erosion (7640 ha) and migration (−24.38 m/year). The accuracy assessment shows that there is almost a perfect agreement between the erosion/deposition and the reference data, with mean migrations within the confidence interval of 5% significance level. Given the above findings on erosion and bank migration, protective measures like agronomical and engineering measures should be implemented to protect the banks from getting eroded. This analysis provides valuable inputs for decision-makers in formulating targeted strategies to address the challenges posed by river bank erosion in the Brahmaputra river.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphodynamics of anabranching structures in the Peruvian Amazon River","authors":"Jorge D. Abad,&nbsp;Adrian P. Garcia,&nbsp;Jesus Marín-Díaz,&nbsp;Catalina Escobar,&nbsp;Collin Ortals,&nbsp;Hernan Chicchon","doi":"10.1002/esp.6020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Along its 650-km reach, the Peruvian Amazon River comprises anabranching structures, spanning from the confluence of the Marañón and Ucayali Rivers to the Peru–Brazil–Colombia border. Combining remote sensing techniques and field measurements, this research aims to understand the hydrogeomorphology of these anabranching structures. The multitemporal analysis every 5 years over 35 years (1985–2020) reports channel migration rates, erosion/deposition rates, angles of bifurcations and confluences, among other metrics including the number of channels, length, wavelength average, width and sinuosity, as well as the area, shape and number of islands for each structure. Fieldwork also included hydrodynamic measurements along the Peruvian Amazon River to characterize the flow structure and water fluxes. Results showed that the Peruvian Amazon River developed single (stable) and compound (unstable) anabranching structures at a spatial periodicity of about 22.4 km, with an average displacement speed of approximately 74 m/year. Compound anabranching structures were found at the inlet region (near the origin of the Amazon River) and where significant tributaries flow into the main river and water and sediment fluxes impose destabilizing boundary conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}